用户名: 密码: 验证码:
肥料组合对叶菜硝酸盐和重金属的影响
详细信息    本馆镜像全文|  推荐本文 |  |   获取CNKI官网全文
摘要
叶类蔬菜是一类以收获鲜嫩茎叶为主的蔬菜,其硝酸盐含量较高,极易富集重金属,对人类健康构成潜在威胁。因此研究叶类蔬菜硝酸盐和重金属积累规律及其控制途径具有重要的理论与实践意义。本文通过田间试验和室内化学分析相结合的方法研究了平衡施肥对瓢儿白、莴笋、生菜和芹菜4等种重庆地区常见叶菜的生物量、营养品质、硝酸盐和重金属的影响,以期筛选出综合品质最好的肥料组合从而为无公害蔬菜生产的过程管理提供相关的理论和技术。研究结果表明:
     不同肥料组合处理均能提高4种叶菜的生物量和产量,处理间产量达到5%和1%的显著水平,其中加施双氰胺的处理(H_K+C_2)和对照相比均达到1%显著水平,肥料组合处理对叶菜产量的影响存在着显著和极显著的差异;加施硝酸盐复合剂3个处理生物量相对较大,H_K+C_2处理瓢儿白生物量3次增加幅度分别为23%,30%和47%,增产效果较好,瓢儿白产量增加了18.1%,为所有处理中最大;H_K+C_2处理收获时莴笋生物量和产量的增加值分别为31%和12.3%,均为所有处理中最大;加施双氰胺处理生菜的生物量在后2次中均为最大,增加量分别为:85%、52%,产量增加了56.7%,为所有处理中最大;H_K+C_2处理3次生物量的增加值分别为:70%、67%和12%,均为所有处理中最大,而其产量的增加值为2.2%,在所有处理中较大。
     4种叶菜(瓢儿白除外)的各肥料组合处理3个不同时期均能降低其硝酸盐的含量,加施硝酸盐复合剂的3个处理降低作用较为突出,其中加施双氰胺处理对瓢儿白、生菜、芹菜的硝酸盐降低效果最好,收获时的降低量分别为9.7%、65.4%、22.4%;加施植物材料P_7处理(H_K+C_3)收获时的莴笋硝酸盐降低量分别为37.0%,降低效果最好,其次是H_K+C_2处理,降低量为32.2%;瓢儿白对照累积量小于其它处理,莴笋、生菜和芹菜中,加旆硝酸盐复合剂3个处理的累积量均小于对照,H_K+C_2处理生菜硝酸盐累积量最小,仅为对照的49.2%。在所有处理中,瓢儿白和芹菜的硝酸盐含量始终是先降低后升高,生菜的硝酸盐始终是降低,而莴笋或始终上升或先下降后上升。4种叶菜中,瓢儿白和芹菜硝酸盐含量较大,而莴笋和生菜较小。
     与对照相比,除了生菜和芹菜的个别重金属外,不同肥料组合处理4种叶菜的5种重金属含量均有所增加;只加施微量元素的处理(H_K+C_1)和H_K+C_3处理的Hg含量一般较大,而高磷处理(H_P)和H_K+C_3处理的其它4种重金属含量均较大,且Hp>H_K4+C_3;本研究中过磷酸钙施用量与某些重金属(Cd、Pb)含量有显著或极显著相关性;在瓢儿白、莴笋和生菜中,P与Cd的相关系数分别为r_1=0.970¨,r_2=0.967¨和r_3=0.934¨,均达到极显著,P与Pb的相关系数分别为r_4=0.876~.,r_5=0.922¨和r_6=0.845~.,达到显著或极显著,表明过磷酸钙促进Cd、Pb的有效性;氯化钾的施用量与重金属的含量正相关性均不显著,表明氯化钾对重金属的影响不明显;部分重金属,尤其是Pb与Cr之间也存在着显著相关性,但有的重金属之间也存
    
    西南农业大学硕士学位论义中文摘要
    里旦组......目.口.口口互
    主负相关,Hg与过磷酸钙、氯化钾以及其它重金属的相关性均不显著,’表明Hg受它们的影
    响很小。各肥料组合处理中,瓢儿白Hg、Cd含量最大,对Hg、Cd富集能力最强;葛笋重金
    属含量一般处于中等水平,对各种重金属富集能力中等:生菜Hg含量最小,富集能力较弱;
    芹菜Cr、As和Pb3种重金属含量最高,Cd含量一般较小。
     飘儿白加施双氰胺处理收获时的维生素C含量最高,比对照增加了47%倍:可溶性糖的
    增加效果最好的是HP处理;HK十C:处理收获时氨基酸的含量最高,比对照提高了15.6%。葛
    笋收获时维生素C含量最高的是高钾(HK)处理,其含量是对照的105%;所有肥料组合处理
    收获时的可溶性糖均低于对照;HK+C:处理氨基酸含量最高,是对照的150%。生菜各处理收
    获时维生素C含量均低于对照;加施双氰胺处理3次可溶性糖和氨基酸含量均最高,分别是
    对照的167%和104%。芹菜收获时维生素C和可溶性糖含量最大的均是HK处理;所有处理收
    获时氨基酸含量均小于对照。
     应用质量指数法对叶菜的硝酸盐和重金属以及生物量、营养品质、硝酸盐和重金属分别
    进行评价,发现所有叶菜的硝酸盐和重金属的综合指数最小的是加施双氰胺处理,其卫生品
    质最好;叶菜所有组合中HP处理综合指数较大,综合品质较差:加施双氰胺处理综合指数较
    小,综合品质较好。
Leaf vegetable was a kind of vegetable reaping fresh and tender stems and leaves. It had higher nitrate and easily accumulated heavy metals, which did harm to health of human being. So it was important to research law of nitrate and heavy metals in leaf vegetable. It was researched about effect of balanced fertilization on biomass, nutrition qulity, nitrate and heavy metals in pak-choi, lettuce, romaine lettuce and celery universal in Chongqing erea by the field experiment and chemical analysis inside and expected to screen out the fertilizer combination with the best synthetic qulity in order to offering the correlative theory and technology for the process management of vegetable production.
