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辽河滩海地区新生代构造演化及其对油气的控制
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摘要
辽河盆地是郯庐断裂系的组成部分,属大陆裂谷盆地。辽河滩海地区是辽河盆地与辽东湾地区构造单元的过渡区带。它与辽河盆地具有相似的石油地质特征及演化史,是辽河油田重要的油气资源接替区。
     本文以大量的实际资料为依据,以构造活动论观点为指导,运用构造分析、层序地层学理论和模拟试验等新概念、新方法和新技术手段,较系统地分析了辽河滩海地区新生代构造几何学、构造运动学和构造演化的地球动力学机制,分析构造演化对油气地质事件及油气分布的控制作用。
     取得了一系列的研究成果:
     辽河滩海地区主要有三种构造样式,即伸展构造样式、走滑构造样式及反转构造样式,其中,以伸展构造样式为主,伸展主干断裂走向以北东走向为主,控制凹陷形成和沉积演化,断裂性质早期为正断层,后期经走滑作用改造,至今仍以正断层形式出现,断裂平面展布具有分段性。应用多种标志识别走滑构造,主要表现为剖面上出现花状构造,主走滑断层平面上呈平直状和分段性,在主位移带内或其毗邻地区出现雁列断层及雁列褶皱,在主干断裂带两侧的褶皱构造可见火山岩体被错开,位移2~4km,在钻井岩心样品中见到明显的走滑构造运动形迹。反转构造以三种形式出现,即上下第三系之间角度不整合的区域性构造反转,逆冲断层,局部构造的反转。
     辽河滩海地区构造活动具有多期次、呈幕式的发育特点,众多不同尺度、不同样式、不同走向的断裂构造相互叠加,形成具有伸展走滑活动的双重性质复合的构造体系。该区分为五类十二个复式构造带,发育有多种圈闭类型,主要有走滑断裂半背斜构造圈闭、披覆半背斜构造圈闭、反转半背斜构造圈闭、反转逆冲构造圈闭、断裂鼻状构造圈闭、断块构造圈闭、古潜山圈闭和地层超覆圈闭等。
     本区断裂活动分为两期四个亚期。不同断裂活动期的差异性,形成了不同构造演化史。新生代构造演化经历了老第三纪裂陷沉降和新第三纪至第四纪后期裂陷热沉降阶段。前人又划分为裂谷拱张期、裂谷深陷期和裂谷再陷期。
     定量分析新生代构造运动学特征认为,西部凹陷的伸展量明显大于东部凹陷的,伸展量主要集中于主干断层之上;而差异升降运动则是东部凹陷的大于西部凹陷的。早第三纪断块体的掀斜旋转运动十分明显。从伸展量、差异升降、滑脱面深度及现代地震资料分析认为,辽河盆地构造运动从西向东运移,即裂谷作用最先在西部凹陷,后移至东部凹陷,现在位于渤海海域。长期发育的主干断层控制着凹陷的沉降和地层的沉积。不同构造部位伸展作用不同,形成多个沉降中心。构造活动具有强-弱-强-弱的特点。掀斜运动控制沉积相带的展布。
     应用地幔包裹体、深部构造背景、新生代火山岩特征、盆地正演模拟、现今地应力场、构造应力场数值模拟和构造物理模拟等手段,对辽河盆地演化的动力学机制
    
    进行较深人的探讨认为,辽河盆地构造形成的动力主要来源于深部软流圈上拱隆
    起,板块相互作用引起的区域引张应力场也是驱动岩石圈或地壳裂陷伸展的重要
    动力源,符合多层剪切伸展模式。研究提出辽河盆地动力学的演化阶段为:晚白圣
    世-古新世热隆阶段、始新世-渐新世裂陷阶段、渐新世末期构造走滑反转阶段和
    晚第三纪-第四纪热冷却沉降阶段。研究探讨了构造应力场与油气运聚的关系,
    并首次限了二维盆地正演模拟和伸展构造与走滑构造作用叠加的物理模拟实
    验,结果与实际资料十分相似。
     主干伸展断层控制烃源岩的展布,单断半地堑式凹陷的烃源岩在主干断层上
    升盘靠近断层,并与断层平行分布,双断地堑式凹陷烃源岩分布于两断层之间的地
    堑内。断层的多期活动控制了多期烃源岩的发育,沙三段是本区的主要烃源岩。
     伸展构造系统的结构和运动学特征是影响盆地沉降和沉积作用的主要因素。
    “幕式”渐进构造演化的期次性导致了沉积演化的旋回性。老第三纪构造演化的两
    次深陷期相应地发育了两大沉积旋回,形成了泛滥平原、扇三角洲、辫状河三角洲。
    三角洲、湖底扇和湖泊等沉积体系。各种有利相带中的砂岩体为油气聚集提供了
    良好的储集空间。同时,构造演化的不同阶段,造就了特定的沉积环境,从而控制
    了特定的生储盖组合的发育。
     构造演化控制油气运移方向和运聚成藏期。其中,古构造形态控制地层的古
    埋深,从而控制古异常地层压力的分布状态,进而控制油气的运移方向和油气的运
    聚成藏期。西部凹陷油气成藏期在东营末期至馆陶期,东部凹陷为东营晚期-末
    期,均与区域构造运动活动期相吻合。
     断裂活动在油气运聚中起着重要的作用,既可起到油气运移的通道作用,又可
    遮挡油气,起到使之聚集成藏的作用。这主要取决于断层的性质、活动期次、活动
    强度、断层两侧岩性配置、排驱压力、与油气运移期的匹配等因素。本文首次在辽
    河油区通过对西部凹陷主要断裂的封堵性进行研究,并结合埋藏史、构造演化史和
    应力场演化史等对成藏关键时期(东营末期)的断层封堵史进行了探讨,并采用模
    糊数学的评判方法实现了对断层封堵性的综合评价。
     盆地构造样式控制油气藏的分布,有利于油气聚集的构造单元有缓坡区?
Liaohe Basin is a part of Tanlu rifting system,and it belongs to continental rift basin. Offshore area in Liaohe is a transition zone from Liaohe Basin to Liaodong Bay area. It has identical geological features and evolution history with Liaohe Basin and it is an important substitute area for hydrocarbon resources in Liaohe Oilfield.
    Based on actual data and structural activity view point,by using structural analysis,and simulation experiments,this paper analyzed structural geomeory,structural activity and earth dynamics of structural evolution of Cenozoic of offshore area in Liaohe,and assessed structural evolution and its control over hydrocarbon geological events and hydrocarbon distribution. The following achievements are obtained:
