浙闽白垩纪镁铁质火山岩地球化学特征及其深部动力学意义
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摘要
论文选择东南沿海的浙江江山、浦江、丽水、文成，福建永泰、永定等六个地区开展了晚中生代火山岩和相关辉绿岩的Ar-Ar年代学、岩石学、主微元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学研究，探讨了东南沿海晚中生代玄武质岩(浆)成因(源区性质、演化过程)及其动力学背景，为揭示东南沿海地区晚中生代岩浆产生、火山活动的深部动力学机制提供了重要地球化学依据。论文主要获得了以下研究结果和认识：
(1)浙闽白垩纪镁铁质火山岩的全岩Ar-Ar年龄集中于114～109 Ma(与文献报道的基性火山岩集中形成年龄(100～113 Ma)相一致)；在江绍-断裂带区域还出现99Ma的OIB型玄武岩；而穿插于同期稍早喷发的火山岩的浙江文成和福建永泰辉绿岩的Ar-Ar年龄为94～87Ma。
(2)根据岩石的微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征，浙闽白垩纪镁铁质火山岩及辉绿岩可分为3种类型：①以文成和永泰镁铁质火山岩及辉绿岩为代表，该类岩石显示与岛弧火山岩类似微量元素特征(富集LILE如Ba、Rb、K和LREE，贫HFSE元素如Nb、Ta和Ti)，高放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7066～0.7100)和低放射成因Nd(ε_(Nd)(t)=-8.4～-3.7)同位素组成。②以江山碱性橄榄玄武岩为代表，该类岩石表现出洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的微量元素特征(无Nb-Ta负异常，轻重稀土元素分馏强烈等)，弱放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7049～0.7050)和高放射成因Nd(ε_(Nd)(t)=+4.4～+5.8)同位素组成。③以永定、丽水和少量浦江镁铁质火山岩为代表，该套岩石表现出前两类镁铁质岩石过渡的微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征，如在微量元素上富集LILE和LREE，弱Nb-Ta亏损，在Sr-Nd同位素组成上中等放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7055～0.7073)和Nd(ε_(Nd)(t)=-5.4～+3.6)。这三类镁铁质岩浆为伸展背景下软流圈-岩石圈相互作用的产物，元素-同位素模拟结果显示，第一类岩浆的源区组成可能为40％-80％软流圈+20％-60％岩石圈地幔，第二类主要以对流软流圈(＞90％)为主，第三类包含了80％-90％软流圈+10％-20％岩石圈地幔。
(3)在浙江浦江劳村组发现了一套富Al_2O_3和Na_2O埃达克质安山岩，在微量元素上具有高Sr(583～643ppm)，贫Y(11.4～13.2ppm)和HREE(如Yb=1.16～1.26ppm)，低放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7041～0.7044)和正ε_(Nd)(t)值(+0.2～+2.2)，很可能为新增生大陆下地壳在榴辉岩相条件下部分熔融的结果。
(4)区域镁铁质岩石的地球化学特征与深大断裂分布或性质存在相关性：在远离江绍深大断裂带的文成和永泰镁铁质火山岩，其软流圈对镁铁质岩浆的贡献较低(＜80％)；在政和-大埔域性断裂带区域产出了永定和丽水的过渡类型火山岩，软流圈对镁铁质岩浆的贡献较高(80％-90％)；而在岩石圈断裂—江绍深大断裂带产出了OIB型玄武岩，软流圈的贡献大于90％。在时间上，114～109Ma可能是岩石圈的伸展-减薄的发展阶段；99Ma的OIB型玄武岩喷发标志着岩石圈的伸展-减薄达到了顶峰阶段：而94～87Ma辉绿岩脉的形成则标志着火山岩喷发后的拉张时期，预示岩石圈的伸展-减薄旋回开始转入休眠阶段。
(5)结合华南印支期的陆内造山变形、变质核杂岩、韧性伸展构造和一系列断陷拉伸盆地的发育，浙闽晚中生代不同类型钙碱性镁铁质岩浆的形成非常类似美国西部盆岭省新生代的演化特点，以及华南地区自晚侏罗纪以来与中国东北地区乃至整个中国东部在晚中生代期间处于类似的全球构造背景，华南晚中生代火山岩活动与东北、华北地区的火山活动具有可比性等，我们认为浙闽白垩纪镁铁质岩浆的成因可归结为岩石圈伸展构造背景下，软流圈-岩石圈相互作用的产物。岩石圈的伸展减薄很可能是印支期造山后的伸展垮塌、周边多板块作用如印支陆块、古特提斯构造演化以及古太平洋板块的快速北移导致的拖曳作用等共同作用的结果。
Systematic Ar-Ar dating and petrological and geochemical (major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotope compositions) investigations on Cretaceous mafic volcanic rocks and relative diabases in the Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces, SE China, have been presented in this paper, with main focuses on the magma origins (source characteristics and magmatic evolution processes) and their geodynamic implications for the extensional tectonics in the region. The major conclusions are summarized below:
(1) Ar-Ar dating results of nine whole rocks show that mafic volcanic rocks from these two provinces were erupted during 114-109 Ma, in accordance with the peak erupting age of 113-100 Ma reported by previous work. Along the Jiangshan-shaoxing lithosphere-scale fault occurred alkali olivine basalts of 99 Ma. Diabases from Wencheng and Yongtai that intruded the Cretaceous volcanic rocks spanned an emplacement age of 94-87 Ma, representing the latest magmatic pulses in Mesozoic time.