    The biomass and yield of four kinds of leaf vegetables increased in all fertilizer combination treatments. The yield among treatments amounted to 5 % and 1 % prominent level, which showed that effect of fertilizer combinations on yield of leaf vegetable was remarkably different. The yield in the treatment added DCD to (HK+C2) all arrived at 1 % prominent level compared with that in CK among all fertilizer combination treatments. The biomass of three treatments using nitrate compound-dose was comparatively higher. The pak-choi biomass in HK+C2 treatment separately increased by 23 %, 30 % and 47 % at three stages and was best, and yield in HK+C2 treatment by 18.1%, the highest treatment of all alike. The lettuce biomass of HK+C2 treatment increased by 31 % and yield by 12.3 % in harvest time and was highest in all treatments. The romaine lettuce biomass was highest at late two stages and the increase respectively were 85 % and 52 % and its yield increased by 56.7 % and the highest in all treatments. The celery
     biomass increase in HK+C2 treatment separately was 70 %, 67 % and 12 % and the highest all in three times, the yield increase was 2.2 % and the higher in all treatments.
    The nitrate content reduced in all fertilizer combination treatments in four kinds of leaf vegetable (except pak-choi) without exception at three different stages. The reduced effect in three treatments using nitrate compound-dose was more outstanding and that in HK+C2 treatment better for pak-choi, romaine lettuce, celery and reduced by 9.7 %, 65.4 % and 22.4 % in harvest time. The nitrate content in the treatment added P7 to (HK+C3) reduced by 37.0 % and better for lettuce, and that in HK+C2 treatment was 32.2 % and second. The reduce in CK was lower than that in other treatments in pak-choi and that in using nitrate compound-dose lower than that in CK for romaine lettuce, celery and lettuce and the nitrate accumulation in HK+C2 treatment in romaine lettuce was 49.2% of CK and the lowest. The nitrate content in pak-choi and celery first descended and then rised, and romaine lettuce descended all along, and lettuce either descended or rised. The nitrate content in pak-choi and celery was higher and lower th
    an in lettuce and romaine lettuce.
