面向矿产资源开发的地质生态环境研究
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摘要
康定、泸定、丹巴、九龙、雅江、道孚六县地处青藏高原东缘,成矿作用强烈,贵金属、稀有金属和特种非金属矿产的储量巨大,矿业开发前景可观。同时,该区作为长江上游生态保护屏障,地质生态环境脆弱。面对矿业开发的巨大机遇和地质生态环境保护的重大挑战,解决之路在于实现地质生态环境可持续承载下的矿产资源可持续开发。本文使用地理、地质、生态、经济和遥感等多源数据,运用空间信息技术的思想,进行地质生态环境系统、子系统和要素信息的提取及分析,主要取得如下认识和成果:
(1)研究区成矿背景好、开发状况堪忧。因地处川滇南北向构造与小金-金汤弧形构造和复合部位,地质演化漫长,构造体系复杂,造山运动、变质作用、岩浆喷出活动强烈,孕育出金、铜、铅锌、铂镍、稀有金属和云母等优势矿种,遥感和化探等工作显示区内找矿前景可观。因明清以来的非科学开采致使局部地质生态环境愈发脆弱,灾害频发,现状紧迫。
(2)研究区非矿产资源与矿产资源的产业开发作用机理复杂。区内动植物与地质演化关系密切,动植物生境可明鉴环境稳定性。“电矿富州”是区内经济发展特色,矿业需要电力,富余电力需要矿业有助于矿产品升级。旅游与矿产开发则事关久远与当前、绿色与污染,两者的开发时序调整是关键。土地、农牧资源是根本,矿产资源可富民,保护和节约土地、农牧资源可解决矿业发展的地方问题。矿业文明久已植根于文化,绿色矿山和循环经济则是当前矿业开发主旋律。多种关系交叉,协调发展难度大。
(3)研究区地质构造形迹明显。采用地理学原理从高程、坡度、坡向和粗糙度因子率先揭示出地形地貌的东部与西部、北部与南部差异及差异过渡特征。通过遥感图像解译线性构造和环形构造,在厘清地形地貌分异的基础上,详细划分构造单元格局。利用统计学原理分析线性构造频率、总密度和平均密度,并用分形数学将线性构造的空间特征转化为分维信息。通过构造规模、展布,结合前人资料划分构造的作用期次,并进一步明确北西向鲜水河断裂带,北东向玉农希大断裂,北西向泥曲-玉科大断裂和金汤弧形大断裂的区域控制作用。
(4)生态环境与地质环境的空间信息具相似性。一方面,气温和降水从低山向中山、高山过渡;另一方面,在大型山脉控制下,不同高程、坡向、流域子区又表现出跳跃性。水文具有长江上游的典型特征,河网密度、分歧率、弯曲系数及分维均与区域构造、新构造运动和地震成正相关关系。土壤具有岩性差异背景及垂直谱带性。植被盖度为生态环境及其稳定性的最直观表现方式,区内中、高植被覆盖占据主体,低植被覆盖和无植被覆盖区则主要分布在气象及地形地貌较复杂的山原区。通过植被盖度与构造、岩性等七大要素的相关性分析,表明环境因子具区域控制作用,每一作用均可从植被盖度推及。
(5)地质生态环境承载力分区清晰。通过目标分析方法,采用三层结构,率先建立了适合川西藏区的地质生态环境承载力评价指标体系。按照权重及差异取值的方法获取GIS叠加区的总值,进行优、良、中、差分为四级,共得到260个评价单元,面积排序为良、优、中、差。鲜水河断裂及玉农希断裂对承载力的主体格局控制作用显著。九龙、雅江一带,承载力以优、良为主;泸定、丹巴一带以中、差为主;康定、道孚则为四级承载力的交叉控制区,极为复杂。率先采用承载力与矿业活动四级交叉的方法建立地质生态环境承载力状态判别模式,推论丹巴、康定、泸定、九龙等地局部存在承载力超载情况。
(6)面向矿产资源开发的地质生态环境风险显著。承载力因时空变化及矿业活动过程而作出不同响应,当超过承载力阈值时即构成地质生态环境风险。本文以地震、暴雨、事故等为虚拟条件,进行高、较高、中、低四级风险区划,结果表明矿业活动区、缓冲区、小流域、大流域都处在风险联动系统内,风险区划与承载力区划为正相关关系。
(7)地质生态环境可持续承载及矿业可持续开发是系统工程,要求多部门、多学科、多技术方法集成。本文率先提出基于网格化进行规划和管理接轨的思想,可作为市(州)级矿产资源规划、县级矿产资源规划的环境本底值和风险规避参考。策略方面指出:应视矿业为科学开发的工程系统;矿山治理着眼在流域;矿权交易利益合理化,经济效应助环保;防炒作勘查和开发,确保矿业链条连续;重点提出有序开发小矿,综合协调经济与环保的关系;运用空间信息技术支撑矿政监测;重视地质生态环境的基础性、综合性、动态性研究。
Kangding, Luding, Danba, Jiulong, Yajiang, and Daofu are located in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where Metallogenesis is strong, and rich in precious metals, rare metals and special non-metallic mineral. The study area has a gigantic prospect. However, it is a part of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River ecological protection barrier; the geo-ecological environment is weak. Face to the great opportunity of mineral development and the challenge of geo-ecological environment protection, the solution is to realize the sustainable development based on the geo-ecological environmental sustainable carrying. The thesis applies geographical, geological, ecological, economical and remote sensing data, considering the spatial information thinking, to extract and analyze the system, subsystems and factors of geo-ecological environment, the understanding and the results are as fallows.
