需求侧管理视角下的电动汽车充放电定价策略研究
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摘要
随着石油资源的日渐枯竭以及全球气候变暖的日趋加剧，发展新能源汽车已是大势所趋，而电动汽车正以其在节能、环保方面的优势，成为新能源汽车研究的热点。作为未来电力系统中比重庞大的负荷，电动汽车接入电网的随机性和间歇性将使电力系统运行的复杂程度大大增加。对此学者们多从技术层面分析电动汽车充电行为对电力系统的影响或将V2G技术考虑在内，衡量电动汽车向电网放电时可能给电力系统带来的效益，缺少对电动汽车充放电管理层面的研究，更缺乏对电动汽车充、放电价制定方面的系统论述。
合理的充放电价体系既是实现电动汽车充放电控制与管理的主要手段，也是维系电动汽车用户和电网运营商利益关系的纽带。如何将两者关系考虑在内，制定合理地电动汽车充放电电价，使电力系统在为电动汽车用户提供可靠、便利服务的同时，兼顾自身的利益诉求，是电动汽车普及前应该关注和研究的问题。鉴于此本文选定“需求侧管理视角下的电动汽车充放电定价策略研究”这一课题进行系统研究。将电动汽车充、放电电能视为特殊商品，以协调电力系统与电动汽车用户两大群体的利益为出发点，系统地分析了影响电动汽车充、放电的定价的因素，借助电力需求侧管理理论和电力价格理论，设计相应的电动汽车充、放电价和二者的协调方案，使电动汽车用户在与电网利益达到激励相容的前提下，在恰当的时间进行充放电选择，实现电力系统运营成本最小化的目的。本文的创新性工作体现在以下几个方面：
①建立考虑电动汽车充电设施投资的充电电价模型。文章从综合资源规划思维视角出发，借鉴动态交通网络思想，在判断决定电动汽车充电电价的主要因素后，将未来电动汽车用户的利益计入在充电站建设规划内（主要是充电的便利程度和充电电价），并考虑电动汽车充电带来的购电成本和电网运行成本，建立了统筹不同地点电动汽车动态充电需求和充电站投资者投入成本的多目标充电电价模型。最后将充电者充电时间限制在一硬时间窗内，提出了一个可行的两阶段启发式算法。该项研究为电动汽车充电站的布局与规模确定提供了思路，同时也明确了电动汽车充电电价确定的着眼点。
②探讨了考虑电动汽车用户风险态度的放电电价策略。文章借助于需求侧响应理论思想，以构建合理的电动汽车放电响应价格为目标，首先分别建立并分析了具有风险规避特性的电动汽车用户和电力公司的收益函数，进而引入金融学CVaR准则对电动汽车用户面对电能回购不确定性时的风险进行估值。研究发现电动汽车用户的V2G备用电能预留量与其风险规避度成正比；在分散决策情景下，整个V2G电能反向供应链中存在双边际效应，电动汽车用户的最优电能预存小于整体最优预存量。最终确定了使电力系统收益最大化的电动汽车用户激励性回购电价策略：“回购补贴+市场保证金”协调契约策略。继而构建了电动汽车参与备用服务市场的交易模式。该研究对电动汽车普及后，电力公司借助V2G技术调动电动汽车电能作为系统备用的激励措施和手段进行了前期探索性研究，为未来电力公司对电动汽车放电协议的设计提供了参考。
③探讨了电动汽车充、放电电价间的协调策略。文章引入峰谷分时电价理论，以协调电动汽车用户的充放电行为来优化电网负荷为目的，分析对比了电力公司采取不同充电电价策略时电动汽车用户的V2G市场响应程度。研究结果表明：电力公司采取峰谷分时电价策略时，可以以较采用统一售电电价时低的反向购电价格获得更高的V2G市场响应度，在不损失电动汽车用户效益的前提下，使电力公司获得更高的总收益。这主要因为当电力公司采取分时售电电价策略时，参与V2G市场电动汽车拥有者的边际成本降低，备用服务曲线也因此变得平缓。以此为基础构建了电动汽车充放电电价协调模型，以求实现电动汽车充、放电价对电动汽车用户影响的协调统一。该研究成果为考虑充、放电价间协调关系下的充放电价制定提供了思路。
With oil resource being exhausted and global warming intensifying, thedevelopment of the green car, expecially electric vehicle, has been the new trend ofautomobile industry, because of its advantage on saving energy and protectingenvironment. the electric cars, as large loads, may lead to increasing in the operationcomplexity of future power system, taking its charing or discharing randomness andintermittent into account.To settle this problem, many scholars have done some pilotstudies on technical level, from analyzing on the affect of the electric vehicle chargingbehavior to measuring the system benefits when electric vehicles discharge to powersystem, through the V2G technology. Nevertheless, there are few systematicalmanagement studies on the above problems, and less studies on the discussion of theprice setting of the electric vehicle’ Charging and discharging electricity price.
