超声与环流技术在水中灭菌作用及其生物效应的研究
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摘要
据联合国环境和发展机构指出,人类约有80%的疾病与细菌感染有关,其中60%以上的疾病是通过饮用水传播的。由于氯消毒杀菌能力强,有持续灭菌作用,且消毒系统投资和运行费用价廉,所以水的氯化消毒成为饮用水消毒中使用最广泛、技术最成熟的方法。随着进一步的深入研究表明运用氯消毒对人体健康有一定的威胁。所以迫使人们开始寻求一种新的更安全、更可靠的饮用水消毒方法和技术。
随着对超声的不断研究,人们开始把超声与饮用水灭菌联系起来,虽然与其它杀菌工艺联合,灭菌效果比较好,但对超声的灭菌机理也尚不清楚,且由于超声波是一种成本较高的能量,所以采用超声波灭菌的经济费用比较高,一般也不容易实现工程放大。因此探索超声灭菌机理并找到一种能利用超声,且耗能少,易于工程放大的灭菌方法很有必要。
本文通过实验对超声-环流系统灭菌进行了初步探讨,做的主要工作有以下几个方面:
(1)设计并加工超声-环流系统处理槽,不但能够单独进行超声实验,还可以超声-环流共同作用。
(2)运用超声处理系统对大肠杆菌做频率、功率、时间的单因素实验,证实了前人的研究成果,并设计正交实验,根据设计进行实验,发现选用标称频率为20kHz的超声处理系统,功率为25W时处理45min灭菌效果最好。然后选择20kHz、33kHz两个系统分别通过控制进气量观测灭菌率随空气进气量的变化,实验结果表明:不同频率的超声-空气环流处理系统对应的最佳进气量不同。但超声-空气环流的灭菌效果要比单独超声效果好的多。加入进气量因素,再设计正交实验并进行实验,结果表明选用标称频率为33kHz的处理系统,功率为25W,空气进气量为0.4L/min时,处理30min以上灭菌率最好,通入空气对最大影响因素有影响。最后运用超声-臭氧环流处理系统来处理大肠杆菌,处理时间较短时,单独臭氧作用远远不及超声-臭氧环流的灭菌率,但在处理时间较长时,臭氧的灭菌效果略好。
(3)运用超声-环流处理系统分别对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌研究了频率、功率、处理时间等对这两种菌的灭菌率的影响,并且运用单独超声、超声-空气环流、超声-臭氧环流对两种菌的灭菌率作对比。发现相对于大肠杆菌来说,这两种菌不是太容易被杀死。
(4)通过原子力显微镜观测超声处理前后的大肠杆菌的表面形态,对超声灭菌的机理做了初步的探讨,超声空化作用使大肠杆菌的细胞壁振碎、产生小孔有的甚至脱落,使细菌胞内物质外泄、失去自我保护能力,从而导致死亡;有一部分细胞壁脱落的细菌,超声空化直接作用于细菌细胞膜,使细菌死亡。
As the UN environment and development institution pointed out, the disease of eighty percent of human beings was involved with bacterium infection, over 60 percent of which was spread by drinking water. Chlorinating sterilization of water has becomed to be the most widely used and full grown technique among drinking water sterilization methods due to its strong antisepsis and sterilization ability and persistence sterilization function, as well as its low antisepsis system investment and run price. Further in-depth study shows that use of chlorine disinfection has a certain extent threat on human health. Therefore, people began to search for new, safer and more reliable methods and techniques in drinking water disinfection.
With the developed of ultrasonics, people begin to concatenate ultrasound and drinking water sterilization. Although compared with other sterilization, ultrasound has better effection, but the sterilization of ultrasound also is not clear. However, ultrasonic is a kind of high cost enrage, so the expense of adopting ultrasonic for sterilization is high. And it is generally difficult to achieve project amplification. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of ultrasonic sterilization and find a kind of ultrasonic sterilization technique with low emerge consume and easy to achieve project amplification.