    Heavy metals content in all treatments in four kinds of leaf vegetable ascended without exception (except Hg in HK+C1 in romaine lettuce and As in HK and As in HK in celery). Hg content in the treatment added mini-elements to (HK+C1) and HK+C3 commonly was higher and the other four kinds of heavy metals content in HP and HK+C3 treatments higher and HP>HK+C3.Superphosphate
    
    
    have positive relativity or terribly positive relativity to the content of some heavy metal(Cd, Pb) in the research. The correlative coefficients between superphosphate and Cd respectively was r1 =0.970
    ,r2=0.967 ' and r3=0.934 and amounted to terribly positive relativity and between superphosphate and Pb r4=0.876 ' ,r5=0.922 '',r6=0.845 and positive relativity or terribly positive relativity which indicated that superphosphate remarkably promoted heavy metals validity.The relativity between the sum of potassium chloride and the content of all heavy metals commonly was not remarkable. Some of heavy metals also have relativity each other. Hg content was highest in lettuce and lowest, in romaine lettuce.Pak-choi contained the highest
引文
[1]R.D 芒·森.农业中的钾[M].北京:科学出版社.1997,428~429。
    [2] AIDE M T, CUMMINGS M F.The influence of pH and phosphorus on the adsorption of chromium(□)on boehmium[J].Soil Sci, 1997, 162(8): 599~603
    [3] Alberto Quesada, La Gomee, Emilio Fernaandez .Clustering of the nitrate reductase gene and a light-regulated gene with nitrate assimilation loci in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii.Planta. 1998,206:259~265
    [4] Andreu A.Gimeno Garom E.Evolution of heavy metals in marsh areas under rice farming.Environment Pollution. 1999.104:271~282
    [5] Basta, N.T.and Tabatabai, M.A. 1992 Effect of cropping systems on adsorption of metals by soils .Competion adsorption.Soil.Science.153(4): 331~335
    [6] Carlos G,ltzia A.P hytoextraction:a cost—effective plant-based technology for the removal of metals from the environment[ J].Bioresouce Technology,2001,77:229~236
    [7] D S Anderson, etaI.Ntrogen form effects on early corn root morphological and anatomical development. J Plant Nutr.1991.14(11): 1255~1266
    [8] FABREGA J R, JAFVERT C T, LI H, et al.Modeling short--term soil--water distribution of aromatic amines[J].Environ Sci Technol, 1998,32:2788~2794
    [9] Gerendas J, Sattelmacher B.Influnce of nitrogen form and concentration on growth and ionic balance of tomoto and potato.In:M L van Beusichem,(Eeds).Plant Nutrition- physiology and Application,Kluwer Academic,Dordrecht. 1990.33~37