(2) On the basis of trace element patterns and Sr-Nd isotope compositions, the Cretaceous mafic volcanic rocks and diabases can be subdivided into three groups:①the mafic lavas from Wencheng and Yongtai, partly from Pujiang which show arc-like trace element features, e.g., highly large ion lithophile element (LILE, such as Ba, Rb, K and Sr) and light REE enrichment with Nb-Ta-Ti depletion. These rocks have highly radiogenic Sr (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) = 0.7066 ~ 0.7100 ) and non-radiogenic Nd (ε_(Nd)(t) = -8.4～-3.7 ) compositions. (2) The alkali olivine basalts, which show oceanic island basalt (OIB)-type trace element characteristics, i.e., enriched in incompatible elements with no Nb-Ta depletion as well as highly fractionated LREE/HREE patterns. These basalts have weakly radiogenic Sr (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) = 0.7049～0.7050 ) and highly radiogenic Nd (ε_(Nd)(t) =+4.4～+5.8) isotope com- positions.③Mafic rocks show transitional elemental and Sr-Nd isotope features between the above two types. These rocks include those samples collected from Yongding, Lishui, and a few from Pujiang, which generally exhibit LILE and LREE enrichment with weak-moderate Nb-Ta depletion and have moderately radiogenic Sr (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) = 0.7055～0.7073) and variably radiogenic Nd (ε_(Nd)(t) =-5.4～+3.6 ) compositions. Combined elemental and Sr-Nd isotope data indicate that all three types of Cretaceous mafic magmas were produced by melting of mantle reservoirs with different proportional mixing between the convective asthenosphere and the underlying EM2-type subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) under an extensional regime. The source for Group 1 contains the highest ratio of the SCLM with the least contribution from the asthenosphere, whereas that for the second group comprises predominantly the convective asthenosphere (>90%). The third group of mafic rocks have the transitional geochemical features between the former two groups, its melting source also contains a proportion of SCLM in-between the other two groups.
(3) Adakitic andesites from the Laocun Formation are characterized by enrichment in Al_2O_3, Na_2O, and Sr, and depletion in Y and HREE (e.g. Yb), low ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) (= 0.7041～0.7044) and highε)(Nd)(t) (= +0.2～+2.2). Such features are similar to adakites in modern subduction settings. On the basis of the absence of coeval ridge subduction and the extensional regime in the region, we prefer to relate the petrogenesis of these adakitic andesites to remelting of Mesozoic juvenile crust.
(4) The geochemical features of the mafic rocks are spatially correlated with the distribution of major faults. Mafic rocks having arc-type trace element features generally occur far from the lithosphere-scale faults, whereas the Jiangshan OIB-type basalts are just located on the Jiangshan-Shaoxing lithosphere-scale fault—a boundary being considered to separate the Yangtze from the Cathysian Block. The Group 3 rocks that have transitional geochemical features between the Group 1 and 2, are distributed along the major fault (e.g., the Zhenghe-Dafu fault). Such a correlation favors a progressive extensional model in response to lithospheric extension-thinning process. From 114 Ma, the beginning of lithosphere attenuation created the Group 1 lavas, while the occurrence of asthenosphere-derived OIB-type magma at 99 Ma signified the peak stage of lithospheric thinning, and the intrusion of 94-87 Ma diabases corresponded to the end of lithospheric thinning through the Mesozoic time.
(5) Considering the Indo-Sinian intracontinental crustal deformation in SE China, and the following development of metamorphic core complexes and a series of rift basins and eruption of calc-alkaline mafic magmas, the general aspects of the southeastern offshore areas are analogues to those observed in the basin and range province in northwestern USA. Furthermore, the temporal consistence of extensive calc-alkaline magmatic activity throughout the eastern China continent (from NE China to SE China) suggests a uniform extensional regime. The Cretaceous mafic magmas in SE China were products of asthenosphere-lithosphere interaction caused by progressive lithospheric thinning process. This process was resulted from Indosinian post-orogenic collapse and amplified by resultant effects from surrounding plate interactions, including the rapid northward movement of the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean, compressional forces from the Tethyan tectonic belt and possibly the Indo-China Block.
