农业公共服务决策优化的机理与效应研究
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摘要
农业公共服务面临资源配置效率偏低问题,典型表现为供需结构失衡、效率偏低等问题。产生这一问题的原因之一是农业公共服务决策优化程度偏低,即内部原因是割裂了决策科学化、民主化、高效化之间的联系,外部原因是保障条件缺失、路径不畅对决策优化的制约。本文以多目标融合为研究范式,构建农业公共服务决策全面优化的发生机理模型并进行验证,揭示科学化、民主化、高效化之间的内在逻辑关系；以“保障条件-路径-目标”为研究范式,构建农业公共服务决策系统优化的作用机理模型并进行验证,揭示能力建设、社会学习与农业公共服务决策优化之间的内在逻辑关系；为农业公共服务决策的全面、系统优化提供理论分析框架、科学方法和对策建议,这对于破解“能力贫困、社会学习虚化、决策不优”的连环困境具有重要意义。
本文共分七章。第一章主要介绍本文的选题背景、目的、意义、研究内容、研究方法等内容,界定了主要概念,阐释了主要创新点。第二章是理论基础与文献综述,引入了适用于资源管理领域的社会学习理论,从多个层面阐释相关理论发展与实践进展。第三章在分析公共服务决策演进趋势与我国农业公共服务决策面临的困境的基础上,提出了本文的研究问题,即促进农业公共服务决策全面优化和系统优化。第四章构建了农业公共服务决策优化的理论分析框架,包括三个分模型。第五章为实证研究设计部分,分别阐释了实证研究方法,对变量进行了操作化定义,进行了量表品质检验、正态性检验和同源方差分析。第六章以实证调查数据为依据,分析了农业公共服务决策全面优化的发生机理与影响效应、农业公共服务决策系统优化的作用机理与影响效应以及调节效应。第七章归纳了研究结论,提出了对策建议和研究展望。
研究发现：(1)农业公共服务决策优化,依赖于农业公共服务决策全面优化和系统优化的整体推进。整体上,多重转型背景下的农业公共服务决策优化由优化目标系统、保障条件与优化路径等关键要素组成,推进农业公共服务决策优化需要突破当前的碎片化研究思路,从系统视角来推进关键要素的结构优化与系统效应发挥。(2)农业公共服务决策优化目标的实现,依赖于科学化、民主化、高效化的有机统一。从目标系统整体看,农业公共服务决策优化的目标系统由科学化、民主化、高效化有机组成,三者是有机衔接的统一体,任何两者之间关系链条的断裂都会对农业公共服务决策优化这一目标实现产生负面影响。从目标子系统之间关系看,科学化与民主化之间是相互依存、相互促进的共变关系,它们分别对高效化有显著的促进作用。(3)农业公共服务决策的系统优化,依赖于能力建设条件、社会学习路径与农业公共服务决策优化目标之间正向效应的系统强化。整体上,能力建设条件、社会学习路径与农业公共服务决策优化之间具有内在关联性。具体地,社会学习和能力建设对农业公共服务决策优化有显著促进作用；能力建设经由社会学习对农业公共服务决策优化有间接的显著促进作用。(4)能力建设对社会学习与农业公共服务决策优化之间的关系具有调节效应。整体上,能力建设的调节效应与初始能力禀赋密切相关,即由于行为主体初始能力禀赋的差异,能力建设的调节效应呈现出明显的梯度与阶段性特征。
本文的创新点主要表现在三个方面：(1)将公共服务前沿理论有关民主与效率是伙伴关系的新论断在中国农业公共服务决策场域进行拓展应用研究,构建了农业公共服务决策全面优化的发生机理模型,是国外前沿理论的本土化、情景化研究的有益探索。(2)构建农业公共服务决策系统优化的作用机理模型,从系统视角整体考察模型构成要素之间的内在逻辑关系。(3)尝试对农业公共服务决策全面优化的发生机理和农业公共服务决策系统优化的作用机理进行系统量表开发和大样本验证,得出了一些有创新性的研究结论。
The low level of agricultural public service decision-making optimization leads to agricultural public service problems, and the reality of agricultural public service decision-making is becoming more and more seriously. The internal reason is that the relationship among the core factors of scientization, democratization, efficientization of agricultural public service decision-making broke down. The external reason is that the agricultural public service decision-making lacked conditions and path ensuring optimization. Thus, the paper constructs two overall relationship models to analyze how to improve agricultural public service decision-making. The first model consists of such core variables as scientization, democratization, efficientization, while the second model consists of such core variables as capacity building, social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. The purpose of this paper is to provide analytical framework, scientific approach, countermeasures and suggestions to facilitate the resolution of the dilemma.