    There can be concluded three structural patterns in offshore Liaohe. They are extending,sliding and reverse structural pattern. Among them,extending pattern dominates. The extending major fault has a strike of north-east,controlling the forming of depressions and evolution of sedimentation. The nature of the fault is normal in the early stage. Later with the reformation of sliding effect,normal faults are still the main faults,and the plane distribution of the faults occurs sectionally. Sliding structures are recognized appling multiple ways,and they occur in sections in the shape of flowers. The main sliding fault has the characteristics of straightness and sectionality in plane view. In the main displacement belt or its adjacent areas,an echelon faults and an echelon folds appeared. The fold structure or the volcanic bodies on each side of the main faults are displaced 2-4km. Apparent sliding structure activity trace are recognized in the drilling core samples. The reverse structure appears in three styles
    . They are regional structure reverse occurred as angle unconformity between Paleogene and Neogene,thrush fault and local reverse structures. The structural activity of Offshore Liaohe has the characteristics of multi-periods and multi-episodes. Fault structures with different sizes,different styles and different strikes stack each other,forming composite structure system with extending and sliding features. This area is divided into 12 composite structural belts of five types. Multiple trap types are developed,with the main area being sliding fault semi anticline structure trap,drape semi anticline structure trap,reverse semi anticline structure trap,reverse thrust semi anticline structure trap,fault nose structure trap,fault block structure trap,buried hill trap and stratigraphic overlapping trap,etc. The faulting activity of this area is divided into two phases and four sub-phases. The variation of different faulting activity phase result in different structure evolution history. The structure evolution o
    f Cenozoic experienced rifting subsidence of Paleogene and rifting thermal subsidence of Neogere and Quartenary. Literature named them as rifting arching,rifting subsidence and rifting re-depression periods.
    Quantitative analysis of Cenozoic structural activity shows that the extension degree
    
    
    of western depression is far more apparent than that of the eastern depression. The extension is focused on the main fault,however,the differential lifting activity of the eastern depression is more intensive than that of the western depression. The tilting rotation activity of Paleaogene fault block is very obvious. From extension degree,differential lifting,sliding surface depth and modern seismic data analysis,it is concluded that the structural activity of Liaohe Basin moves from west to east,i,e.,the rifting happens in the western depression first,it moves to the eastern depression and now it locates in Bohai area. The long developing major faults controls the subsidence of the depression and the depression of the formation. Different structural location has different extension effects and therefore forming multiple subsidence center. The structural activity has the characteristic of strong-week-strong-week. Tilting activity controls the distribution of depositional f
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