流化床的流动模拟及结渣现象的探讨
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摘要
气固流化床具有良好的混合、传质和传热特性。随着PFBC 锅炉的大型化、商业化、国产化进程的深入,给工程研究带来了一系列新的课题。在日本IHI公司的PFBC 锅炉结渣问题一直困扰已久,由于缺乏有效手段预测和避免结渣的发生,造成了较大的经济损失。本课题即以此为背景,探讨如何在小型冷态流化床实验台上模拟加压热态流化床的流动状况,以及对流化床内的结渣前兆进行探测的方法。
本文首先对目前的流化床模化方法进行研究和比较。考虑到流化床内气泡行为对物料的混合、循环等有着重要的影响,加之本文的重点是研究加压流化床内的物料混合性及对结渣的影响,结合相似准则的适用性,本文的工作便选择以Horio 的Scaling-up 模型为基础进行研究。
其次,根据Horio 的模化模型,设计了一个与已经在日本IHI 公司建成的冷态流化床(称原型床)相似的小型流化床,并提出压力波动信号测试和分析方法。实验发现,应用该方法得到的两个流化床气泡尺寸和气泡上升速度结果符合Horio 模化模型相似关系,也就是说该方法同样对于研究鼓泡流化床中的物料混合现象是有效的。结合Horio 的模化模型与本文提出的方法,可以在冷态小型流化床上对实际商业运行流化床进行流体动力学分析和预测。
之后,利用本文采用的压力测试分析处理方法对流化床流化行为和结渣机理进行研究。
通过流化行为研究,确定了物料的流化区域图以最小流化速度(umf)和最低烧结速度(umfs)介定为四个区域:流化区、非流化区、结渣区以及非结渣区的方法。为实际流化床有效操作运行区域并避免结渣的产生提供借鉴。
实验中分别对物料最低烧结温度和流化床结渣故障诊断手段进行了研究。烧结实验发现,利用高温管式炉压降法能够快速侦测物料内孔隙率的变化,可以方便地确定物料的最低烧结温度。结渣故障诊断实验发现,选用大颗粒物料
Due to the excellent characteristics in such as mixing, heat and mass transfer, the gas-solid fluidized bed (FBC) has been widely used in coal combustion. While engineers are still facing series challenges during the commercializing and scaling up of the pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) boiler. One of them is the serious agglomeration occurring in the PFBC developed by IHI, a Japanese boiler manufacturer. The agglomeration decreases the availability of the boiler. So far there is no effective prediction and detection method to prevent agglomeration except shutting down boiler to clean the slagging bed material. Similar problem happened in other PFBC or FBC boilers in China and aboard as well. The motivation of this dissertation is to investigate and simulate the hydrodynamic behaviors in a PFBC boiler with a bench-scale fluidized bed in laboratory, and to develop an effective method to predict the agglomeration in a FBC boiler.
First, the present work studied and compared the existing scaling theory about the hydrodynamic behaviors of a fluidized bed. Because the bubble behaviors play an important role in gas-solid, solid-solid mixing and solid recirculation, which has the major impact on agglomeration, the Horio’s scaling law that is mainly based on the bubble behavior, was adopted in the study.
Secondary, based on the Horio’s Model, a bench-scale fluidized bed was designed and constructed in the laboratory at Tsinghua University to simulate the existing pilot-scale fluidized bed (called original bed) at IHI. The methodology used for acquisition and analysis of the pressure fluctuation signals in the fluidized bed was proposed and developed. The experimental results showed that the method well predicts the bubble size and the bubble rising velocities in both the bench-scale and pilot-scale fluidized beds at Tsinghua and IHI respectively. The results validated the feasibility and the effectiveness of the experimental approach in mixing phenomena in bubbling fluidized bed. Therefore, the suggested Horio scaling law together with the acquisition and analysis of the pressure fluctuation signals in the fluidized bed are the effective tools to investigate the fluidization behavior in PFBC.
After the validation, the experimental methodology was further applied to study the agglomeration mechanisms in fluidized bed. The experimental results showed that the Temperature VS Umf diagram solid particles can be separated into four zones by Umf and Ts , that are: fluidization zone, defluidization zone, agglomeration zone and non-agglomeration zone. This map provides an effective reference on normal operation and agglomeration avoidance of fluidized bed. The experiments on the measurement of the minimum agglomeration temperature (Ts) and the detection of the agglomeration appearance were also conducted. It is found with the pressure drop measurement in a high-temperature tube furnace can quickly detect the voidage variation inside the bed materials and is convenient to determine the minimum agglomeration temperature. The early agglomeration was successfully detected with the time-frequency analysis of pressure fluctuation signals, characterized by the parameters of the averaged amplitude of local major frequency and the local power weighted averaged frequency. The methodology developed in this dissertation is convenient, effective and prompt to early detection and prevention on the agglomeration in fluidized bed boilers.