The paper is organized as follows, In the first chapter, the background, purpose, research contents and research methods are introduced, the main concepts are defined and the innovations of the paper are illustrated, In the second chapter, theories and literatures are reviewed and analyzed, for example, the theoretical and practical development of public service, social learning, capacity building, governance and so on are analyzed, laying a good foundation for further analysis, In the third chapter, recent trends of public service decision-making and the dilemmas agricultural public service decision-making in China faced are analyzed. And based on the analysis, the research questions that how to optimize agricultural public service decision-making in China from the holistic approach and systematic approach are proposed, In the forth chapter, the theoretical framework that consists of three sub-models is formed using the core variables of capacity building, social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. In the fifth chapter, research methodology is introduced. In the sixth chapter, the mechanism and effects of agricultural public service decision-making optimization from the holistic approach and systematic approach are analyzed, and the moderating effect that capacity building has on the relationship between social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization is analyzed too. In the seventh chapter, conclusions, solutions and future research are proposed.
The conclusions are as the followings. Firstly, agricultural public service decision-making optimization depends on the advancement of agricultural public service decision-making from the holistic approach and systematic approach. On the whole, the key elements of agricultural public service decision-making optimization consist of goal system, conditions and path ensuring optimization. Thus, the issue of agricultural public service decision-making optimization should be considered as a whole, and only by advancing the optimization of structure and the systematic effects of key elements from the systematic approach, the dilemma can be solved. Secondly, the structure of the goal system consists of scientization, democratization and efficientization, they form an organic unity, and the fracture of any relationship chain have negative impact on agricultural public service decision-making optimization; secondly, there is a significant covariate effects between scientization and democratization; thirdly, scientization and democratization play a significant role in promoting the agricultural public service decision-making optimization. Thirdly, agricultural public service decision-making optimization from the systematic approach relies on the advancement of systematic effects that capacity building and social learning have on agricultural public service optimization. In detail, promoting the positive effect which capacity building and social learning have on agricultural public service decision-making optimization can significantly improve the optimization level of agricultural public service decision-making system; social learning plays a partial mediating role in the interaction mechanism between capacity building and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. Fourthly, there is moderating effect that capacity building has on the relationship between social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. However, the moderating effect and initial capacity endowment are closely related, that is to say, because of the differences of the initial capacity endowment of the multi-participants, the moderating effect is characterized by gradient and multistage.
The innovations of the paper are as the followings. Firstly, the research applies the assertion that democracy and efficiency are partners to the research field of agricultural public service decision-making in the way of a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, and agricultural public service decision-making model from the holistic approach is formed. The research is a localized and contextulized exploration of foreign forward theories, and plays a groundbreaking role in the exploration of how to optimize the relationship between democracy and efficiency in the field of agricultural public service decision-making. Secondly, the mechanism and effect is analyzed by constructing the overall relationship model consisting of variables of capacity building, social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization from the systematic approach. Thirdly, scale items that measure the latent variables are developed on the basis of theoretical research in depth, and the models are confirmed using data from large samples. Additionally, some innovative conclusions are proposed.
