开放源类大气微粒子基本特性研究
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摘要
济南市地势南高北低,呈浅碟形,不利于空气污染物的扩散。本论文选择对济南市大气颗粒物贡献较大的黄河沙、建筑尘、拆迁废料、土壤尘、道路尘和粉煤灰(除尘器的下载灰)等六种开放源类实验物料作为实验样品,研究了济南市开放源类大气微粒子的基本特性。
采用激光粒度分析、离子色谱分析(IC)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析(ICP-AES)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)、元素分析等多种现代分析测试方法对济南市六种开放源类大气微粒子的组成、物理化学性质进行了研究，建立了实验样品10μm以下颗粒物和2.5μm以下颗粒物的源成分谱,并对源成分谱进行了特征分析。
研究结果表明,实验物料的颗粒物中小粒径的趋多,粉煤狄原始物料的中位径最小,黄河沙的中位径最大,说明粉煤灰颗粒最细,黄河沙颗粒最粗;建筑尘的密度最大,为3.26g/cm~3,粉煤灰的密度最小,为2.43g/cm~3,但是粉煤灰的安息角最大,为30°;建筑尘的相对含水率最高,为3.40%,黄河沙最小,为0.59%,但是黄河沙的润湿性最强,属于强亲水性粉尘,而拆迁废料的润湿性最弱;六种开放源类的颗粒越小,形状越趋于规则,粉煤灰颗粒形貌多为球形颗粒,而黄河沙颗粒形状多不规则,道路尘中既有有规则也有不规则形貌颗粒物。在六种开放源类中,实验样品PM2.5中阴离子的含量远远超过PM_(10)中阴离子的含量,同时,S0_4~(2-)的含量明显高于CI~-和NO3~-的含量;六种开放源类实验样品的无机元素含量存在明显差异,地壳元素的含量一般较高,其中Ca的含量在拆迁废料中最大达到50.57%,Fe、Zn、Pb等元素在道路尘中含量较高;TC(总碳)在道路尘中的含量最高,其次是粉煤灰,最少的是土壤尘。
源成分谱由六种开放源类的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)颗粒物的17种无机元素谱、2种碳组份谱、3种离子谱组成。六种开放源类PM_(10)中主量成分占69%～80%,PM_(2.5)中主量成分占67%～81%,说明PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)有极大的相似性;六种开放源类的特征元素:黄河沙是Fe,建筑尘和拆迁废料是Ca,土壤风沙尘是Si,道路尘是TC,粉煤狄是Al。
The hypsography of Jinan is southern high and northern low-lying, like a salver, which is not conducive to diffuse the air pollutants. In this paper, Yellow River sand, construction dust, building demolition waste, soil dust, road dust and coal dust were selected as the experimental materials, which made large contributions to Jinan's atmospheric particles. And the basic characteristics of atmospheric particles of open-sources were studied in Jinan.
By the means of the advanced analysis methods, such as laser particle size, ion chromatography(IC), inductance coupled plasma atomism emission spectrum(ICP-AES), scanning electron microscopy(SEM-EDX), elemental analysis, and other modern methods, the composing, physical and chemical characteristics of Jinan's atmospheric particles were studied. Then the source component spectrum of experimental samples which 10μm below and 2.5μm below were established, and characteristic analysis of source component spectrum were carried through.
The results showed that the particles from experimental materials were more and more small size. The median diameter of coal dust was the minimum and Yellow River sand was the maximal, which showed the particle of coal dust was fine and Yellow River sand was coarse. The density of construction dust was 3.26 g/cm3, and coal dust was 2.43 g/cm3, which were the maximal and the minimum, but the rest angle of coal dust was the biggest of 30°. The relative moisture content of construction dust was the highest of 3.40%, and Yellow River sand was the lowest of 0.59%, but the wetting character of Yellow River sand was the strongest, which belonged to a strong hydrophilic dust, and building demolition waste was the smallest. The smaller the particles, the shape would be much regular. The particles of coal dust were mostly spherical particles, Yellow River sand were more irregular, and road dust present regular and irregular particles. In the six kinds of open-sources, the content of anions in PM2.5 was far more than that of PM10, at the same time, the content of SC_4~(2-) was significantly higher than that of C1~- and NO_3~-. And the content of inorganic elements had obvious differences in the six sorts of open-sources, in general, the earth crust's element's content was high. In building demolition waste, the element of Ca was able to carry at the highest 50.57%, and the most harmful elements like Fe, Zn, Pb had higher levels in road dust. At the mention of total carbon, was the highest in road dust, followed by coal dust, soil dust least.
The source component spectrum was made up of seventeen kinds of inorganic elements, two types of carbons and three sorts of anions. The basis in PM_(10) was between 69% and 80%, and between 67% and 81% in PM2.5, which showed that PM_(10) and PM2.5 had huge comparability. The characteristic element of open-sources: Yellow River sand was Fe, construction dust and building demolition waste were Ca, soil dust was Si, road dust was TC and coal dust was Al.
