入世保护期中国公司国际化战略与绩效关系研究
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摘要
战略管理理论认为公司国际化是公司的一种成长战略和多元化战略,因此“国际化能否为企业带来盈利”问题成为国内外学者的关注点,出现了大量的相关研究,但并没有形成统一结论。同时,这些研究基本上以发达国家公司为研究对象,缺少对发展中国家尤其是针对中国入世保护期内公司国际化战略的实证研究,更缺乏有中国特色的变量,本文提出以入世保护期的视角进行我国企业国际化战略与绩效的研究。
本文在文献研究的基础上,采用基于上市公司数据库的实证研究和案例研究相结合的方法,对保护期、国际化、特定优势转移、国有企业和公司绩效构成一定逻辑关系,提出4组10个假设,运用SPSS统计软件对2001、2004和2006年符合统一条件的上市公司进行包括多元回归在内的实证研究以及4家公司的结构性案例分析。在对研究结果讨论的基础上,本文得到以下结论:一、保护期内公司国际化程度呈U型变化;二、保护期内公司绩效呈倒U型变化;三、因中国国际化尚处于初级阶段,未达到“门槛值”,因此保护期内公司国际化与绩效呈现复杂的交互和交替状态;四、保护期内,国有企业与国际化程度呈现负相关;五、保护期内,特定优势对公司绩效影响不显著;六、保护期内,海尔绩效仍处与J型的左边;七、国际化要考虑成本和时机,不要急于国际化,但要明确国际化战略,形成特定优势,注意“门槛效应”和“破窗理论”。
本文针对我国入世保护期这一特殊环境,研究企业的国际化战略以及国际化程度和公司绩效的关系得到了许多有益的结论,出现了新的解释。首先,这是新的情景嵌入下的研究,参与了国际相关学术研究的对话,丰富和补充了该领域的研究;第二,得到的结论对指导公司国际化战略的制定和实施具有借鉴意义;第三,有助于对保护期内中国公司的战略和国际化进程进行评估,作为政府出台相应措施的参考;第四,对国际化中的中国特色变量—是否为国有控股进行实证研究,对加快国有企业改革提升国民经济质量有一定借鉴意义;第五,运用比较规范和国际通行的实证研究方法弥补了国内企业国际化研究缺乏实证研究的不足,同时采取案例研究方法,有助于揭示中国公司国际化的内在特征,可能促进国内相关研究的纵深发展。
Strategy management theory holds that internationalization for a company is the strategy both for development and for diversification. Therefore, the problem "Whether or not Internationalization may Generate Profits for Companies" is of common concern for scholars both at home and from aboard. A large number of relevant researches have been conducted. However, a uniform conclusion has yet to be formed. Meanwhile, almost all these researches are targeted at the developed countries, whereas the empirical research on the developing countries, especially in the fields of internationalization strategy of companies in China within the protection period after China's entry into WTO as well as variables with Chinese characteristics are quite insufficient. This article presents a research into the internationalization strategy and performance of the Chinese enterprises from the viewpoint of protection period.
For the purpose of research, on the basis of literature research, this article adopts the method of combining the empirical research and case study based on the database of listed companies; constitutes a certain logic relationship among protection period, internationalization, specific advantage transfer, state-owned enterprise and company performance; proposes 10 hypotheses in 4 groups, utilizes SPSS statistic software to carry out empirical research with multiple regression included of the listed companies which satisfied the uniform conditions in 2001,2004 and 2006, as well as structural case analysis on 4 companies. According to the discussion of the research results, the article comes to the following conclusions: I. The degree of the company's internationalization within the protection period shows the change in "U" shape; II. The company's performance within the protection period witnesses the change in "U" shape; III. Since the Chinese internationalization process remains at its primary stage and fails to reach the "Threshold Value", the company's internationalization process and its performance within the protection period takes on a complicated mixed and alternate state; IV. In the protection period, the state-owned enterprises and their degree of internationalization show negative correlation; V. During this period, the company's specific advantage has little impact on its performance; VI. In the protection period, the performance of Haier remains on the left side of the J shape curve; VII.In promoting internationalization, cost and suitable time should be taken into account. Companies shouldn't be in haste to internationalize. Instead, they should nail down the strategy of internationalization, form specific advantages and lay emphasis on "Threshold Effects" and "Broken Window Theory".
