条斑星鲽Verasper moseri雌核发育诱导及性别分化过程的初步研究
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摘要
条斑星鲽(Verasper moseri),外观漂亮优美,富含胶原蛋白,肉质细嫩鲜美,生长快,经济价值高,具有很大的开发价值和养殖潜力,成为研究人员和海水养殖业主要研究和开发的对象之一。
为了增加资源量,满足市场需求,2004年条斑星鲽被引进到我国,在辽宁、河北和山东等省进行驯化及试验养殖,现在已经取得了初步成功,为这些地区增加了新养殖品种。
条斑星鲽具有雌性个体大于雄性个体的特点,如能充分发挥其特点,达到全雌化养殖目的,则具有重要产业化意义。
本文对条斑星鲽雌核发育诱导、雌核发育胚胎发育观察及性别分化组织学观察进行了研究。旨在为条斑星鲽人工繁殖和人工控制性别提供基础数据。
结果如下:
1.探讨了不同紫外线剂量对牙鲆精子的作用,查明牙鲆精子失活的最佳条件。用紫外线照射时间为1、2、5、10、20、45、60、90、120s的牙鲆精子激活条斑星鲽卵子,受精卵孵化率出现了典型的Hertwig效应,照射时间60s受精卵孵化率最高,为13.68%。
2.用冷休克方法抑制第二极体排放,成功获得条斑星鲽雌核发育二倍体。冷休克起始时间参数设定为7、9、11、13、15、17min,冷休克持续时间参数设定为30、60、90、150min,冷休克温度参数设定为-1.5、0、1.5、3℃,通过孵化率和畸形率选择最佳冷休克条件。实验结果表明诱导条斑星鲽雌核发育二倍体的最佳条件是:在受精后11min,-1.5℃～0℃的海水中冷休克处理受精卵60min。
3.对条斑星鲽雌核发育胚胎、单倍体胚胎和普通胚胎进行了观察。单倍体是由紫外线灭活牙鲆精子激活条斑星鲽卵子孵化获得,雌核发育胚胎是由紫外线灭活牙鲆精子激活条斑星鲽卵子后冷休克处理获得,普通二倍体是由条斑星鲽精卵正常受精获得。
观察结果表明:单倍体胚胎,卵裂开始至64细胞期,发育速度较普通胚胎发育发育速度明显缓慢,至多细胞期发育速度相同,历时14h;到达高囊胚期比普通二倍体缓慢1.5h,到达低囊胚期发育速度相同,历时31h;到达原肠末期、神经胚期、晶体形成期历时相同,其它发育时期一直处于缓慢状态;孵化仔鱼具有明显的单倍体综合症;雌核发育与普通胚胎的发育的特征相比无明显区别,在卵裂期发育速度明显迟缓,但在囊胚期以后,所用时间基本相同;孵化时间比普通胚胎长约1小时;与普通胚胎相比,雌核发育胚胎、单倍体胚胎孵化率较低,仔鱼畸形率高。
4.采用组织学方法对室内人工培育条斑星鲽性别分化进行了观察。观察结果表明:30日龄仔鱼,原始生殖细胞(PGCs)与生殖脊共同构成性腺原基;60日龄,其性腺可见生殖细胞快速增值;80日龄,卵巢腔已形成;100日龄,卵巢中可见少数卵母细胞;120日龄,精原细胞大量增加,并形成精小叶。
本研究通过适量的紫外线照射使牙鲆精子失活,用温度休克方法有效抑制了条斑星鲽受精卵第二极体排出,国内外首次成功利用灭活异源牙鲆精子诱导出雌核发育条斑星鲽,同时研究了条斑星鲽性别分化过程,为进一步开展条斑星鲽育种及性别控制奠定了基础。
Barfin flounder(Verasper Moseri) is a marine flatfish species which has an important commercial value.It is essential for Japan aquaculture industry.Recently,natural resources is at low ebb.This species is therefore a strong candidate for aquaculture to mitigate fishing impacts and stabilize seafood supply.Because female flounder reach substantially larger sizes than males, all-female culture is desirable for commercial aquaculture.Hence,athorough understanding of sexual development,its timing and regulation by temperature is essential for optimization of flounder aquaculture.