(1) The metallogenetic tectonic setting is superior and developing situation is not good. The study area is located in Sichuan and Yunnan and the north-south tectonic Xiaojin-Jintang-arc structure and composite parts. Geological evaluating experienced a long period of time, tectonic system is complex, and the activities of Orogeny, metamorphism, magmatism are strong. There are gold, copper, lead, zinc, platinum and nickel, mica resources which have comparative advantage in Sichuan province. There are remote sensing and geochemical anomaly which are good overlap. Non-scientific development from the Ming and Qing Dynasties has lead to geo-ecological environment more fragile and more disasters.
(2) The mechanism between non-mineral resources and mineral resources development is complex. The relation among animals, plants and geological and biological evolution are close, the growth conditions of animals and plants should reflect the environmental stability. Collaboratively developing hydropower and mineral can promote the rapid development of economy, mineral development need sufficient power, and surplus electricity can help upgrade mineral products. Tourism and mineral development is related to ancient and current, green and pollution, the key issue is to adjust the timing between them. Agricultural, pastoral land and resources is the fundamental, mineral resource can help people get rich. Protection and conservation of land can solve current relationship between the local persons and the mining enterprises. Mineral development is rooted in the cultural resources, green mines and recycling economy is the country's current decision-making, it should be rooted in cultural values.
(3) There are clear dividing geological structures in study area, geological phenomenon can be studied by geographical methods. Elevation, slope, aspect and roughness information reveals that there is great difference between eastern region and western, northern and southern. By using remote sensing image to interpret linear structure and circular structure, considering differences in topography, to carve out a more detailed pattern of tectonic units. Use statistics principle to analyze the frenqucy, total density and average density of linear structure, and apply fractural mathematics to extract quantitative information. Thesis uses construction of the scale, distribution to divide tectonic stages, and further make sure NW Xianshuihe fault zone, Delai-dingqu deep fault, and NE Yunongxi fault, and EW Niqu-Yuke fault, Jintang Arc fault are the main control faults. The use of geographical research methods can be used as reference non-geological.