This article aims at the special environment of protection period after China's entry into WTO, researches into the internationalization strategy of enterprises and the relationship between the degree of internationalization process and the company's performance, and finally reaches many useful conclusions and produces new explanations. First of all, this is a research with the insertion of new environment. It combines many dialogues of relevant international academic researches, which enrich and supplement the research in this field; second, the conclusions are of referential significance in guiding companies to formulate and carry out the internationalization strategy; third, this research is helpful for evaluating the strategies of the Chinese companies and the internationalization process within the protection period and acts as the reference for the government in formulating relevant measures; fourth, the variables with Chinese characteristics in the internationalization process—whether or not the state-owned enterprises should carry out empirical research, have certain referential significance for accelerating the reform of state-owned enterprises and raising the quality of national economy; fifth, the utilization of relatively standardized and international empirical research methods makes up the deficiency in lack of empirical research in internationalization research for domestic enterprises, meanwhile, the adoption of case study method is conducive to revealing the internal features of internationalization of the Chinese companies, further facilitating the development of relevant domestic researches in depth.
本文在文献研究的基础上,采用基于上市公司数据库的实证研究和案例研究相结合的方法,对保护期、国际化、特定优势转移、国有企业和公司绩效构成一定逻辑关系,提出4组10个假设,运用SPSS统计软件对2001、2004和2006年符合统一条件的上市公司进行包括多元回归在内的实证研究以及4家公司的结构性案例分析。在对研究结果讨论的基础上,本文得到以下结论:一、保护期内公司国际化程度呈U型变化;二、保护期内公司绩效呈倒U型变化;三、因中国国际化尚处于初级阶段,未达到“门槛值”,因此保护期内公司国际化与绩效呈现复杂的交互和交替状态;四、保护期内,国有企业与国际化程度呈现负相关;五、保护期内,特定优势对公司绩效影响不显著;六、保护期内,海尔绩效仍处与J型的左边;七、国际化要考虑成本和时机,不要急于国际化,但要明确国际化战略,形成特定优势,注意“门槛效应”和“破窗理论”。
本文针对我国入世保护期这一特殊环境,研究企业的国际化战略以及国际化程度和公司绩效的关系得到了许多有益的结论,出现了新的解释。首先,这是新的情景嵌入下的研究,参与了国际相关学术研究的对话,丰富和补充了该领域的研究;第二,得到的结论对指导公司国际化战略的制定和实施具有借鉴意义;第三,有助于对保护期内中国公司的战略和国际化进程进行评估,作为政府出台相应措施的参考;第四,对国际化中的中国特色变量—是否为国有控股进行实证研究,对加快国有企业改革提升国民经济质量有一定借鉴意义;第五,运用比较规范和国际通行的实证研究方法弥补了国内企业国际化研究缺乏实证研究的不足,同时采取案例研究方法,有助于揭示中国公司国际化的内在特征,可能促进国内相关研究的纵深发展。
Strategy management theory holds that internationalization for a company is the strategy both for development and for diversification. Therefore, the problem "Whether or not Internationalization may Generate Profits for Companies" is of common concern for scholars both at home and from aboard. A large number of relevant researches have been conducted. However, a uniform conclusion has yet to be formed. Meanwhile, almost all these researches are targeted at the developed countries, whereas the empirical research on the developing countries, especially in the fields of internationalization strategy of companies in China within the protection period after China's entry into WTO as well as variables with Chinese characteristics are quite insufficient. This article presents a research into the internationalization strategy and performance of the Chinese enterprises from the viewpoint of protection period.
For the purpose of research, on the basis of literature research, this article adopts the method of combining the empirical research and case study based on the database of listed companies; constitutes a certain logic relationship among protection period, internationalization, specific advantage transfer, state-owned enterprise and company performance; proposes 10 hypotheses in 4 groups, utilizes SPSS statistic software to carry out empirical research with multiple regression included of the listed companies which satisfied the uniform conditions in 2001,2004 and 2006, as well as structural case analysis on 4 companies. According to the discussion of the research results, the article comes to the following conclusions: I. The degree of the company's internationalization within the protection period shows the change in "U" shape; II. The company's performance within the protection period witnesses the change in "U" shape; III. Since the Chinese internationalization process remains at its primary stage and fails to reach the "Threshold Value", the company's internationalization process and its performance within the protection period takes on a complicated mixed and alternate state; IV. In the protection period, the state-owned enterprises and their degree of internationalization show negative correlation; V. During this period, the company's specific advantage has little impact on its performance; VI. In the protection period, the performance of Haier remains on the left side of the J shape curve; VII.In promoting internationalization, cost and suitable time should be taken into account. Companies shouldn't be in haste to internationalize. Instead, they should nail down the strategy of internationalization, form specific advantages and lay emphasis on "Threshold Effects" and "Broken Window Theory".
