隧道工程富水断层破碎带注浆加固机理及应用研究
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摘要
我国是世界上隧道与地下工程建设规模、数量和难度最大的国家,随着交通基础设施建设重心逐步移向中西部山区和岩溶地区,隧道与地下工程建设面临着“构造复杂、地质环境多变、灾害频发”的严峻考验。据统计,交通和水电等地下工程建设中近80%的重大安全事故由突水(突泥)灾害及处置不当造成,导致重大人员伤亡、经济损失与工期延误,甚至迫使隧道停建或改线。此外,突水(突泥)极易诱发水资源枯竭、地表塌陷等环境地质灾害,严重威胁社会稳定与经济发展。隧道与地下工程施工中遭遇的突水(突泥)灾害治理堪称世界级工程难题。
富水断层破碎带突水突泥是隧道修建过程中常见的地质灾害之一,注浆法为有效的治理方法。然而,由于地质环境、不同类型浆液、被注介质内部结构自身及其相互作用关系极为复杂,注浆治理理论远远滞后于工程实践,亟需深入研究。本文采用理论分析、室内试验、模拟试验和现场试验相结合的综合研究方法,研究了断层破碎带注浆加固机理,高承压水环境下注浆加固岩体稳定性与渐进失稳规律,以及断层突水突泥灾害复合控制注浆方法,取得一系列研究成果。
(1)通过调研大量断层突水突泥案例,深入分析了导致断层突水突泥的地质因素和工程因素；以软质岩-硬质岩交互地层区域发育的高倾角断层带为地质背景,建立了超前注浆加固、临灾应急注浆加固及灾后抢险注浆加固三种工程地质模型。
(2)开展了注浆加固试验。断层岩注浆加固体力学特征显示,注浆压力是加固体强度主控因素,针对断层泥和断层角砾两类松散岩体,初始干密度和注浆材料分别为其次要控制因素。断层泥加固体破坏表现为显著结构效应,而断层角砾加固体破坏特征类似于岩块。不同注浆材料对断层岩力学性能改善具有差异性,水泥单浆液同时提高了加固体浆-岩界面c、φ值,而速凝类水泥基注浆材料仅提高界面c值。微观层面上,浆-岩界面是由胶结面、渗透过渡区及微劈裂过渡区组成的三维结构体。
(3)揭示了断层岩注浆加固机理。断层泥注浆加固模式为劈裂-压密型,注浆加固划分为直接加固和间接加固两部分。直接加固包括浆脉形成及其与围岩摩擦、嵌锁作用,改变了岩体破坏方式,延缓破坏发生：浆脉对岩土体压密加固称为间接加固,间接加固增强了岩土体内部结合力,改变了土体内部应力场和应力传播途径,提高整体力学性能。断层角砾注浆加固模式主要为渗透型,实质是改变了岩体内部的连接方式,即由水胶连接转变为胶结连接。
(4)深入研究断层破碎带优势通道系统,发现了优势劈裂注浆现象。基于此建立单一平板注浆优势扩散模型,构建了考虑广义宾汉体浆液粘度时变性的注浆扩散控制方程；理论研究表明,注浆加固范围主要由注浆压力p0,注浆速率q,浆液粘度μ三因素联合控制。含优势通道的断层破碎带注浆加固作用机理包括薄弱带劈裂(渗透、充填)、均质岩体压密、浆液-围岩协调耦合及复合注浆等四个方面。
(5)研发注浆加固三维模拟试验系统,该试验系统可模拟隧道穿越不良地质体地质灾害发生、演化及其注浆治理过程。注浆模拟试验中,模型岩体内部物理场对注浆压力响应强烈,并表现出时空滞后特征,其中渗透压力对注浆压力敏感程度最高,响应迅速。扰动破坏区注浆扩散具有优势路径,控制了模型岩土体内部物理场时空变化规律。与围岩相比,破碎带注浆加固岩体稳定性差,岩体交界滑移部位存在注浆薄弱.区；h<3ho时,注浆加固体内部损伤缓慢积累,加固岩体处于基本稳定状态；h>3ho后,围岩质量急速劣化,迅速形成管道型突涌通道,造成整体失稳。
(6)提出复合控制注浆设计方法,建立富水断层破碎带突水突泥地质灾害复合控制注浆治理关键技术体系,研究成果在永莲隧道F2断层地质灾害注浆综合治理工程中进行应用,取得了良好效果,具有广阔的工程应用前景。
The dimension, quantity and difficulty of tunnel and underground engineering construction in our country have become the largest around the world. With the focus of transportation infrastructure construction shifting to the mid-west mountainous area and karst area, tunnel and underground engineering construction is confronted with the problem of "complex geological structure, changeable geological environment and frequent disaster." According to statistics, nearly80%of the significant safety accidents in transportation, hydropower and other underground construction have been caused by inrush of water (mud) disaster or its improper disposal, leading to a large number of casualties, economic loss and construction delay, and even suspension or design alteration of the tunnel construction. Additionally, inrush of water (mud) can easily induce geological disaster like water resources depletion and surface subsidence, which severely threaten social stability and economic development. Thus, inrush of water (mud) encountered in underground construction is a world class engineering problem.