(1)浙闽白垩纪镁铁质火山岩的全岩Ar-Ar年龄集中于114～109 Ma(与文献报道的基性火山岩集中形成年龄(100～113 Ma)相一致)；在江绍-断裂带区域还出现99Ma的OIB型玄武岩；而穿插于同期稍早喷发的火山岩的浙江文成和福建永泰辉绿岩的Ar-Ar年龄为94～87Ma。
(2)根据岩石的微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征，浙闽白垩纪镁铁质火山岩及辉绿岩可分为3种类型：①以文成和永泰镁铁质火山岩及辉绿岩为代表，该类岩石显示与岛弧火山岩类似微量元素特征(富集LILE如Ba、Rb、K和LREE，贫HFSE元素如Nb、Ta和Ti)，高放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7066～0.7100)和低放射成因Nd(ε_(Nd)(t)=-8.4～-3.7)同位素组成。②以江山碱性橄榄玄武岩为代表，该类岩石表现出洋岛玄武岩(OIB)的微量元素特征(无Nb-Ta负异常，轻重稀土元素分馏强烈等)，弱放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7049～0.7050)和高放射成因Nd(ε_(Nd)(t)=+4.4～+5.8)同位素组成。③以永定、丽水和少量浦江镁铁质火山岩为代表，该套岩石表现出前两类镁铁质岩石过渡的微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素地球化学特征，如在微量元素上富集LILE和LREE，弱Nb-Ta亏损，在Sr-Nd同位素组成上中等放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7055～0.7073)和Nd(ε_(Nd)(t)=-5.4～+3.6)。这三类镁铁质岩浆为伸展背景下软流圈-岩石圈相互作用的产物，元素-同位素模拟结果显示，第一类岩浆的源区组成可能为40％-80％软流圈+20％-60％岩石圈地幔，第二类主要以对流软流圈(＞90％)为主，第三类包含了80％-90％软流圈+10％-20％岩石圈地幔。
(3)在浙江浦江劳村组发现了一套富Al_2O_3和Na_2O埃达克质安山岩，在微量元素上具有高Sr(583～643ppm)，贫Y(11.4～13.2ppm)和HREE(如Yb=1.16～1.26ppm)，低放射成因Sr(~(87)Sr／~(86)Sr(i)=0.7041～0.7044)和正ε_(Nd)(t)值(+0.2～+2.2)，很可能为新增生大陆下地壳在榴辉岩相条件下部分熔融的结果。
(4)区域镁铁质岩石的地球化学特征与深大断裂分布或性质存在相关性：在远离江绍深大断裂带的文成和永泰镁铁质火山岩，其软流圈对镁铁质岩浆的贡献较低(＜80％)；在政和-大埔域性断裂带区域产出了永定和丽水的过渡类型火山岩，软流圈对镁铁质岩浆的贡献较高(80％-90％)；而在岩石圈断裂—江绍深大断裂带产出了OIB型玄武岩，软流圈的贡献大于90％。在时间上，114～109Ma可能是岩石圈的伸展-减薄的发展阶段；99Ma的OIB型玄武岩喷发标志着岩石圈的伸展-减薄达到了顶峰阶段：而94～87Ma辉绿岩脉的形成则标志着火山岩喷发后的拉张时期，预示岩石圈的伸展-减薄旋回开始转入休眠阶段。
(5)结合华南印支期的陆内造山变形、变质核杂岩、韧性伸展构造和一系列断陷拉伸盆地的发育，浙闽晚中生代不同类型钙碱性镁铁质岩浆的形成非常类似美国西部盆岭省新生代的演化特点，以及华南地区自晚侏罗纪以来与中国东北地区乃至整个中国东部在晚中生代期间处于类似的全球构造背景，华南晚中生代火山岩活动与东北、华北地区的火山活动具有可比性等，我们认为浙闽白垩纪镁铁质岩浆的成因可归结为岩石圈伸展构造背景下，软流圈-岩石圈相互作用的产物。岩石圈的伸展减薄很可能是印支期造山后的伸展垮塌、周边多板块作用如印支陆块、古特提斯构造演化以及古太平洋板块的快速北移导致的拖曳作用等共同作用的结果。
Systematic Ar-Ar dating and petrological and geochemical (major, trace element and Sr-Nd isotope compositions) investigations on Cretaceous mafic volcanic rocks and relative diabases in the Zhejiang and Fujian Provinces, SE China, have been presented in this paper, with main focuses on the magma origins (source characteristics and magmatic evolution processes) and their geodynamic implications for the extensional tectonics in the region. The major conclusions are summarized below:
(1) Ar-Ar dating results of nine whole rocks show that mafic volcanic rocks from these two provinces were erupted during 114-109 Ma, in accordance with the peak erupting age of 113-100 Ma reported by previous work. Along the Jiangshan-shaoxing lithosphere-scale fault occurred alkali olivine basalts of 99 Ma. Diabases from Wencheng and Yongtai that intruded the Cretaceous volcanic rocks spanned an emplacement age of 94-87 Ma, representing the latest magmatic pulses in Mesozoic time.