This article aims at the special environment of protection period after China's entry into WTO, researches into the internationalization strategy of enterprises and the relationship between the degree of internationalization process and the company's performance, and finally reaches many useful conclusions and produces new explanations. First of all, this is a research with the insertion of new environment. It combines many dialogues of relevant international academic researches, which enrich and supplement the research in this field; second, the conclusions are of referential significance in guiding companies to formulate and carry out the internationalization strategy; third, this research is helpful for evaluating the strategies of the Chinese companies and the internationalization process within the protection period and acts as the reference for the government in formulating relevant measures; fourth, the variables with Chinese characteristics in the internationalization process—whether or not the state-owned enterprises should carry out empirical research, have certain referential significance for accelerating the reform of state-owned enterprises and raising the quality of national economy; fifth, the utilization of relatively standardized and international empirical research methods makes up the deficiency in lack of empirical research in internationalization research for domestic enterprises, meanwhile, the adoption of case study method is conducive to revealing the internal features of internationalization of the Chinese companies, further facilitating the development of relevant domestic researches in depth.
引文
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76 对于对外直接投资的统计,国内还以“对外经济合作”进行统计核算,对外经济合作包括对外承包工程和劳务合作。
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88 数据来源:Columbia Program on International Investment,"World investment prospects to 2011:Foreign direct investment and the challenge of political risk".
89 数据来源:联合国贸发会议对外直接投资数据库。
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103 Delios,A.and P.W.Beamish.Geographic Scope,Product Diversification,and the Corporate Performance of Japanese Firms.Strategic Management Journal.1999,20(8):711-727.
104 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
105 Caves,R.E.,International Corporations:The Industrial Economics of Foreign Investment.Economica.1971,2:1-27.
106 Delios,A and P.W.Beamish.Survival and Profitability:The Roles of Experience and Intangible Assets in Foreign Subsidiary Performance.Academy of Management Journal.2001,44(5):1028-1038.
107 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
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110 摘自《人民日报》2005年12月23日第七版记者采访中国商务部部长薄熙来答记者问(开放拉动增长合作谋求共赢》一文。
111 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
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113 黄嫚丽,蓝海林《特定优势视角的我国企业国际化程度与企业绩效的关系研究》,经济科学出版社,2006年10月第1版。
114 Kogut,B.,Designing Global Strategies:Profiting from Operation Flexibility.Sloan Management Review.1985,27(1):27-38
115 Hitt,M.A.,R.E.Hoskisson and H.Kim.International Diversification;Effects on Innovation and Firm Performance in Product-Diversifided Firms.Academy of Management Jourmal.1997,40(4):767-798.
116 Wan,Chun-Cheong.International Diversification,Industrial Diversification and Firm Performance of Hong Kong MNCs.Asia Pacific Journal of Management.198,15(2):205-217.
117 Hitt,M.A.,R.E.Hoskisson and H.Kim.International Diversification;Effects on Innovation and Finn Performance in Product-Diversifided Firms.Academy of Management Jourmal.1997,40(4):767-798.
118 专属性资产、产品差异化能力以及企业特定优势的概念是一致的,是不同学者对企业特定优势概念的延伸。具体见本文等1章的说明。
119 Jung,Y.Mulfinafionality and Profitability.Journal of Business Research.1991,23(2):179-187.
120 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Stodies.2002,33(1):79-97.
121 Hitt,M.A.,R.E.Hoskisson and H.Kim.International Diversification;Effects on Innovation and Finn Performance in Product-Diversifided Finns.Academy of Management Jourmal.1997,40(4):767-798.
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123 Caves,R.E.Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis.2nd ed.UK,Cambridge University Press.1996.
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125 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Finn Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
126 目前在国际学术期刊发表的相关领域研究的我国学者主要是台湾地区学者,他们也采用研发密集度和广告密集度来作为特定优势的替代变量。如余、乔和陈(Yu,Chiao and Chen,2005)。
127 Grant,R.M.,Multinational and Performance among British Manufacturing Companies.Journal of International Business Studies.1987,18(3):79-89
128 Gomes,L.and K.Ramaswamy.An Empirical Examination of the Form of the Relationship between Mulinationality and Performance.Journal of International Business Studies.1999,30(1):173-188.
129 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
130 罗霞、鲁若愚、段小华:《对企业R&D费用披露方式的建议》,载于《科学学与科学技术管理》2002年第6期。
131 Geringer,J.M.,P.W.Beamish and R.C.daCosta.Diversfication Strategy and Internationalization:Implications for MNE Performance.Strategic Management Journal.1989,10(2):109-119.