    [10] Hatter R D.Effect of soil pH on absorption of Lead, Copper, Zinc and Nickel [J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J., 1983, 47: 47~51
    [11] Koch G N W, Schulib E D, Percival F, Mooney H A, Chu C.The nitrogen balance of Raphanus sativax X Pa phanistrum plant. .Growth, nitrogen redistribution and photosynthesis under NO 3 deprivation.Plant,cell and Environment, 1988(11): 755~767
    [12] Lavoie N, Vezina L P, Margolis H A.Absobtion and and assimilation of nitrogen and ammonium ions by jack pine seedlings, Tree Physoil. 1992(11): 171~183
    [13] Margaretha B Z.Nitrate concentration and reduction in different genotypes of lettuce.J-Amer-Soc-Hor-Sci, 1986, 37(181): 1093~1102
    [14] NAIDU R, KOOKANA R S, SUMNER M E, et al.Cadmium sorption and transport in variable charge soils: a review [J], J Enniron Qual, 1997, 26:602~617
    [15] Norvell W A.Comparison of chelating agents as extractants for metals in diverse soil materials [J].Soil Sci.Soc.Am.J., 1984, 48: 1285~1292
    
    
    [16] OldayFC, et al.. A physiological basis for different patterns of nitrate accumulation in two spinash cultivats[J].J.Am.Soc.Hort.Sc., 1976, 10(3): 217~219
    [17] Salt D E, et al.Phytoremediation:a novel strategy for the removal of toxic metals from the environment using plants [J].Bio/Technology, 1995,13:468~474
    [18] Santamaria P, Elia A, Gonella M.Changes in nitrateaccumulation and growth of endive plants during light period as affected by nitrogen level and form.J-plant-nutr, 1997,20(10): 1255~1266
    [19] ScottilA, etc. Efffect of fly ash pH on the uptake of heavy metals by chicory[J]. Water, —Air, —and—soil—Pollution, 1999, 109(1~4): 397~406
    [20] SHAVIV A. Controlled-release fertiliters to increase efficiency of nutrient use and minimize environment degradation A review[J]. Fertilizer Research, 1993,35:1~12
    [21] Steingrover E.Woldendorp J,Sijtsms L.Nitrate accumulation and its relation to leaf eloogation in spinach leaves .Journal and experimental Botany, 1986,37(181): 1093~1102
    [22] Wallace, A., Abound, Z.Low levels, but excesses of five different elements .Single and in combition on interaction in bush beans grown in solution cultune. Soil.Science.146(6): 439~441
    [23]艾绍英,杨莉,姚建武,等.蔬菜累积硝酸盐的研究进展[J].中国农学通报.2000,16(5):45~49
    [24]安志装,王校常,施卫明等.重金属与营养元素交互作用的植物生理效应[J].土壤与环境,2002,11(4):393~396
    [25]陈怀满.土壤—植物系统中的重金属污染[M].北京:科学出版社,1996,1~15