(4) Ecological environment and geological environment have similar spatial information feature. On the one hand, temperature and precipitation change from the plains to the mountains; on the other hand, different elevation, and aspect and drainage area have jump characteristics because of large-scale mountain distribution. Hydrology has obvious characteristics of the upper reaches of the Yangtze, water density, bifurcation ratio, bend coefficient and fractural have close relationship with regional structure, Neotectonics and seismic. Because of long time elevation of parent rock, soil shows strong differences in lithology and vertical sub-district. Vegetation cover is the sign of ecology and its stability. Middle, higher vegetation cover ranks first, Low vegetation cover and none vegetation cover mainly distributes in mountain area. The relationship of vegetation cover, structure, lithology and other factors all have regional controlling action. Each kind of information can be gained from vegetation cover.
(5) Geo-ecological environmental carrying capacity has clear regional boundaries. By applying targeted analysis method, three-layer structures are used to establish evaluation index system. After calculating weight, use GIS to do overlay, and then get excellent, good, medium and poor zoning. There are 260 evaluating units; the order of area is good, excellent, medium, and poor. Xianshuihe Fault and Yunongxi Fault have clear feature. Excellent zoning and good zoning mainly distributes in Jiulong and Yajiang; medium zoning and poor zoning mainly distributes in Kangding, Luding, and Danba. By contrasting carrying capacity and mining activities to establish carrying capacity judge model. Study shows that there maybe overload capacity status in Danba, Kangding, Luding, and Jiulong.
(6) Geo-ecological environmental risk based on mineral development is notable. Carrying capacity shows different value due to different space and time, if overload the threshold, there would be geo-ecological risk. Considering earthquake, rain, accidents, do four degree zoning. The zoning results show that, each region is contained in risk system. The risk zoning and carrying capacity have positive correlation.
(7) Geo-ecological environment sustainable carrying and sustainable development is one systems engineering, thus it demands multisectoral, multidisciplinary, multi-technology methods to collaborate and integrate. Gridding is used to establish the connection between planning and managing, grid information can be used as a reference. The thesis also gives some advices. Firstly, deal with mineral development as an engineering and system; curing mineral region based on drainage area. Secondly, the bargaining of exploration rights and mining rights should be controlled; economic interest should be used in environment protection. Thirdly, keep exploration and development chain continuous. Fourthly, ensure the vitality of small mines. Fifthly, survey the environment by using spatial technology. Sixthly, do Basic, comprehensive and dynamic research.