In this experiment we initially discussed ultrasound-circulation sterilization system and the chief work we do was as follows:
(1) The ultrasound-circulation sterilization system disposal bath we designed and manufactured, which not only carry through ultrasound experiment separately, but also ultrasound circulation take action at the same time.
(2) By useing ultrasonic treatment system, we searched the regulation of kill rate of Escherichia coli with frequency, power, or processing time, confirmed the results accord with previous studies. It is found that the sterilization effectiveness is best when deal with 45min at the same time when the frequency of ultrasonic treatment system is 20kHz and the power is 25 W in the orthogonal experiment we designd. Owing to the frequency is the most significant influencing factor that we observe the sterilization rate changing with air input through controlling air input while the system is 20kHz, 33kHz. The results of the experiment indicate that the ultrasound-circulation system with different frequency has corresponding optimum air input. In addition, the sterilization effectiveness of the ultrasound air circulation is much better than the ultrasound alone. The factor of air input in designing orthogonal experiment was taken into account and the results of the experiment show that when the nominal frequency of the handing system is 33kHz, the power is 25W, the air input is 0.41/min and the dealing time is more than 30min, the sterilization rate is the best. The entering of air has influence on the significant factor. At last, when dealing Escherichia coli with ultrasound ozone circumfluence system, the sterilization rate of the ultrasound ozone circumfluence is much better than the ozone when the dealing time is short. However, when the time is long, the sterilization effectiveness is a little better.
(3) We used ultrasound-circulation system, respectively study the regulation of killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus and killing rate of Bacillus subtilis with frequency, power, or processing time. We used ultrasound; ultrasound with air circulation, ultrasound with ozone circulation processing systems studied these two bacterias' difference respectively. The result found E.coli is not too easy to be killed than those two kinds of bacteria above.
(4) We observed the surface morphology of the original E.coli and that was treated by ultrasound by atomic force microscopy and discussed primarily mechanism of ultrasound sterilization. The death of the E.coli was due to their broken even exfoliated cell wall and leakage of intracellular material. The E.coli lossed self-protection capacity due to the ultrasonic cavitation. Besides, because of the shedding of cell wall the ultrasonic cavitation directly acting on the bacterial cell membrane can also make them died.
随着对超声的不断研究,人们开始把超声与饮用水灭菌联系起来,虽然与其它杀菌工艺联合,灭菌效果比较好,但对超声的灭菌机理也尚不清楚,且由于超声波是一种成本较高的能量,所以采用超声波灭菌的经济费用比较高,一般也不容易实现工程放大。因此探索超声灭菌机理并找到一种能利用超声,且耗能少,易于工程放大的灭菌方法很有必要。
本文通过实验对超声-环流系统灭菌进行了初步探讨,做的主要工作有以下几个方面:
(1)设计并加工超声-环流系统处理槽,不但能够单独进行超声实验,还可以超声-环流共同作用。
(2)运用超声处理系统对大肠杆菌做频率、功率、时间的单因素实验,证实了前人的研究成果,并设计正交实验,根据设计进行实验,发现选用标称频率为20kHz的超声处理系统,功率为25W时处理45min灭菌效果最好。然后选择20kHz、33kHz两个系统分别通过控制进气量观测灭菌率随空气进气量的变化,实验结果表明:不同频率的超声-空气环流处理系统对应的最佳进气量不同。但超声-空气环流的灭菌效果要比单独超声效果好的多。加入进气量因素,再设计正交实验并进行实验,结果表明选用标称频率为33kHz的处理系统,功率为25W,空气进气量为0.4L/min时,处理30min以上灭菌率最好,通入空气对最大影响因素有影响。最后运用超声-臭氧环流处理系统来处理大肠杆菌,处理时间较短时,单独臭氧作用远远不及超声-臭氧环流的灭菌率,但在处理时间较长时,臭氧的灭菌效果略好。
(3)运用超声-环流处理系统分别对金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌研究了频率、功率、处理时间等对这两种菌的灭菌率的影响,并且运用单独超声、超声-空气环流、超声-臭氧环流对两种菌的灭菌率作对比。发现相对于大肠杆菌来说,这两种菌不是太容易被杀死。
(4)通过原子力显微镜观测超声处理前后的大肠杆菌的表面形态,对超声灭菌的机理做了初步的探讨,超声空化作用使大肠杆菌的细胞壁振碎、产生小孔有的甚至脱落,使细菌胞内物质外泄、失去自我保护能力,从而导致死亡;有一部分细胞壁脱落的细菌,超声空化直接作用于细菌细胞膜,使细菌死亡。