Inrush of water and mud in fault fractured zone is a common geological disaster during tunnel construction, while grouting is an effective method of treatment. However, due to the complexion of the interaction relationship of geological environment, different types of grout and the inner structure of injected media, the grouting treatment theory is far behind engineering practice, causing a urgent demand for investigation. This paper investigated grouting consolidation mechanism, characteristic of consolidation body excavation and the law of gradual instability under high water pressure, and compound controlling grouting method in aquiferous fault fracture zone, using a combination of theoretical analysis, laboratory test, simulation test and field test. Then a series of research results were made.
(1) Geological factors and engineering factors leading to inrush of water and mud were deeply analyzed, through a large amount of data on inrush of water and mud. With the background of high angle fault zone of soft rock-hard rock interaction strata region development and the model of grouting consolidation engineering practice of aquiferous fault fracture zone during tunnel excavation, three engineering geological model types of advancing grouting consolidation, disaster emergency grouting consolidation and post-disaster rescue grouting were established.
(2) The strength and ductility of homogeneous fault rock grouting consolidation body obtained a relatively high growth; the failure of fault mud consolidation body presented a noticeable structure effect, and the stress-strain curve presented a multi-crest value characteristic; the failure of fault breccia consolidation body was similar to that of rock mass. Grouting pressure is the main factor on the strength of consolidation body, while the dry density is a miner factor, which increases the grouting compression effect as it reduces. Grouting materials distributed in the fault breccia as an cement material, whose influence is larger than the initial dry density. The single liquid slurry increases both the c and φ value on grout-rock interface, while C-S double liquid slurry only increases the c value; compared with the original fault slurry, the c value of the compressing consolidation fault slurry increased which the φ value decreased, which is why the grout-rock interface is the most stable, and the compressing consolidation soil is the most likely to break. Fault gouge transformed from loose flocculent structure into an integral structure; grout-rock interface is a three dimensional structure composed of cement surface, permeability transition zone and micro fracturing transition zone, which combining closely internally.
(3) The consolidation mechanism of homogeneous fault zone was revealed. Fault gouge mainly follows the fracturing-compressing grouting consolidation model, while fault breccia mainly follows penetration grouting consolidation model. Grouting consolidation was divided into two parts of direct consolidation and indirect consolidation. The former increased the strength on grout-rock interface, changed the failure pattern of the rock mass and prolonged the failure occurrence; indirect consolidation changed the inner stress field and its propagation path, and improved its mechanical properties.
(4) The advantageous structural surface system of the fault fracture zone was deeply analyzed. The advantageous fracturing grouting concept was proposed. The fault fracture zone grouting diffusing model containing advantageous path was established. The advantageous fracturing grouting diffusing controlling equation considering the time-varying viscosity of the general Bingham slurry was constructed. The consolidation scope is synthetically determined by grouting pressure po, grouting velocity q, grouting viscosity pi and occurrence of the advantageous structural surface (α、b)and other factors, the first three of which are main factors. The heterogeneous fault rock grouting consolidation mechanism involves four aspects of weak band fracturing (penetrating or filling), homogeneous rock compressing, grout-rock coordination and coupling and compound grouting.
(5) A three dimensional simulation experiment system on adverse geological body grouting consolidation under complicated geological conditions was established, and then consolidation simulation test on post-disaster rescuing grouting consolidation and advancing grouting consolidation in aquiferous fault fracture zone was conducted. During grouting, the reacting space-time characteristics of the model rock physical field was controlled by a combination of the relative position of the monitoring point-grouting point and grouting advantageous diffusing path. Comparing with normal surrounding rock, the stability of the grouting consolidation rock is relatively lower, and the border area of the surrounding rock-disturbing loose fracture consolidation zone generated a grouting weak band with advantageous penetrating path. On condition of h<3ho, inner damage of the grouting consolidation body gradually accumulated, causing a generally stability of the consolidation body; after h>3h0, the quality of the surrounding degrades strikingly, thus forming pipe inrush path, leading to an integral instability.