本文共分七章。第一章主要介绍本文的选题背景、目的、意义、研究内容、研究方法等内容,界定了主要概念,阐释了主要创新点。第二章是理论基础与文献综述,引入了适用于资源管理领域的社会学习理论,从多个层面阐释相关理论发展与实践进展。第三章在分析公共服务决策演进趋势与我国农业公共服务决策面临的困境的基础上,提出了本文的研究问题,即促进农业公共服务决策全面优化和系统优化。第四章构建了农业公共服务决策优化的理论分析框架,包括三个分模型。第五章为实证研究设计部分,分别阐释了实证研究方法,对变量进行了操作化定义,进行了量表品质检验、正态性检验和同源方差分析。第六章以实证调查数据为依据,分析了农业公共服务决策全面优化的发生机理与影响效应、农业公共服务决策系统优化的作用机理与影响效应以及调节效应。第七章归纳了研究结论,提出了对策建议和研究展望。
研究发现：(1)农业公共服务决策优化,依赖于农业公共服务决策全面优化和系统优化的整体推进。整体上,多重转型背景下的农业公共服务决策优化由优化目标系统、保障条件与优化路径等关键要素组成,推进农业公共服务决策优化需要突破当前的碎片化研究思路,从系统视角来推进关键要素的结构优化与系统效应发挥。(2)农业公共服务决策优化目标的实现,依赖于科学化、民主化、高效化的有机统一。从目标系统整体看,农业公共服务决策优化的目标系统由科学化、民主化、高效化有机组成,三者是有机衔接的统一体,任何两者之间关系链条的断裂都会对农业公共服务决策优化这一目标实现产生负面影响。从目标子系统之间关系看,科学化与民主化之间是相互依存、相互促进的共变关系,它们分别对高效化有显著的促进作用。(3)农业公共服务决策的系统优化,依赖于能力建设条件、社会学习路径与农业公共服务决策优化目标之间正向效应的系统强化。整体上,能力建设条件、社会学习路径与农业公共服务决策优化之间具有内在关联性。具体地,社会学习和能力建设对农业公共服务决策优化有显著促进作用；能力建设经由社会学习对农业公共服务决策优化有间接的显著促进作用。(4)能力建设对社会学习与农业公共服务决策优化之间的关系具有调节效应。整体上,能力建设的调节效应与初始能力禀赋密切相关,即由于行为主体初始能力禀赋的差异,能力建设的调节效应呈现出明显的梯度与阶段性特征。
本文的创新点主要表现在三个方面：(1)将公共服务前沿理论有关民主与效率是伙伴关系的新论断在中国农业公共服务决策场域进行拓展应用研究,构建了农业公共服务决策全面优化的发生机理模型,是国外前沿理论的本土化、情景化研究的有益探索。(2)构建农业公共服务决策系统优化的作用机理模型,从系统视角整体考察模型构成要素之间的内在逻辑关系。(3)尝试对农业公共服务决策全面优化的发生机理和农业公共服务决策系统优化的作用机理进行系统量表开发和大样本验证,得出了一些有创新性的研究结论。
The low level of agricultural public service decision-making optimization leads to agricultural public service problems, and the reality of agricultural public service decision-making is becoming more and more seriously. The internal reason is that the relationship among the core factors of scientization, democratization, efficientization of agricultural public service decision-making broke down. The external reason is that the agricultural public service decision-making lacked conditions and path ensuring optimization. Thus, the paper constructs two overall relationship models to analyze how to improve agricultural public service decision-making. The first model consists of such core variables as scientization, democratization, efficientization, while the second model consists of such core variables as capacity building, social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. The purpose of this paper is to provide analytical framework, scientific approach, countermeasures and suggestions to facilitate the resolution of the dilemma.
The paper is organized as follows, In the first chapter, the background, purpose, research contents and research methods are introduced, the main concepts are defined and the innovations of the paper are illustrated, In the second chapter, theories and literatures are reviewed and analyzed, for example, the theoretical and practical development of public service, social learning, capacity building, governance and so on are analyzed, laying a good foundation for further analysis, In the third chapter, recent trends of public service decision-making and the dilemmas agricultural public service decision-making in China faced are analyzed. And based on the analysis, the research questions that how to optimize agricultural public service decision-making in China from the holistic approach and systematic approach are proposed, In the forth chapter, the theoretical framework that consists of three sub-models is formed using the core variables of capacity building, social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. In the fifth chapter, research methodology is introduced. In the sixth chapter, the mechanism and effects of agricultural public service decision-making optimization from the holistic approach and systematic approach are analyzed, and the moderating effect that capacity building has on the relationship between social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization is analyzed too. In the seventh chapter, conclusions, solutions and future research are proposed.
The conclusions are as the followings. Firstly, agricultural public service decision-making optimization depends on the advancement of agricultural public service decision-making from the holistic approach and systematic approach. On the whole, the key elements of agricultural public service decision-making optimization consist of goal system, conditions and path ensuring optimization. Thus, the issue of agricultural public service decision-making optimization should be considered as a whole, and only by advancing the optimization of structure and the systematic effects of key elements from the systematic approach, the dilemma can be solved. Secondly, the structure of the goal system consists of scientization, democratization and efficientization, they form an organic unity, and the fracture of any relationship chain have negative impact on agricultural public service decision-making optimization; secondly, there is a significant covariate effects between scientization and democratization; thirdly, scientization and democratization play a significant role in promoting the agricultural public service decision-making optimization. Thirdly, agricultural public service decision-making optimization from the systematic approach relies on the advancement of systematic effects that capacity building and social learning have on agricultural public service optimization. In detail, promoting the positive effect which capacity building and social learning have on agricultural public service decision-making optimization can significantly improve the optimization level of agricultural public service decision-making system; social learning plays a partial mediating role in the interaction mechanism between capacity building and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. Fourthly, there is moderating effect that capacity building has on the relationship between social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization. However, the moderating effect and initial capacity endowment are closely related, that is to say, because of the differences of the initial capacity endowment of the multi-participants, the moderating effect is characterized by gradient and multistage.