As the UN environment and development institution pointed out, the disease of eighty percent of human beings was involved with bacterium infection, over 60 percent of which was spread by drinking water. Chlorinating sterilization of water has becomed to be the most widely used and full grown technique among drinking water sterilization methods due to its strong antisepsis and sterilization ability and persistence sterilization function, as well as its low antisepsis system investment and run price. Further in-depth study shows that use of chlorine disinfection has a certain extent threat on human health. Therefore, people began to search for new, safer and more reliable methods and techniques in drinking water disinfection.
With the developed of ultrasonics, people begin to concatenate ultrasound and drinking water sterilization. Although compared with other sterilization, ultrasound has better effection, but the sterilization of ultrasound also is not clear. However, ultrasonic is a kind of high cost enrage, so the expense of adopting ultrasonic for sterilization is high. And it is generally difficult to achieve project amplification. It is necessary to explore the mechanism of ultrasonic sterilization and find a kind of ultrasonic sterilization technique with low emerge consume and easy to achieve project amplification.
In this experiment we initially discussed ultrasound-circulation sterilization system and the chief work we do was as follows:
(1) The ultrasound-circulation sterilization system disposal bath we designed and manufactured, which not only carry through ultrasound experiment separately, but also ultrasound circulation take action at the same time.
(2) By useing ultrasonic treatment system, we searched the regulation of kill rate of Escherichia coli with frequency, power, or processing time, confirmed the results accord with previous studies. It is found that the sterilization effectiveness is best when deal with 45min at the same time when the frequency of ultrasonic treatment system is 20kHz and the power is 25 W in the orthogonal experiment we designd. Owing to the frequency is the most significant influencing factor that we observe the sterilization rate changing with air input through controlling air input while the system is 20kHz, 33kHz. The results of the experiment indicate that the ultrasound-circulation system with different frequency has corresponding optimum air input. In addition, the sterilization effectiveness of the ultrasound air circulation is much better than the ultrasound alone. The factor of air input in designing orthogonal experiment was taken into account and the results of the experiment show that when the nominal frequency of the handing system is 33kHz, the power is 25W, the air input is 0.41/min and the dealing time is more than 30min, the sterilization rate is the best. The entering of air has influence on the significant factor. At last, when dealing Escherichia coli with ultrasound ozone circumfluence system, the sterilization rate of the ultrasound ozone circumfluence is much better than the ozone when the dealing time is short. However, when the time is long, the sterilization effectiveness is a little better.
(3) We used ultrasound-circulation system, respectively study the regulation of killing rate of Staphylococcus aureus and killing rate of Bacillus subtilis with frequency, power, or processing time. We used ultrasound; ultrasound with air circulation, ultrasound with ozone circulation processing systems studied these two bacterias' difference respectively. The result found E.coli is not too easy to be killed than those two kinds of bacteria above.
(4) We observed the surface morphology of the original E.coli and that was treated by ultrasound by atomic force microscopy and discussed primarily mechanism of ultrasound sterilization. The death of the E.coli was due to their broken even exfoliated cell wall and leakage of intracellular material. The E.coli lossed self-protection capacity due to the ultrasonic cavitation. Besides, because of the shedding of cell wall the ultrasonic cavitation directly acting on the bacterial cell membrane can also make them died.
引文
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