Barfin flounder was a kind of important marine fish,which growed fast,tasted delicious and had great nutritional value.Barfin flounder females growed bigger and mature later than males,it was reported that females growed 1-2 times faster than males,in other words its growing taked on sexual otherness.So the production of all-female stock would be of significant benefit for aquaculture of barfin flounder.In this research,the induction of all-female populations was carried out by gynogenesis methods,gynogenesis embryonic development and sex differentiation of barfin flounder were observed.We also tested the optimum parameters for UV irradiation of sperms, suppression of second polar body release and for suppression of the first cleavage.The results showed as follows:
1.The effects of UV irradiation on genetic inactivation of sperms of Verasper moseri were examined.Using two paralleled UV lamp(20W each),the optimal time of UV irradiation for effective inactivation of Verasper moseri sperms was 60s when the distance between sperms and UV lamp was 10cm.Gynogenetic haploid,which was proved by the haploid characteristic,were obtained under these irradiation conditions.The hatching rates of the eggs exhitited typical "Hertwing Effect".
2.The parameters of induction of gynogenetic diploid in Verasper moseri were optimized. Chromosome diploidy wes achieved by suppression of the second polar body release by early cold shock applied 5-17min after fertilization at -1.5-3℃with 30-150min durations.The optimal cold shock was at -1.5℃that was applied at 11min after fertilization and lasted for 60min.
3.Haploid was obtained by flounder sperm that was destroyed by ultraviolet radiation activating eggs of barfin flounder;gynogenetic embryo was obtained by sperm that was destroyed by ultraviolet radiation activating eggs of barfin flounder and cold shock;general diploid was obtained by sperm and eggs seminating.The Embryonic development speed of different groups showed:Multicelled stage ago,haploid embryos development rate was slower than normal embryos.Multicelled stage was the same time,they took 14 hours.High blastula of was haploid embryos was slower than normal embryos,besides late gastrula neurula stage,formation of eyelens stage,haploid embryos development rate was always slower than normal embryos;the larva shown haploid syndrome;there were no significant differences in embryonic development between gynogenesis diploid and normal diploid individuals.However,different time of every stage was found in embryonic development among gynogenesis diploid,normal diploid and haploid individuals.
4.Barfin flounder belonged to the differentiated species of gonochoristic fish and ovary differentiated earlier than that of spermary.On the 20th day post-hatch(dph),gonad anlage was made of PGC and genital ridge.The germ cells proliferated rapidly at about 60 dph.On the 80~(th),the gonad was differentiated,the oviposition plate rudiment was formed;on the 120th the anlage of the efferent duct was found,which would develop into testis.Oocytes in early meiosis were first observed from the ovary on 100th dph,while the primary spermatocytes were found after 120th dph.
为了增加资源量,满足市场需求,2004年条斑星鲽被引进到我国,在辽宁、河北和山东等省进行驯化及试验养殖,现在已经取得了初步成功,为这些地区增加了新养殖品种。
条斑星鲽具有雌性个体大于雄性个体的特点,如能充分发挥其特点,达到全雌化养殖目的,则具有重要产业化意义。
本文对条斑星鲽雌核发育诱导、雌核发育胚胎发育观察及性别分化组织学观察进行了研究。旨在为条斑星鲽人工繁殖和人工控制性别提供基础数据。
结果如下:
1.探讨了不同紫外线剂量对牙鲆精子的作用,查明牙鲆精子失活的最佳条件。用紫外线照射时间为1、2、5、10、20、45、60、90、120s的牙鲆精子激活条斑星鲽卵子,受精卵孵化率出现了典型的Hertwig效应,照射时间60s受精卵孵化率最高,为13.68%。
2.用冷休克方法抑制第二极体排放,成功获得条斑星鲽雌核发育二倍体。冷休克起始时间参数设定为7、9、11、13、15、17min,冷休克持续时间参数设定为30、60、90、150min,冷休克温度参数设定为-1.5、0、1.5、3℃,通过孵化率和畸形率选择最佳冷休克条件。实验结果表明诱导条斑星鲽雌核发育二倍体的最佳条件是:在受精后11min,-1.5℃～0℃的海水中冷休克处理受精卵60min。
3.对条斑星鲽雌核发育胚胎、单倍体胚胎和普通胚胎进行了观察。单倍体是由紫外线灭活牙鲆精子激活条斑星鲽卵子孵化获得,雌核发育胚胎是由紫外线灭活牙鲆精子激活条斑星鲽卵子后冷休克处理获得,普通二倍体是由条斑星鲽精卵正常受精获得。
观察结果表明:单倍体胚胎,卵裂开始至64细胞期,发育速度较普通胚胎发育发育速度明显缓慢,至多细胞期发育速度相同,历时14h;到达高囊胚期比普通二倍体缓慢1.5h,到达低囊胚期发育速度相同,历时31h;到达原肠末期、神经胚期、晶体形成期历时相同,其它发育时期一直处于缓慢状态;孵化仔鱼具有明显的单倍体综合症;雌核发育与普通胚胎的发育的特征相比无明显区别,在卵裂期发育速度明显迟缓,但在囊胚期以后,所用时间基本相同;孵化时间比普通胚胎长约1小时;与普通胚胎相比,雌核发育胚胎、单倍体胚胎孵化率较低,仔鱼畸形率高。