The innovations of the paper are as the followings. Firstly, the research applies the assertion that democracy and efficiency are partners to the research field of agricultural public service decision-making in the way of a combination of qualitative and quantitative research, and agricultural public service decision-making model from the holistic approach is formed. The research is a localized and contextulized exploration of foreign forward theories, and plays a groundbreaking role in the exploration of how to optimize the relationship between democracy and efficiency in the field of agricultural public service decision-making. Secondly, the mechanism and effect is analyzed by constructing the overall relationship model consisting of variables of capacity building, social learning and agricultural public service decision-making optimization from the systematic approach. Thirdly, scale items that measure the latent variables are developed on the basis of theoretical research in depth, and the models are confirmed using data from large samples. Additionally, some innovative conclusions are proposed.
引文
1 约翰·克莱顿·托马斯根据公民参与程度,将公共决策分为自主式决策、协商式决策和公共决策。详见[美][美]约翰·克莱顿·托马斯.公共决策中的公民参与：公共管理者的新技能[M].孙柏瑛等译.北京：中国人民大学出版社,2005：34-36.
1 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
3 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北岗村所属镇的党委书记的访谈记录》和《湖北岗村所属镇的办公室主任的访谈记录》。
2 参见《湖北岗村所属镇的党委书记的访谈记录》和《湖北岗村所属镇的办公室主任的访谈记录》。
1 参见《湖北张村访谈-村民》。
2 参见《湖北张村访谈-村民》。
3 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》。
4 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
1 “五议三公开”是指：村民小组长提议,党小组长和村民小组长商议,村、组合议,党小组会议审议,群众代表会议或群众会议决议：决议公开,实施过程公开,实施结果公开。鉴于各村的具体情况,各村的表述略有不同,但内容基本一致。如张村的“五议三公开”主要包括：村党支部提议,村两委商议,驻村勤廉督导员参议,党员大会审议,村民代表会议或户代表会议表决；决定公开、过程公开、结果公开。
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
3 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
4 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北岗村所属镇的党委书记的访谈记录》
1 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
3 李世敏.改革开放以来中国农村社区认同的变迁[D].华中师范大学,2010：41.
1 参见《岗村村官张某的访谈记录》。
1 转引自吴明隆.问卷统计分析实务[M1.重庆：重庆大学出版社,2010：58.
1 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
3 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
4参见《湖北张村村支书访谈记录》
5 参见《扮靓秀美家园,争创国家级生态村——黄冈市黄梅县孔垄镇张村创建生态村工作总结》。
1 参见《湖北张村访谈-村副主任》
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1 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
3 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北岗村所属镇的党委书记的访谈记录》和《湖北岗村所属镇的办公室主任的访谈记录》。
2 参见《湖北岗村所属镇的党委书记的访谈记录》和《湖北岗村所属镇的办公室主任的访谈记录》。
1 参见《湖北张村访谈-村民》。
2 参见《湖北张村访谈-村民》。
3 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》。
4 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
1 “五议三公开”是指：村民小组长提议,党小组长和村民小组长商议,村、组合议,党小组会议审议,群众代表会议或群众会议决议：决议公开,实施过程公开,实施结果公开。鉴于各村的具体情况,各村的表述略有不同,但内容基本一致。如张村的“五议三公开”主要包括：村党支部提议,村两委商议,驻村勤廉督导员参议,党员大会审议,村民代表会议或户代表会议表决；决定公开、过程公开、结果公开。
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
3 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
4 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》
1 参见《湖北岗村所属镇的党委书记的访谈记录》
1 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
2 参见《湖北湖村访谈-村民》
3 李世敏.改革开放以来中国农村社区认同的变迁[D].华中师范大学,2010：41.
1 参见《岗村村官张某的访谈记录》。
1 转引自吴明隆.问卷统计分析实务[M1.重庆：重庆大学出版社,2010：58.
1 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
2 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
3 参见《湖北新村访谈-村民》。
4参见《湖北张村村支书访谈记录》
5 参见《扮靓秀美家园,争创国家级生态村——黄冈市黄梅县孔垄镇张村创建生态村工作总结》。
1 参见《湖北张村访谈-村副主任》
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