(1)研究区成矿背景好、开发状况堪忧。因地处川滇南北向构造与小金-金汤弧形构造和复合部位,地质演化漫长,构造体系复杂,造山运动、变质作用、岩浆喷出活动强烈,孕育出金、铜、铅锌、铂镍、稀有金属和云母等优势矿种,遥感和化探等工作显示区内找矿前景可观。因明清以来的非科学开采致使局部地质生态环境愈发脆弱,灾害频发,现状紧迫。
(2)研究区非矿产资源与矿产资源的产业开发作用机理复杂。区内动植物与地质演化关系密切,动植物生境可明鉴环境稳定性。“电矿富州”是区内经济发展特色,矿业需要电力,富余电力需要矿业有助于矿产品升级。旅游与矿产开发则事关久远与当前、绿色与污染,两者的开发时序调整是关键。土地、农牧资源是根本,矿产资源可富民,保护和节约土地、农牧资源可解决矿业发展的地方问题。矿业文明久已植根于文化,绿色矿山和循环经济则是当前矿业开发主旋律。多种关系交叉,协调发展难度大。
(3)研究区地质构造形迹明显。采用地理学原理从高程、坡度、坡向和粗糙度因子率先揭示出地形地貌的东部与西部、北部与南部差异及差异过渡特征。通过遥感图像解译线性构造和环形构造,在厘清地形地貌分异的基础上,详细划分构造单元格局。利用统计学原理分析线性构造频率、总密度和平均密度,并用分形数学将线性构造的空间特征转化为分维信息。通过构造规模、展布,结合前人资料划分构造的作用期次,并进一步明确北西向鲜水河断裂带,北东向玉农希大断裂,北西向泥曲-玉科大断裂和金汤弧形大断裂的区域控制作用。
(4)生态环境与地质环境的空间信息具相似性。一方面,气温和降水从低山向中山、高山过渡;另一方面,在大型山脉控制下,不同高程、坡向、流域子区又表现出跳跃性。水文具有长江上游的典型特征,河网密度、分歧率、弯曲系数及分维均与区域构造、新构造运动和地震成正相关关系。土壤具有岩性差异背景及垂直谱带性。植被盖度为生态环境及其稳定性的最直观表现方式,区内中、高植被覆盖占据主体,低植被覆盖和无植被覆盖区则主要分布在气象及地形地貌较复杂的山原区。通过植被盖度与构造、岩性等七大要素的相关性分析,表明环境因子具区域控制作用,每一作用均可从植被盖度推及。
(5)地质生态环境承载力分区清晰。通过目标分析方法,采用三层结构,率先建立了适合川西藏区的地质生态环境承载力评价指标体系。按照权重及差异取值的方法获取GIS叠加区的总值,进行优、良、中、差分为四级,共得到260个评价单元,面积排序为良、优、中、差。鲜水河断裂及玉农希断裂对承载力的主体格局控制作用显著。九龙、雅江一带,承载力以优、良为主;泸定、丹巴一带以中、差为主;康定、道孚则为四级承载力的交叉控制区,极为复杂。率先采用承载力与矿业活动四级交叉的方法建立地质生态环境承载力状态判别模式,推论丹巴、康定、泸定、九龙等地局部存在承载力超载情况。
(6)面向矿产资源开发的地质生态环境风险显著。承载力因时空变化及矿业活动过程而作出不同响应,当超过承载力阈值时即构成地质生态环境风险。本文以地震、暴雨、事故等为虚拟条件,进行高、较高、中、低四级风险区划,结果表明矿业活动区、缓冲区、小流域、大流域都处在风险联动系统内,风险区划与承载力区划为正相关关系。
(7)地质生态环境可持续承载及矿业可持续开发是系统工程,要求多部门、多学科、多技术方法集成。本文率先提出基于网格化进行规划和管理接轨的思想,可作为市(州)级矿产资源规划、县级矿产资源规划的环境本底值和风险规避参考。策略方面指出:应视矿业为科学开发的工程系统;矿山治理着眼在流域;矿权交易利益合理化,经济效应助环保;防炒作勘查和开发,确保矿业链条连续;重点提出有序开发小矿,综合协调经济与环保的关系;运用空间信息技术支撑矿政监测;重视地质生态环境的基础性、综合性、动态性研究。
Kangding, Luding, Danba, Jiulong, Yajiang, and Daofu are located in the eastern margin of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, where Metallogenesis is strong, and rich in precious metals, rare metals and special non-metallic mineral. The study area has a gigantic prospect. However, it is a part of the upper reaches of the Yangtze River ecological protection barrier; the geo-ecological environment is weak. Face to the great opportunity of mineral development and the challenge of geo-ecological environment protection, the solution is to realize the sustainable development based on the geo-ecological environmental sustainable carrying. The thesis applies geographical, geological, ecological, economical and remote sensing data, considering the spatial information thinking, to extract and analyze the system, subsystems and factors of geo-ecological environment, the understanding and the results are as fallows.
(1) The metallogenetic tectonic setting is superior and developing situation is not good. The study area is located in Sichuan and Yunnan and the north-south tectonic Xiaojin-Jintang-arc structure and composite parts. Geological evaluating experienced a long period of time, tectonic system is complex, and the activities of Orogeny, metamorphism, magmatism are strong. There are gold, copper, lead, zinc, platinum and nickel, mica resources which have comparative advantage in Sichuan province. There are remote sensing and geochemical anomaly which are good overlap. Non-scientific development from the Ming and Qing Dynasties has lead to geo-ecological environment more fragile and more disasters.