A reasonable charge and discharge price system is not only the main means torealize electric vehicle charging or discharging control and management, also the keyeconomic link between the electric car user and grid operators. How to make a rationalcharging and discharging electricity price system is the one of core problems, whichmust be solved before the popularization of electric vehicle, for formulating thecharging or discharging behivour of the electric vehicle users, to satisfy the safe andeconomic operation of the power system. In view of this, this paper selected the subject:“Design for the Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Price Strategy from DemandSide Management Perspective” to systemmaticaly research. Take the charging,discharging power as a special commodity, to coordinate the interest relationshipbetween the power system and electric car user. After systematical analyzing the pricingfactors which may influence the behivours of charging or discharging, and withrefereing power demand side management theory and electricity price theory, we get thecharging and discharging price system. The innovative work reflects in the followingaspects:
①Establish the electric vehicle charging price model, considering the chargingfacilities investment cost. To structure this model, we combine the integrated resourceplanning theory and the dynamic traffic network thought, judge the main foactorsdeciding the electric vehicle charging price, and take these factors, expecially electric car user’ interests (mainly charge convenience degree and charging price) into theplanning of the charging facilities. Based on these preparations, the multi-objectivecharging price model is established, in which the power purchase cost, charging timewindow, power grid operation cost and investment cost are fully contained. At last, afeasible two stage heuristic algorithm is put forward to solve the charging price mode.This study provides a train of thought about the electric vehicle charging facilitieslayout and scales, and at the same time also gives the valuable reference of making theelectric vehicle charging price.
②Discusses the discharging price strategy, considering electric vehicle user’attitude. To construct the reasonable electric vehicle discharging price model, thedemand side response theory is used for reference to set up and analyze respectively therevenue functions of the electric vehicle user and Power Company. In the above model,the finance CVaR criterion is introduced to measure the risk valuation when the electricvehicle user faces electricity buyback uncertainty. The study found that the electricvehicle user's V2G reserve supply is proportional with his(her) risk aversion degree; andin the distributed decision situations, there exists the double marginal effect in the wholeV2G reverse supply chain, in which electric vehicle user’ optimal energy stored is lessthan the overall optimal preliminary stock. To solve the problem, the "buyback subsidies+market margin" coordinating discharging price strategy is put forward. Subsequently,a reserve service market trading mode is constructed, which the electric vehicle couldparticipate in. This research provide a reference, when the Power Company will makethe best of electric vehicle for V2G reserve trade, through some incentive measures ormeans, following the popularization of electric vehicle.
③Structures the coordination strategy between the electric car charging price anddischarging price. After comparative analysis of the electric car user's market response,taking the peak and valley lime price theory in account, the study gets that: it is better toadopt the peak and valley lime charging price strategy than the unified price strategy,due to which the Power Company could get the higher V2G market response degree ofelectric vehicle user at the lower cost. Because when Power Company takestime-sharing charging price strategy, the marginal cost of participatting the V2G reservemarket reduce.Therefore the V2G reserve supply curve will become gentle. Based onthe above conclusion, the electric vehicle charging and discharging electricity pricecoordination model is constructed, in order to make the interest relationship between electric vehicle user and Power Company unified. The results of this are usuful tocoordinate the relation between charging price and discharging price.