采用激光粒度分析、离子色谱分析(IC)、电感耦合等离子体发射光谱分析(ICP-AES)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM-EDX)、元素分析等多种现代分析测试方法对济南市六种开放源类大气微粒子的组成、物理化学性质进行了研究，建立了实验样品10μm以下颗粒物和2.5μm以下颗粒物的源成分谱,并对源成分谱进行了特征分析。
研究结果表明,实验物料的颗粒物中小粒径的趋多,粉煤狄原始物料的中位径最小,黄河沙的中位径最大,说明粉煤灰颗粒最细,黄河沙颗粒最粗;建筑尘的密度最大,为3.26g/cm~3,粉煤灰的密度最小,为2.43g/cm~3,但是粉煤灰的安息角最大,为30°;建筑尘的相对含水率最高,为3.40%,黄河沙最小,为0.59%,但是黄河沙的润湿性最强,属于强亲水性粉尘,而拆迁废料的润湿性最弱;六种开放源类的颗粒越小,形状越趋于规则,粉煤灰颗粒形貌多为球形颗粒,而黄河沙颗粒形状多不规则,道路尘中既有有规则也有不规则形貌颗粒物。在六种开放源类中,实验样品PM2.5中阴离子的含量远远超过PM_(10)中阴离子的含量,同时,S0_4~(2-)的含量明显高于CI~-和NO3~-的含量;六种开放源类实验样品的无机元素含量存在明显差异,地壳元素的含量一般较高,其中Ca的含量在拆迁废料中最大达到50.57%,Fe、Zn、Pb等元素在道路尘中含量较高;TC(总碳)在道路尘中的含量最高,其次是粉煤灰,最少的是土壤尘。
源成分谱由六种开放源类的PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)颗粒物的17种无机元素谱、2种碳组份谱、3种离子谱组成。六种开放源类PM_(10)中主量成分占69%～80%,PM_(2.5)中主量成分占67%～81%,说明PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)有极大的相似性;六种开放源类的特征元素:黄河沙是Fe,建筑尘和拆迁废料是Ca,土壤风沙尘是Si,道路尘是TC,粉煤狄是Al。
The hypsography of Jinan is southern high and northern low-lying, like a salver, which is not conducive to diffuse the air pollutants. In this paper, Yellow River sand, construction dust, building demolition waste, soil dust, road dust and coal dust were selected as the experimental materials, which made large contributions to Jinan's atmospheric particles. And the basic characteristics of atmospheric particles of open-sources were studied in Jinan.
By the means of the advanced analysis methods, such as laser particle size, ion chromatography(IC), inductance coupled plasma atomism emission spectrum(ICP-AES), scanning electron microscopy(SEM-EDX), elemental analysis, and other modern methods, the composing, physical and chemical characteristics of Jinan's atmospheric particles were studied. Then the source component spectrum of experimental samples which 10μm below and 2.5μm below were established, and characteristic analysis of source component spectrum were carried through.
The results showed that the particles from experimental materials were more and more small size. The median diameter of coal dust was the minimum and Yellow River sand was the maximal, which showed the particle of coal dust was fine and Yellow River sand was coarse. The density of construction dust was 3.26 g/cm3, and coal dust was 2.43 g/cm3, which were the maximal and the minimum, but the rest angle of coal dust was the biggest of 30°. The relative moisture content of construction dust was the highest of 3.40%, and Yellow River sand was the lowest of 0.59%, but the wetting character of Yellow River sand was the strongest, which belonged to a strong hydrophilic dust, and building demolition waste was the smallest. The smaller the particles, the shape would be much regular. The particles of coal dust were mostly spherical particles, Yellow River sand were more irregular, and road dust present regular and irregular particles. In the six kinds of open-sources, the content of anions in PM2.5 was far more than that of PM10, at the same time, the content of SC_4~(2-) was significantly higher than that of C1~- and NO_3~-. And the content of inorganic elements had obvious differences in the six sorts of open-sources, in general, the earth crust's element's content was high. In building demolition waste, the element of Ca was able to carry at the highest 50.57%, and the most harmful elements like Fe, Zn, Pb had higher levels in road dust. At the mention of total carbon, was the highest in road dust, followed by coal dust, soil dust least.
The source component spectrum was made up of seventeen kinds of inorganic elements, two types of carbons and three sorts of anions. The basis in PM_(10) was between 69% and 80%, and between 67% and 81% in PM2.5, which showed that PM_(10) and PM2.5 had huge comparability. The characteristic element of open-sources: Yellow River sand was Fe, construction dust and building demolition waste were Ca, soil dust was Si, road dust was TC and coal dust was Al.
引文
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