本文首先对目前的流化床模化方法进行研究和比较。考虑到流化床内气泡行为对物料的混合、循环等有着重要的影响,加之本文的重点是研究加压流化床内的物料混合性及对结渣的影响,结合相似准则的适用性,本文的工作便选择以Horio 的Scaling-up 模型为基础进行研究。
其次,根据Horio 的模化模型,设计了一个与已经在日本IHI 公司建成的冷态流化床(称原型床)相似的小型流化床,并提出压力波动信号测试和分析方法。实验发现,应用该方法得到的两个流化床气泡尺寸和气泡上升速度结果符合Horio 模化模型相似关系,也就是说该方法同样对于研究鼓泡流化床中的物料混合现象是有效的。结合Horio 的模化模型与本文提出的方法,可以在冷态小型流化床上对实际商业运行流化床进行流体动力学分析和预测。
之后,利用本文采用的压力测试分析处理方法对流化床流化行为和结渣机理进行研究。
通过流化行为研究,确定了物料的流化区域图以最小流化速度(umf)和最低烧结速度(umfs)介定为四个区域:流化区、非流化区、结渣区以及非结渣区的方法。为实际流化床有效操作运行区域并避免结渣的产生提供借鉴。
实验中分别对物料最低烧结温度和流化床结渣故障诊断手段进行了研究。烧结实验发现,利用高温管式炉压降法能够快速侦测物料内孔隙率的变化,可以方便地确定物料的最低烧结温度。结渣故障诊断实验发现,选用大颗粒物料
Due to the excellent characteristics in such as mixing, heat and mass transfer, the gas-solid fluidized bed (FBC) has been widely used in coal combustion. While engineers are still facing series challenges during the commercializing and scaling up of the pressurized fluidized bed combustion (PFBC) boiler. One of them is the serious agglomeration occurring in the PFBC developed by IHI, a Japanese boiler manufacturer. The agglomeration decreases the availability of the boiler. So far there is no effective prediction and detection method to prevent agglomeration except shutting down boiler to clean the slagging bed material. Similar problem happened in other PFBC or FBC boilers in China and aboard as well. The motivation of this dissertation is to investigate and simulate the hydrodynamic behaviors in a PFBC boiler with a bench-scale fluidized bed in laboratory, and to develop an effective method to predict the agglomeration in a FBC boiler.
First, the present work studied and compared the existing scaling theory about the hydrodynamic behaviors of a fluidized bed. Because the bubble behaviors play an important role in gas-solid, solid-solid mixing and solid recirculation, which has the major impact on agglomeration, the Horio’s scaling law that is mainly based on the bubble behavior, was adopted in the study.
Secondary, based on the Horio’s Model, a bench-scale fluidized bed was designed and constructed in the laboratory at Tsinghua University to simulate the existing pilot-scale fluidized bed (called original bed) at IHI. The methodology used for acquisition and analysis of the pressure fluctuation signals in the fluidized bed was proposed and developed. The experimental results showed that the method well predicts the bubble size and the bubble rising velocities in both the bench-scale and pilot-scale fluidized beds at Tsinghua and IHI respectively. The results validated the feasibility and the effectiveness of the experimental approach in mixing phenomena in bubbling fluidized bed. Therefore, the suggested Horio scaling law together with the acquisition and analysis of the pressure fluctuation signals in the fluidized bed are the effective tools to investigate the fluidization behavior in PFBC.
After the validation, the experimental methodology was further applied to study the agglomeration mechanisms in fluidized bed. The experimental results showed that the Temperature VS Umf diagram solid particles can be separated into four zones by Umf and Ts , that are: fluidization zone, defluidization zone, agglomeration zone and non-agglomeration zone. This map provides an effective reference on normal operation and agglomeration avoidance of fluidized bed. The experiments on the measurement of the minimum agglomeration temperature (Ts) and the detection of the agglomeration appearance were also conducted. It is found with the pressure drop measurement in a high-temperature tube furnace can quickly detect the voidage variation inside the bed materials and is convenient to determine the minimum agglomeration temperature. The early agglomeration was successfully detected with the time-frequency analysis of pressure fluctuation signals, characterized by the parameters of the averaged amplitude of local major frequency and the local power weighted averaged frequency. The methodology developed in this dissertation is convenient, effective and prompt to early detection and prevention on the agglomeration in fluidized bed boilers.
引文
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