合理的充放电价体系既是实现电动汽车充放电控制与管理的主要手段，也是维系电动汽车用户和电网运营商利益关系的纽带。如何将两者关系考虑在内，制定合理地电动汽车充放电电价，使电力系统在为电动汽车用户提供可靠、便利服务的同时，兼顾自身的利益诉求，是电动汽车普及前应该关注和研究的问题。鉴于此本文选定“需求侧管理视角下的电动汽车充放电定价策略研究”这一课题进行系统研究。将电动汽车充、放电电能视为特殊商品，以协调电力系统与电动汽车用户两大群体的利益为出发点，系统地分析了影响电动汽车充、放电的定价的因素，借助电力需求侧管理理论和电力价格理论，设计相应的电动汽车充、放电价和二者的协调方案，使电动汽车用户在与电网利益达到激励相容的前提下，在恰当的时间进行充放电选择，实现电力系统运营成本最小化的目的。本文的创新性工作体现在以下几个方面：
①建立考虑电动汽车充电设施投资的充电电价模型。文章从综合资源规划思维视角出发，借鉴动态交通网络思想，在判断决定电动汽车充电电价的主要因素后，将未来电动汽车用户的利益计入在充电站建设规划内（主要是充电的便利程度和充电电价），并考虑电动汽车充电带来的购电成本和电网运行成本，建立了统筹不同地点电动汽车动态充电需求和充电站投资者投入成本的多目标充电电价模型。最后将充电者充电时间限制在一硬时间窗内，提出了一个可行的两阶段启发式算法。该项研究为电动汽车充电站的布局与规模确定提供了思路，同时也明确了电动汽车充电电价确定的着眼点。
②探讨了考虑电动汽车用户风险态度的放电电价策略。文章借助于需求侧响应理论思想，以构建合理的电动汽车放电响应价格为目标，首先分别建立并分析了具有风险规避特性的电动汽车用户和电力公司的收益函数，进而引入金融学CVaR准则对电动汽车用户面对电能回购不确定性时的风险进行估值。研究发现电动汽车用户的V2G备用电能预留量与其风险规避度成正比；在分散决策情景下，整个V2G电能反向供应链中存在双边际效应，电动汽车用户的最优电能预存小于整体最优预存量。最终确定了使电力系统收益最大化的电动汽车用户激励性回购电价策略：“回购补贴+市场保证金”协调契约策略。继而构建了电动汽车参与备用服务市场的交易模式。该研究对电动汽车普及后，电力公司借助V2G技术调动电动汽车电能作为系统备用的激励措施和手段进行了前期探索性研究，为未来电力公司对电动汽车放电协议的设计提供了参考。
③探讨了电动汽车充、放电电价间的协调策略。文章引入峰谷分时电价理论，以协调电动汽车用户的充放电行为来优化电网负荷为目的，分析对比了电力公司采取不同充电电价策略时电动汽车用户的V2G市场响应程度。研究结果表明：电力公司采取峰谷分时电价策略时，可以以较采用统一售电电价时低的反向购电价格获得更高的V2G市场响应度，在不损失电动汽车用户效益的前提下，使电力公司获得更高的总收益。这主要因为当电力公司采取分时售电电价策略时，参与V2G市场电动汽车拥有者的边际成本降低，备用服务曲线也因此变得平缓。以此为基础构建了电动汽车充放电电价协调模型，以求实现电动汽车充、放电价对电动汽车用户影响的协调统一。该研究成果为考虑充、放电价间协调关系下的充放电价制定提供了思路。
With oil resource being exhausted and global warming intensifying, thedevelopment of the green car, expecially electric vehicle, has been the new trend ofautomobile industry, because of its advantage on saving energy and protectingenvironment. the electric cars, as large loads, may lead to increasing in the operationcomplexity of future power system, taking its charing or discharing randomness andintermittent into account.To settle this problem, many scholars have done some pilotstudies on technical level, from analyzing on the affect of the electric vehicle chargingbehavior to measuring the system benefits when electric vehicles discharge to powersystem, through the V2G technology. Nevertheless, there are few systematicalmanagement studies on the above problems, and less studies on the discussion of theprice setting of the electric vehicle’ Charging and discharging electricity price.