(2) The mechanism between non-mineral resources and mineral resources development is complex. The relation among animals, plants and geological and biological evolution are close, the growth conditions of animals and plants should reflect the environmental stability. Collaboratively developing hydropower and mineral can promote the rapid development of economy, mineral development need sufficient power, and surplus electricity can help upgrade mineral products. Tourism and mineral development is related to ancient and current, green and pollution, the key issue is to adjust the timing between them. Agricultural, pastoral land and resources is the fundamental, mineral resource can help people get rich. Protection and conservation of land can solve current relationship between the local persons and the mining enterprises. Mineral development is rooted in the cultural resources, green mines and recycling economy is the country's current decision-making, it should be rooted in cultural values.
(3) There are clear dividing geological structures in study area, geological phenomenon can be studied by geographical methods. Elevation, slope, aspect and roughness information reveals that there is great difference between eastern region and western, northern and southern. By using remote sensing image to interpret linear structure and circular structure, considering differences in topography, to carve out a more detailed pattern of tectonic units. Use statistics principle to analyze the frenqucy, total density and average density of linear structure, and apply fractural mathematics to extract quantitative information. Thesis uses construction of the scale, distribution to divide tectonic stages, and further make sure NW Xianshuihe fault zone, Delai-dingqu deep fault, and NE Yunongxi fault, and EW Niqu-Yuke fault, Jintang Arc fault are the main control faults. The use of geographical research methods can be used as reference non-geological.
(4) Ecological environment and geological environment have similar spatial information feature. On the one hand, temperature and precipitation change from the plains to the mountains; on the other hand, different elevation, and aspect and drainage area have jump characteristics because of large-scale mountain distribution. Hydrology has obvious characteristics of the upper reaches of the Yangtze, water density, bifurcation ratio, bend coefficient and fractural have close relationship with regional structure, Neotectonics and seismic. Because of long time elevation of parent rock, soil shows strong differences in lithology and vertical sub-district. Vegetation cover is the sign of ecology and its stability. Middle, higher vegetation cover ranks first, Low vegetation cover and none vegetation cover mainly distributes in mountain area. The relationship of vegetation cover, structure, lithology and other factors all have regional controlling action. Each kind of information can be gained from vegetation cover.
(5) Geo-ecological environmental carrying capacity has clear regional boundaries. By applying targeted analysis method, three-layer structures are used to establish evaluation index system. After calculating weight, use GIS to do overlay, and then get excellent, good, medium and poor zoning. There are 260 evaluating units; the order of area is good, excellent, medium, and poor. Xianshuihe Fault and Yunongxi Fault have clear feature. Excellent zoning and good zoning mainly distributes in Jiulong and Yajiang; medium zoning and poor zoning mainly distributes in Kangding, Luding, and Danba. By contrasting carrying capacity and mining activities to establish carrying capacity judge model. Study shows that there maybe overload capacity status in Danba, Kangding, Luding, and Jiulong.
(6) Geo-ecological environmental risk based on mineral development is notable. Carrying capacity shows different value due to different space and time, if overload the threshold, there would be geo-ecological risk. Considering earthquake, rain, accidents, do four degree zoning. The zoning results show that, each region is contained in risk system. The risk zoning and carrying capacity have positive correlation.
(7) Geo-ecological environment sustainable carrying and sustainable development is one systems engineering, thus it demands multisectoral, multidisciplinary, multi-technology methods to collaborate and integrate. Gridding is used to establish the connection between planning and managing, grid information can be used as a reference. The thesis also gives some advices. Firstly, deal with mineral development as an engineering and system; curing mineral region based on drainage area. Secondly, the bargaining of exploration rights and mining rights should be controlled; economic interest should be used in environment protection. Thirdly, keep exploration and development chain continuous. Fourthly, ensure the vitality of small mines. Fifthly, survey the environment by using spatial technology. Sixthly, do Basic, comprehensive and dynamic research.
引文
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