131 Grant,R.M.,Multinational and Performance among British Manufacturing Companies.Journal of International Business Studies.1987,18(3):79-89
132 Grant,R.M.,Multinational and Performance among British Manufacturing Companies.Journal of International Business Studies.1987,18(3):79-89
133 Dunning,J.H.,Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy.Addison-Wesley,Wokingham.1993.
134 Gomes,L.and K.Ramaswamy.An Empirical Examination of the Form of the Relationship between Mulinationality and Performance.Journal of International Business Studies.1999,30(1):173-188.
135 Perlmutter,H.V.,The Tortuous Evolution of the Multinational Corporation.Colunbia Journal of World Business.1969,4(1):9-18.
136 陈菲琼、王晓静:《我国企业国际化程度的衡量》,载于《统计与决策》2004年第7期。
139 Bartlett,C.A.and S.Ghoshal.Managing Across Borders:The Tnmsnational Solution.Boston:Harvard Business School Press.,MA 1989
140 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
141 刘斌、琴露:《中国上市公司R&D费用的契约动因研究》,载于《经济管理》2004年第11期。
153 Kogut,B.,Designing Global Strategies:Profiting from Operation Flexibility.Sloan Management Review.1985,27(1):27-38
154 Monk,R.and B.Yeung.Why Investors Value Multinationality.Journal of Business.1991,64(2):165-187
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156 Geringer,J.M.,S.Tallman and D.M.Olsen.Product and Internationla Diversification Among Japanese Multinational Firms.Strategic Management Journal.2000,20(1):51-80.
157 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
159 Cantwell,J.and P.E.Tolentino.Technologicai Accumulation and Third World Multinationals.Disscussion Paper in International Investment and Business Studies.No139,University of Reading.1900.
160 March,J.C.Exploitation and Exploraton in Organizational Learning.Organization Science.1991,2(1):71-87.
161 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Perfonnance." The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
162 Morck,R.and B.Yeung.Why Investors Value Multinationality.Journal of Business.1991,64(2):165-187
163 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
164 Terpstra,V.,Critical Mass and International Marketing Strategy.Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science.1983,11(3):269-282.
165 黄嫚丽、蓝海林:《特定优势视角的我国企业国际化程度与企业绩效的关系研究》,经济科学出版社2006年10月第1版。
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61 Contractor,F.J.,S.K.Kundu and C.-C.Hsu.A.Three-Stage Theory of International Expansion:The Link between Multinationality and Performance in the service sector.Journal of International BusinessStudies.2003,34(1):5-18
62 黄嫚丽,蓝海林《特定优势视角的我国企业国际化程度与企业绩效的关系研究》,经济科学出版社,2006年10月第1版。
66 朱荣林主编:《跨国经营—中国经济发展新的增长点》,上海远东出版1994年版。
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71 夏清华:《我国企业的国际化战略与绩效》,载于《中国软科学》2003年第7期。
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76 对于对外直接投资的统计,国内还以“对外经济合作”进行统计核算,对外经济合作包括对外承包工程和劳务合作。
77 小岛清.《对外贸易论》.天津:南开大学出版社,1987。
78 李琮,《当代国际垄断——巨型跨国公司综论》,上海财经大学出版社,2002年12月
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80 谈萧,《中国“走出去”发展战略》,中国社会科学出版社,2003年11月。
81 “中国企业国际化战略”课题组,《中国企业国际化战略报告2007蓝皮书》,2007年11月。
82 大卫.格林纳韦,《国际贸易前沿问题》,北京:中国税务出版社,2000。
83 李琮,《当代国际垄断——巨型跨国公司综论》,上海财经大学出版社,2002年12月
84 《日本企业国际化经验总结》,《中国企业家》杂志,2007年2月10日
85 杨延,《SAMSUNG三星品牌攻略》,南方日报出版社,2005年7月
86 《印度塔塔集团拟竞购捷豹和路虎》,中国证券报,2007年08月25日。
87 袁精华,《简析医药行业对外直接投资的特点及我国的现状》http://blog.china-cbn.com/u/151833/archives/2007/36835.html,2007-9-19
88 数据来源:Columbia Program on International Investment,"World investment prospects to 2011:Foreign direct investment and the challenge of political risk".
89 数据来源:联合国贸发会议对外直接投资数据库。
90 卢东斌,《企业国际化经营》,北京大学出版社,2007年4月
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93 Contractor,F.J.,S.K.Kundu and C.-C.Hsu.A.Three-Stage Theory of International Expansion:The Link between Multinationality and Performance in the service sector.Journal of International BusinessStudies.2003,34(1):5-18
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106 Delios,A and P.W.Beamish.Survival and Profitability:The Roles of Experience and Intangible Assets in Foreign Subsidiary Performance.Academy of Management Journal.2001,44(5):1028-1038.