(6) Theory of compound controlling grouting consolidation and its design method was put forward. Research findings were testified by field test in grouting integrated treatment engineering for water and mud inrush disasters in F2fault fractured zone in Yonglian tunnel, Jilian express way, Jiangxi province, which has generated crucial technical system of composite-control grouting treatment for water and mud inrush disaster in aquiferous fault fractured zone, with a broad prospect of engineering application.
富水断层破碎带突水突泥是隧道修建过程中常见的地质灾害之一,注浆法为有效的治理方法。然而,由于地质环境、不同类型浆液、被注介质内部结构自身及其相互作用关系极为复杂,注浆治理理论远远滞后于工程实践,亟需深入研究。本文采用理论分析、室内试验、模拟试验和现场试验相结合的综合研究方法,研究了断层破碎带注浆加固机理,高承压水环境下注浆加固岩体稳定性与渐进失稳规律,以及断层突水突泥灾害复合控制注浆方法,取得一系列研究成果。
(1)通过调研大量断层突水突泥案例,深入分析了导致断层突水突泥的地质因素和工程因素；以软质岩-硬质岩交互地层区域发育的高倾角断层带为地质背景,建立了超前注浆加固、临灾应急注浆加固及灾后抢险注浆加固三种工程地质模型。
(2)开展了注浆加固试验。断层岩注浆加固体力学特征显示,注浆压力是加固体强度主控因素,针对断层泥和断层角砾两类松散岩体,初始干密度和注浆材料分别为其次要控制因素。断层泥加固体破坏表现为显著结构效应,而断层角砾加固体破坏特征类似于岩块。不同注浆材料对断层岩力学性能改善具有差异性,水泥单浆液同时提高了加固体浆-岩界面c、φ值,而速凝类水泥基注浆材料仅提高界面c值。微观层面上,浆-岩界面是由胶结面、渗透过渡区及微劈裂过渡区组成的三维结构体。
(3)揭示了断层岩注浆加固机理。断层泥注浆加固模式为劈裂-压密型,注浆加固划分为直接加固和间接加固两部分。直接加固包括浆脉形成及其与围岩摩擦、嵌锁作用,改变了岩体破坏方式,延缓破坏发生：浆脉对岩土体压密加固称为间接加固,间接加固增强了岩土体内部结合力,改变了土体内部应力场和应力传播途径,提高整体力学性能。断层角砾注浆加固模式主要为渗透型,实质是改变了岩体内部的连接方式,即由水胶连接转变为胶结连接。
(4)深入研究断层破碎带优势通道系统,发现了优势劈裂注浆现象。基于此建立单一平板注浆优势扩散模型,构建了考虑广义宾汉体浆液粘度时变性的注浆扩散控制方程；理论研究表明,注浆加固范围主要由注浆压力p0,注浆速率q,浆液粘度μ三因素联合控制。含优势通道的断层破碎带注浆加固作用机理包括薄弱带劈裂(渗透、充填)、均质岩体压密、浆液-围岩协调耦合及复合注浆等四个方面。
(5)研发注浆加固三维模拟试验系统,该试验系统可模拟隧道穿越不良地质体地质灾害发生、演化及其注浆治理过程。注浆模拟试验中,模型岩体内部物理场对注浆压力响应强烈,并表现出时空滞后特征,其中渗透压力对注浆压力敏感程度最高,响应迅速。扰动破坏区注浆扩散具有优势路径,控制了模型岩土体内部物理场时空变化规律。与围岩相比,破碎带注浆加固岩体稳定性差,岩体交界滑移部位存在注浆薄弱.区；h<3ho时,注浆加固体内部损伤缓慢积累,加固岩体处于基本稳定状态；h>3ho后,围岩质量急速劣化,迅速形成管道型突涌通道,造成整体失稳。
(6)提出复合控制注浆设计方法,建立富水断层破碎带突水突泥地质灾害复合控制注浆治理关键技术体系,研究成果在永莲隧道F2断层地质灾害注浆综合治理工程中进行应用,取得了良好效果,具有广阔的工程应用前景。
The dimension, quantity and difficulty of tunnel and underground engineering construction in our country have become the largest around the world. With the focus of transportation infrastructure construction shifting to the mid-west mountainous area and karst area, tunnel and underground engineering construction is confronted with the problem of "complex geological structure, changeable geological environment and frequent disaster." According to statistics, nearly80%of the significant safety accidents in transportation, hydropower and other underground construction have been caused by inrush of water (mud) disaster or its improper disposal, leading to a large number of casualties, economic loss and construction delay, and even suspension or design alteration of the tunnel construction. Additionally, inrush of water (mud) can easily induce geological disaster like water resources depletion and surface subsidence, which severely threaten social stability and economic development. Thus, inrush of water (mud) encountered in underground construction is a world class engineering problem.