    [26]陈世俭.有机物质添加量对污染土壤铜形态及活性的影响[J].土壤与环境,1999,8(1):22~25
    [27]陈玉成,赵中金,孙彭寿,等.重庆市土壤—蔬菜系统中重金属的分布特征及其化学调控研究[J].农业环境科学学报,2003,22(1):44~47
    [28]陈振德,冯东升.几种叶菜类蔬菜中硝酸盐和亚硝酸盐含量变化及其化学调控.植物学通报,1994,11(3):35~39
    [29]陈振德,冯东升.几种叶莱类蔬菜中硝酸盐含量变化及其化学调控[J].植物学通报,1994,11(3):25~26,33~37
    [30]崔玉亭.化肥与农业生态环境保护[M].北京:化工出版社.2000,73~86
    [31]杜应琼,何江华,陈俊坚,等.铅、镉和Cr在叶类蔬菜中的累积及对其生长的影响[J].园艺学报,2003,30(1):51~55
    [32]樊小林,姜军,张一平,等.土壤和蔬菜中重金属含量的研究[J].西北农业大学学报,1993,21(3):103~105
    [33]冯恭衍,张炬,吴建平.宝山区蔬菜重金属污染研究[J].上海农学院学报,1993,11(1):43~50
    [34]何天秀,何成辉,吴得意.蔬菜中硝酸盐含量及其与钾的关系[J].农业环境保护,1993,11(5):209~211
    [35]胡承孝,邓波儿,刘同仇.氮肥水平对蔬菜品质的影响[J].土壤肥料,1996(3):34~36
    [36]胡勤海,叶兆杰,马生良.杭州市蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状及防治对策[J].环境污染与防治,1991,13(4):5~9
    
    
    [37]胡勤海,叶兆杰.马生良.杭州市蔬菜硝酸盐污染现状及防治对策[J].环境污染与防治,1991,13(4):5~9
    [38]华珞,陈世宝,白玲玉有机肥对镉锌污染的改良效应[J].农业环境保护,1998.17(2):57~61
    [39]黄银晓.北京东郊作物土壤系统中厘金属的迁移、分布、积累[J].植物生态学与地植物学报,1986,10(2):131~144
    [40]李波,青长乐,周正宾,等.肥料中氮磷年和有机质对土壤重金属行为的影响及在土壤治污中的应用[J].农业环境保护,2000,19(6):376~379
    [41]李海华,申灿杰,李跃伟,等.郑州市郊区蔬菜对有害元素汞(Hg)的宣集规律研究[J].河南科学,2003,21(3):361~365
    [42]李俊莉,宋华明.土壤理化性质对重金属行为的影响分析[J].环境科学动态,2003(1):25~29
    [43]连玉武,卢昌义,曾文彬.九龙江流域土壤—蔬菜系统中重金属的迁移、分布、积累[J].厦门大学学报(自然科学版),1996,35(6):959~965
    [44]梁称福,陈正法,刘明月.蔬菜重金属污染研究进展[J].湖南农业科学,2002,(4):45~48
    [45]林观捷.影响蔬菜硝酸盐含量累积因素的探讨[J].上海农学院学报,1995,13(1):47~52
    [46]刘德绍,青长乐.大气和土壤对蔬菜汞的贡献[J].应用生态学报.2002,13(3):315~318
    [47]刘杏认,任建强,甄兰.蔬菜硝酸盐累积及其影响因素的研究[J].土壤通报,2003,34(4):357~359
    [48]楼根林,张中俊,伍钢,等.镉在成都壤土和几种蔬菜中积累规律的研究[J].农村生态环境,1990,2:40~44
    [49]吕殿青,杨进荣.灌溉对土壤硝态氮淋吸效应影响的研究[J].植物营养与肥科学报,1999,5(4):307~315)
    [50]罗厚庭,董元彦,李学垣.可变电荷土壤吸附磷酸根后对Cu、Zn、Cd次级吸附的影响[J].华中农业大学学报,1992,11(4):358~363
    [51]苗新玉.降低蔬菜中硝酸盐含量的途径[J].农业系统科学与综合研究,1998,14(11:)69~71
    [52]牟树森,青长乐.环境土壤学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1993,
    [53]秦玉芝,陈建菜,陈军.吉首市常见蔬菜的硝酸盐积累和重金属含量[J].吉首大学学报(自然科版)200l,22(2):42~46
    [54]青长乐,牟树森,蒲富水,等.论土壤重金属毒性临界值[J].农业环境保护,1992,11:(2)51~56
    [55]任安芝,高玉葆,刘爽.Cr、镉、铅胁迫对青菜叶片几种生理生化指标的影响[J],应用与环境生物学报,2000,6(2):112~116
    [56]任祖淦,邱孝坦,蔡元呈,等.化学氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐污染影响的研究[J].中国环境科学,1997,17(4):326~329.
    [57]沈明珠,翟宝杰,东惠茹,等.蔬菜硝酸盐累积的研究[J].园艺学报,1982,9(4):41~48
    [58]滕荫,柳琪,郭栋梁.国内蔬菜硝酸盐污染原因分析及防治对策[J].食品研究与开发,2003,24(6):40~44
    [59]田霄鸿,李生秀.几种蔬菜对硝太氮、铵太氮的相对吸收能力[J].植物营养与肥抖学报,2000,6(2):194~201
    [60]涂书新,孙锦荷,郭智芬.植物根际分泌物与根际营养关系评述[J].土壤与环境,2000,9(1):64~67
    [61]汪洪,锗天铎.植物镁营养诊断及镁肥施用[J].土壤肥料,2000,(4):4~7