107 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
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109 Cantwell,J.and P.E.Tolentino.Technological Accumulation and Third World Multinationals.Disscussion Paper in International Investment and Business Studies.No139,University of Reading.1900.
110 摘自《人民日报》2005年12月23日第七版记者采访中国商务部部长薄熙来答记者问(开放拉动增长合作谋求共赢》一文。
111 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
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113 黄嫚丽,蓝海林《特定优势视角的我国企业国际化程度与企业绩效的关系研究》,经济科学出版社,2006年10月第1版。
114 Kogut,B.,Designing Global Strategies:Profiting from Operation Flexibility.Sloan Management Review.1985,27(1):27-38
115 Hitt,M.A.,R.E.Hoskisson and H.Kim.International Diversification;Effects on Innovation and Firm Performance in Product-Diversifided Firms.Academy of Management Jourmal.1997,40(4):767-798.
116 Wan,Chun-Cheong.International Diversification,Industrial Diversification and Firm Performance of Hong Kong MNCs.Asia Pacific Journal of Management.198,15(2):205-217.
117 Hitt,M.A.,R.E.Hoskisson and H.Kim.International Diversification;Effects on Innovation and Finn Performance in Product-Diversifided Firms.Academy of Management Jourmal.1997,40(4):767-798.
118 专属性资产、产品差异化能力以及企业特定优势的概念是一致的,是不同学者对企业特定优势概念的延伸。具体见本文等1章的说明。
119 Jung,Y.Mulfinafionality and Profitability.Journal of Business Research.1991,23(2):179-187.
120 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Stodies.2002,33(1):79-97.
121 Hitt,M.A.,R.E.Hoskisson and H.Kim.International Diversification;Effects on Innovation and Finn Performance in Product-Diversifided Finns.Academy of Management Jourmal.1997,40(4):767-798.
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123 Caves,R.E.Multinational Enterprise and Economic Analysis.2nd ed.UK,Cambridge University Press.1996.
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125 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Finn Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
126 目前在国际学术期刊发表的相关领域研究的我国学者主要是台湾地区学者,他们也采用研发密集度和广告密集度来作为特定优势的替代变量。如余、乔和陈(Yu,Chiao and Chen,2005)。
127 Grant,R.M.,Multinational and Performance among British Manufacturing Companies.Journal of International Business Studies.1987,18(3):79-89
128 Gomes,L.and K.Ramaswamy.An Empirical Examination of the Form of the Relationship between Mulinationality and Performance.Journal of International Business Studies.1999,30(1):173-188.
129 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
130 罗霞、鲁若愚、段小华:《对企业R&D费用披露方式的建议》,载于《科学学与科学技术管理》2002年第6期。
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131 Grant,R.M.,Multinational and Performance among British Manufacturing Companies.Journal of International Business Studies.1987,18(3):79-89
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133 Dunning,J.H.,Multinational Enterprise and the Global Economy.Addison-Wesley,Wokingham.1993.
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136 陈菲琼、王晓静:《我国企业国际化程度的衡量》,载于《统计与决策》2004年第7期。
139 Bartlett,C.A.and S.Ghoshal.Managing Across Borders:The Tnmsnational Solution.Boston:Harvard Business School Press.,MA 1989
140 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
141 刘斌、琴露:《中国上市公司R&D费用的契约动因研究》,载于《经济管理》2004年第11期。
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156 Geringer,J.M.,S.Tallman and D.M.Olsen.Product and Internationla Diversification Among Japanese Multinational Firms.Strategic Management Journal.2000,20(1):51-80.
157 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
159 Cantwell,J.and P.E.Tolentino.Technologicai Accumulation and Third World Multinationals.Disscussion Paper in International Investment and Business Studies.No139,University of Reading.1900.
160 March,J.C.Exploitation and Exploraton in Organizational Learning.Organization Science.1991,2(1):71-87.
161 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Perfonnance." The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
162 Morck,R.and B.Yeung.Why Investors Value Multinationality.Journal of Business.1991,64(2):165-187
163 Kotabe,M.,S.S.Srinivasan and P.S.Aulakh.Multinationality and Firm Performance:The Moderating Role of R&D and Marketing Capabilities.Journal of International Business Studies.2002,33(1):79-97.
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165 黄嫚丽、蓝海林:《特定优势视角的我国企业国际化程度与企业绩效的关系研究》,经济科学出版社2006年10月第1版。
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