Inrush of water and mud in fault fractured zone is a common geological disaster during tunnel construction, while grouting is an effective method of treatment. However, due to the complexion of the interaction relationship of geological environment, different types of grout and the inner structure of injected media, the grouting treatment theory is far behind engineering practice, causing a urgent demand for investigation. This paper investigated grouting consolidation mechanism, characteristic of consolidation body excavation and the law of gradual instability under high water pressure, and compound controlling grouting method in aquiferous fault fracture zone, using a combination of theoretical analysis, laboratory test, simulation test and field test. Then a series of research results were made.
(1) Geological factors and engineering factors leading to inrush of water and mud were deeply analyzed, through a large amount of data on inrush of water and mud. With the background of high angle fault zone of soft rock-hard rock interaction strata region development and the model of grouting consolidation engineering practice of aquiferous fault fracture zone during tunnel excavation, three engineering geological model types of advancing grouting consolidation, disaster emergency grouting consolidation and post-disaster rescue grouting were established.
(2) The strength and ductility of homogeneous fault rock grouting consolidation body obtained a relatively high growth; the failure of fault mud consolidation body presented a noticeable structure effect, and the stress-strain curve presented a multi-crest value characteristic; the failure of fault breccia consolidation body was similar to that of rock mass. Grouting pressure is the main factor on the strength of consolidation body, while the dry density is a miner factor, which increases the grouting compression effect as it reduces. Grouting materials distributed in the fault breccia as an cement material, whose influence is larger than the initial dry density. The single liquid slurry increases both the c and φ value on grout-rock interface, while C-S double liquid slurry only increases the c value; compared with the original fault slurry, the c value of the compressing consolidation fault slurry increased which the φ value decreased, which is why the grout-rock interface is the most stable, and the compressing consolidation soil is the most likely to break. Fault gouge transformed from loose flocculent structure into an integral structure; grout-rock interface is a three dimensional structure composed of cement surface, permeability transition zone and micro fracturing transition zone, which combining closely internally.
(3) The consolidation mechanism of homogeneous fault zone was revealed. Fault gouge mainly follows the fracturing-compressing grouting consolidation model, while fault breccia mainly follows penetration grouting consolidation model. Grouting consolidation was divided into two parts of direct consolidation and indirect consolidation. The former increased the strength on grout-rock interface, changed the failure pattern of the rock mass and prolonged the failure occurrence; indirect consolidation changed the inner stress field and its propagation path, and improved its mechanical properties.
(4) The advantageous structural surface system of the fault fracture zone was deeply analyzed. The advantageous fracturing grouting concept was proposed. The fault fracture zone grouting diffusing model containing advantageous path was established. The advantageous fracturing grouting diffusing controlling equation considering the time-varying viscosity of the general Bingham slurry was constructed. The consolidation scope is synthetically determined by grouting pressure po, grouting velocity q, grouting viscosity pi and occurrence of the advantageous structural surface (α、b)and other factors, the first three of which are main factors. The heterogeneous fault rock grouting consolidation mechanism involves four aspects of weak band fracturing (penetrating or filling), homogeneous rock compressing, grout-rock coordination and coupling and compound grouting.
(5) A three dimensional simulation experiment system on adverse geological body grouting consolidation under complicated geological conditions was established, and then consolidation simulation test on post-disaster rescuing grouting consolidation and advancing grouting consolidation in aquiferous fault fracture zone was conducted. During grouting, the reacting space-time characteristics of the model rock physical field was controlled by a combination of the relative position of the monitoring point-grouting point and grouting advantageous diffusing path. Comparing with normal surrounding rock, the stability of the grouting consolidation rock is relatively lower, and the border area of the surrounding rock-disturbing loose fracture consolidation zone generated a grouting weak band with advantageous penetrating path. On condition of h<3ho, inner damage of the grouting consolidation body gradually accumulated, causing a generally stability of the consolidation body; after h>3h0, the quality of the surrounding degrades strikingly, thus forming pipe inrush path, leading to an integral instability.
(6) Theory of compound controlling grouting consolidation and its design method was put forward. Research findings were testified by field test in grouting integrated treatment engineering for water and mud inrush disasters in F2fault fractured zone in Yonglian tunnel, Jilian express way, Jiangxi province, which has generated crucial technical system of composite-control grouting treatment for water and mud inrush disaster in aquiferous fault fractured zone, with a broad prospect of engineering application.
引文
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