    [62]汪雅谷.章国强.蔬菜区土壤镉污染及蔬菜种类选择[J].农业环境保护,1985.(4):7~10
    
    
    [63]王昌权,李廷强.等.有机无机复合肥对农产品产量和品质的影响[J].四川农业大学学报,2001,19(3):241~244
    [64]王朝辉,田霄鸿,魏永胜,等.蔬菜的硝酸盐累积及其营养控制[A].李晓林主编,平衡施肥与可持续优质蔬菜生产[C].北京:中国农业大学出版社,2000,114~128
    [65]王晶.蔬菜中硝酸盐的危害和标准管理[J].中国蔬菜,2003,(2):1~2
    [66]王学锋,朱挂芬.重金属污染研究新进展[J].环境科学与技术,2003,26(1):54~55
    [67]王正银,涂从,徐卫红.环境条件和化学物质对叶类蔬菜硝酸盐的效应研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,1999,21(2):45~48
    [68]吴燕玉,王新等.重金属复合污染物对土壤-植物系统的生态效应—对作物、微生物、苜蓿、树木吸收元素的影响[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(3):545~552
    [69]肖厚军,阎献芳,彭刚.贵阳市主要蔬菜硝酸盐含量状况与氮磷钾养分的关系[J].农业环境保护,2001,20(6):449
    [70]谢建治,刘树庆,刘玉柱.等.保定市郊土壤重金属污染对蔬菜营养品质的影响[J].农业环境保护,2002,21(4):325~327
    [71]徐坤,范国强,徐怀信,等.绿色食品蔬菜生产技术全编[M].中国农业出版社,2002
    [72]许前欣,李玉华,于彩虹.提高农产品品质与减少硝酸盐污染的施肥技术研究[J].中国生态农业学报,2003,11(3):89~91
    [73]许学红,王红慧.肥料对农产品品质的影响综述[J].磷肥与复肥,2003,18(4):658~662
    [74]扬志军,张志国,曹金勇,等.土壤与农作物重金属含量相关性的初步研究[J].怀阴工学院学报,2003.12(3):87~88
    [75]叶勤.几种叶类蔬菜硝酸盐与营养品质的关系[J].西南农业大学学报,2002,24(2):112~114
    [76]衣纯真,付桂平,张福锁,等.施用钾肥(KCl)的土壤对作物吸收累积镉的影响[J].中国农业大学学报,1996,9(5):80~84
    [77]余挂芬,蒋新,孙磊等.有机物质对镉有效性的影响研究综述[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):770~773
    [78]袁新民,同延安,扬学云,等.施用磷肥对土壤NO_3—N的影响[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2000,6(4):397~403
    [79]岳振华,张富强,胡瑞芝,等.菜园土中重金属和氟的迁移积累及蔬菜对重金属的富集作用[J].湖南农学院学报,1992,18(4):929~936
    [80]张福锁,李花粉,衣纯真.有机酸对活化土壤中镉和小麦吸收镉的影响[J].土壤学报,1999,36(2):61~63
    [81]张乃明.施肥对蔬菜中硝酸盐累积量的影响[J].土壤肥料,2001,(2):38~42
    [82]张淑香,衣燕丽,刘孝义.草河口地区土壤中重金属等元素含量的相互关系及其影响[J].土壤学报,1999,36(2):253~260
    [83]郑光华.蔬菜无土栽培与绿色食品生产[J].中国蔬菜,1996,(4):1~3
    [84]周建利,陈同斌.我国城郊菜地土壤和蔬菜重金属污染研究现状与展望[J].湖北农学院学报,2002.22(5):477~481
    
    
    [85]周梅素,郭东龙,谢苏女.硝酸盐在不同蔬菜中的分布及影响因素[J].山西大学学报(自然科学版),2002,25(4):338~340
    [86]周丕东,石孝均,毛知耕.氯化铵中氯的硝化抑制效应的研究[J].植物营养与肥料学报,2001,7(4):397~403
    [87]朱波,青长乐,牟树森.紫色土 Zn、Cd复合污染生态效应研究[J].应用生态学报,1997,8(6):639~641
    [88]庄舜尧,孙秀庭.氮肥对蔬菜硝酸盐积累的影响[J].土壤学进展.1995,23(3):29~35
    [89]左庆华,田国联,郝志君.钾肥在西芹上的施用效果[J].中国蔬菜,2000,3(2):37~38
    [93]鲍士旦.土壤农化分析[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2000,39~149
    [94]李酉开.土壤农业化学常规分析方法[M].北京:科技出版社,1983
    [95]鲁如坤.土壤农业化学分析方法[M].北京:中国农业科技出版社,1999
    [96]余贵芬,蒋新,孙磊等.有机物质对土壤镉有效性的影响的研究进展[J].生态学报,2002,22(5):770~774
    [97]王凯荣,郭焱,何电源,等.重金属污染对稻米品质的影响[J].农业环境保护,1993,12(6):254~257
    [98]王果,谷勋刚,高树芳,等.三种有机肥水溶性分解产物对Cu、Cd吸收的影响[J].土壤学报,1999,36(2):179~188

© 2004-2018 中国地质图书馆版权所有 京ICP备05064691号 京公网安备11010802017129号

地址:北京市海淀区学院路29号 邮编:100083

电话:办公室:(+86 10)66554848;文献借阅、咨询服务、科技查新:66554700