A reasonable charge and discharge price system is not only the main means torealize electric vehicle charging or discharging control and management, also the keyeconomic link between the electric car user and grid operators. How to make a rationalcharging and discharging electricity price system is the one of core problems, whichmust be solved before the popularization of electric vehicle, for formulating thecharging or discharging behivour of the electric vehicle users, to satisfy the safe andeconomic operation of the power system. In view of this, this paper selected the subject:“Design for the Electric Vehicle Charging and Discharging Price Strategy from DemandSide Management Perspective” to systemmaticaly research. Take the charging,discharging power as a special commodity, to coordinate the interest relationshipbetween the power system and electric car user. After systematical analyzing the pricingfactors which may influence the behivours of charging or discharging, and withrefereing power demand side management theory and electricity price theory, we get thecharging and discharging price system. The innovative work reflects in the followingaspects:
①Establish the electric vehicle charging price model, considering the chargingfacilities investment cost. To structure this model, we combine the integrated resourceplanning theory and the dynamic traffic network thought, judge the main foactorsdeciding the electric vehicle charging price, and take these factors, expecially electric car user’ interests (mainly charge convenience degree and charging price) into theplanning of the charging facilities. Based on these preparations, the multi-objectivecharging price model is established, in which the power purchase cost, charging timewindow, power grid operation cost and investment cost are fully contained. At last, afeasible two stage heuristic algorithm is put forward to solve the charging price mode.This study provides a train of thought about the electric vehicle charging facilitieslayout and scales, and at the same time also gives the valuable reference of making theelectric vehicle charging price.
②Discusses the discharging price strategy, considering electric vehicle user’attitude. To construct the reasonable electric vehicle discharging price model, thedemand side response theory is used for reference to set up and analyze respectively therevenue functions of the electric vehicle user and Power Company. In the above model,the finance CVaR criterion is introduced to measure the risk valuation when the electricvehicle user faces electricity buyback uncertainty. The study found that the electricvehicle user's V2G reserve supply is proportional with his(her) risk aversion degree; andin the distributed decision situations, there exists the double marginal effect in the wholeV2G reverse supply chain, in which electric vehicle user’ optimal energy stored is lessthan the overall optimal preliminary stock. To solve the problem, the "buyback subsidies+market margin" coordinating discharging price strategy is put forward. Subsequently,a reserve service market trading mode is constructed, which the electric vehicle couldparticipate in. This research provide a reference, when the Power Company will makethe best of electric vehicle for V2G reserve trade, through some incentive measures ormeans, following the popularization of electric vehicle.
③Structures the coordination strategy between the electric car charging price anddischarging price. After comparative analysis of the electric car user's market response,taking the peak and valley lime price theory in account, the study gets that: it is better toadopt the peak and valley lime charging price strategy than the unified price strategy,due to which the Power Company could get the higher V2G market response degree ofelectric vehicle user at the lower cost. Because when Power Company takestime-sharing charging price strategy, the marginal cost of participatting the V2G reservemarket reduce.Therefore the V2G reserve supply curve will become gentle. Based onthe above conclusion, the electric vehicle charging and discharging electricity pricecoordination model is constructed, in order to make the interest relationship between electric vehicle user and Power Company unified. The results of this are usuful tocoordinate the relation between charging price and discharging price.
引文
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