4.采用组织学方法对室内人工培育条斑星鲽性别分化进行了观察。观察结果表明:30日龄仔鱼,原始生殖细胞(PGCs)与生殖脊共同构成性腺原基;60日龄,其性腺可见生殖细胞快速增值;80日龄,卵巢腔已形成;100日龄,卵巢中可见少数卵母细胞;120日龄,精原细胞大量增加,并形成精小叶。
本研究通过适量的紫外线照射使牙鲆精子失活,用温度休克方法有效抑制了条斑星鲽受精卵第二极体排出,国内外首次成功利用灭活异源牙鲆精子诱导出雌核发育条斑星鲽,同时研究了条斑星鲽性别分化过程,为进一步开展条斑星鲽育种及性别控制奠定了基础。
Barfin flounder(Verasper Moseri) is a marine flatfish species which has an important commercial value.It is essential for Japan aquaculture industry.Recently,natural resources is at low ebb.This species is therefore a strong candidate for aquaculture to mitigate fishing impacts and stabilize seafood supply.Because female flounder reach substantially larger sizes than males, all-female culture is desirable for commercial aquaculture.Hence,athorough understanding of sexual development,its timing and regulation by temperature is essential for optimization of flounder aquaculture.
Barfin flounder was a kind of important marine fish,which growed fast,tasted delicious and had great nutritional value.Barfin flounder females growed bigger and mature later than males,it was reported that females growed 1-2 times faster than males,in other words its growing taked on sexual otherness.So the production of all-female stock would be of significant benefit for aquaculture of barfin flounder.In this research,the induction of all-female populations was carried out by gynogenesis methods,gynogenesis embryonic development and sex differentiation of barfin flounder were observed.We also tested the optimum parameters for UV irradiation of sperms, suppression of second polar body release and for suppression of the first cleavage.The results showed as follows:
1.The effects of UV irradiation on genetic inactivation of sperms of Verasper moseri were examined.Using two paralleled UV lamp(20W each),the optimal time of UV irradiation for effective inactivation of Verasper moseri sperms was 60s when the distance between sperms and UV lamp was 10cm.Gynogenetic haploid,which was proved by the haploid characteristic,were obtained under these irradiation conditions.The hatching rates of the eggs exhitited typical "Hertwing Effect".
2.The parameters of induction of gynogenetic diploid in Verasper moseri were optimized. Chromosome diploidy wes achieved by suppression of the second polar body release by early cold shock applied 5-17min after fertilization at -1.5-3℃with 30-150min durations.The optimal cold shock was at -1.5℃that was applied at 11min after fertilization and lasted for 60min.
3.Haploid was obtained by flounder sperm that was destroyed by ultraviolet radiation activating eggs of barfin flounder;gynogenetic embryo was obtained by sperm that was destroyed by ultraviolet radiation activating eggs of barfin flounder and cold shock;general diploid was obtained by sperm and eggs seminating.The Embryonic development speed of different groups showed:Multicelled stage ago,haploid embryos development rate was slower than normal embryos.Multicelled stage was the same time,they took 14 hours.High blastula of was haploid embryos was slower than normal embryos,besides late gastrula neurula stage,formation of eyelens stage,haploid embryos development rate was always slower than normal embryos;the larva shown haploid syndrome;there were no significant differences in embryonic development between gynogenesis diploid and normal diploid individuals.However,different time of every stage was found in embryonic development among gynogenesis diploid,normal diploid and haploid individuals.
4.Barfin flounder belonged to the differentiated species of gonochoristic fish and ovary differentiated earlier than that of spermary.On the 20th day post-hatch(dph),gonad anlage was made of PGC and genital ridge.The germ cells proliferated rapidly at about 60 dph.On the 80~(th),the gonad was differentiated,the oviposition plate rudiment was formed;on the 120th the anlage of the efferent duct was found,which would develop into testis.Oocytes in early meiosis were first observed from the ovary on 100th dph,while the primary spermatocytes were found after 120th dph.
引文
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