(2) On the basis of trace element patterns and Sr-Nd isotope compositions, the Cretaceous mafic volcanic rocks and diabases can be subdivided into three groups:①the mafic lavas from Wencheng and Yongtai, partly from Pujiang which show arc-like trace element features, e.g., highly large ion lithophile element (LILE, such as Ba, Rb, K and Sr) and light REE enrichment with Nb-Ta-Ti depletion. These rocks have highly radiogenic Sr (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) = 0.7066 ~ 0.7100 ) and non-radiogenic Nd (ε_(Nd)(t) = -8.4～-3.7 ) compositions. (2) The alkali olivine basalts, which show oceanic island basalt (OIB)-type trace element characteristics, i.e., enriched in incompatible elements with no Nb-Ta depletion as well as highly fractionated LREE/HREE patterns. These basalts have weakly radiogenic Sr (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) = 0.7049～0.7050 ) and highly radiogenic Nd (ε_(Nd)(t) =+4.4～+5.8) isotope com- positions.③Mafic rocks show transitional elemental and Sr-Nd isotope features between the above two types. These rocks include those samples collected from Yongding, Lishui, and a few from Pujiang, which generally exhibit LILE and LREE enrichment with weak-moderate Nb-Ta depletion and have moderately radiogenic Sr (~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) = 0.7055～0.7073) and variably radiogenic Nd (ε_(Nd)(t) =-5.4～+3.6 ) compositions. Combined elemental and Sr-Nd isotope data indicate that all three types of Cretaceous mafic magmas were produced by melting of mantle reservoirs with different proportional mixing between the convective asthenosphere and the underlying EM2-type subcontinental lithospheric mantle (SCLM) under an extensional regime. The source for Group 1 contains the highest ratio of the SCLM with the least contribution from the asthenosphere, whereas that for the second group comprises predominantly the convective asthenosphere (>90%). The third group of mafic rocks have the transitional geochemical features between the former two groups, its melting source also contains a proportion of SCLM in-between the other two groups.
(3) Adakitic andesites from the Laocun Formation are characterized by enrichment in Al_2O_3, Na_2O, and Sr, and depletion in Y and HREE (e.g. Yb), low ~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr(i) (= 0.7041～0.7044) and highε)(Nd)(t) (= +0.2～+2.2). Such features are similar to adakites in modern subduction settings. On the basis of the absence of coeval ridge subduction and the extensional regime in the region, we prefer to relate the petrogenesis of these adakitic andesites to remelting of Mesozoic juvenile crust.
(4) The geochemical features of the mafic rocks are spatially correlated with the distribution of major faults. Mafic rocks having arc-type trace element features generally occur far from the lithosphere-scale faults, whereas the Jiangshan OIB-type basalts are just located on the Jiangshan-Shaoxing lithosphere-scale fault—a boundary being considered to separate the Yangtze from the Cathysian Block. The Group 3 rocks that have transitional geochemical features between the Group 1 and 2, are distributed along the major fault (e.g., the Zhenghe-Dafu fault). Such a correlation favors a progressive extensional model in response to lithospheric extension-thinning process. From 114 Ma, the beginning of lithosphere attenuation created the Group 1 lavas, while the occurrence of asthenosphere-derived OIB-type magma at 99 Ma signified the peak stage of lithospheric thinning, and the intrusion of 94-87 Ma diabases corresponded to the end of lithospheric thinning through the Mesozoic time.
(5) Considering the Indo-Sinian intracontinental crustal deformation in SE China, and the following development of metamorphic core complexes and a series of rift basins and eruption of calc-alkaline mafic magmas, the general aspects of the southeastern offshore areas are analogues to those observed in the basin and range province in northwestern USA. Furthermore, the temporal consistence of extensive calc-alkaline magmatic activity throughout the eastern China continent (from NE China to SE China) suggests a uniform extensional regime. The Cretaceous mafic magmas in SE China were products of asthenosphere-lithosphere interaction caused by progressive lithospheric thinning process. This process was resulted from Indosinian post-orogenic collapse and amplified by resultant effects from surrounding plate interactions, including the rapid northward movement of the Palaeo-Pacific Ocean, compressional forces from the Tethyan tectonic belt and possibly the Indo-China Block.
引文
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