矸石废弃地生态恢复机制及优化模式研究
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摘要
煤炭是我国最主要的一次性能源,在国民经济发展中具有重要的作用。然而,在煤炭开采、洗选及加工过程中会排出大量煤矸石,堆积形成矸石废弃地。矸石废弃地属于典型的严重受损生态系统,占压大量宝贵的土地资源,造成大气、水体以及土壤质量的下降和污染,引发生态系统的退化,生物多样性的丧失,严重危害煤矿区的生态安全。加强矸石废弃地的生态恢复与重建研究,对改善煤矿区的生态环境,实现矿区生态系统健康与可持续发展,有着重要的实践意义和应用前景。
本研究以位于黑龙江省东北部的我国重要煤炭生产基地,鸡西、鹤岗煤矿矸石废弃地为研究对象,通过实地调查监测、定点观测、田间实验,实验室实验及相关指标测定分析等方法,获得大量翔实的数据,主要致力于以下四个方面的研究:①矸石废弃地自然状态背景值②矸石废弃地生态恢复先锋植物种优选③矸石废弃地基质改良方法④矸石废弃地生态恢复模式优选。主要研究结果是:
(1)黑龙江省东北部矸石废弃地由于受种子库缺失及极端自然条件的限制,其植被的自然恢复无论在恢复速度还是恢复程度上,均显著低于全国其它地区同类型矸石废弃地,生态恢复难度相对更大。
(2)鸡西、鹤岗矿区废弃10-15年的矸石废弃地植被自然恢复状态极差,地表只有少量1、2年生草本生长,植被盖度低于17.5%,生物量仅为26.07g/m~2;植被群落组成简单,仅有4科、4属、8种,以菊科植物为主;基质水分严重缺乏,表层风化物自然含水率仅为4.19%;养分贫瘠,含量不均衡,全N、全P、速效N、速效P等养分严重缺乏,全K、速效K含量丰富;重金属污染为轻度污染,Hg是形成污染的主要重金属元素。缺少正常土壤结构、水分状况严重恶化和养分极端贫瘠是矸石山植被恢复的主要限制因子。
(3)家榆、兴凯赤松、樟子松均可在矸石山正常生长,2年存活率分别达到100%、80.44%和73.35%,是矸石山植被恢复的优选乔木树种;生长2年的紫穗槐存活率高达99.7%,株高65.9cm,冠幅65.5cm,单株生物量33.4g,是矸石山植被恢复的优选灌木先锋植物种;草木樨、五叶地锦在矸石山生长良好,是矸石山植被恢复优选草本植物。胡枝子、紫花苜蓿不适合矸石山造林。
(4)河道清淤土和电厂粉煤灰两种固体废弃物作为添加剂与矸石合理配施进行矸石基质改良,可以有效改良土壤质地,明显增强矸石基质的蓄水、持水能力,降低矸石基质的PH值,改善养分缺乏状况,合理调整矸石基质的养分平衡,有效控制重金属污染,对植物的生长有良好的促进作用。此改良方法易于应用,有利于加速植被恢复速度,降低改良成本,是矸石废弃地基质改良的一条有效途径,也是固体废弃物合理再利用的最佳途径之一。穴状客土改良方法综合改良效果不佳,不适合矸石山。
(5)樟子松+赤松+沙棘模式、沙棘纯林模式和落叶松纯林模式是排矸场生态恢复的优选恢复模式。乔木树种(家榆、兴凯赤松或樟子松)+紫穗槐+草木樨+五叶地锦构成的乔、灌、草、藤恢复模式能够较好地适应矸石山的立地条件,快速覆盖地表,有效防止水土流失,是矸石山植被恢复的优选恢复模式。
(6)由于矸石山表层基质水土流失严重,对其下坡位植被存活造成较大影响,因此,矸石山植被恢复工程应优先在中、上坡位开展,待中、上坡位植被恢复到一定程度,水土流失现象得到初步控制后再开展下坡位的植被恢复工作。
Coal,a non-recyclable energy,plays an important part in the economic development of the nation.However,during the course of mining,washing and processing,great amount of coal gangue is produced and accumulated into coal gangue wasteland.This wasteland is a typical badly-damaged ecosystem,occupying precious soil resources,causing pollution to the atmosphere,water and soil,leading to ecosystem degeneration and biodiversity loss,and ultimately damages the ecological security of the coal-mining area.Therefore,enhancing the ecological restoration and reconstruction in the coal gangue wasteland has great practical significance and future implication prospective in improving the ecological environment and achieving ecosystem health and ecosystem sustainability of the coal-mining area.
This research is conducted in the coal-gangue wastelands in Jixi and Hegang Mine,major coal production bases in Northeast Heilongjiang.Sufficient statistics and data are collected through field investigation and monitoring,fixed point observation,field experiment, laboratory experiment and relative index investigation and analysis.The following are the four major subjects of this research:(1) research on the natural state background value of coal gangue wasting land;(2) research on the plant species choice of ecological restoration in coal gangue wasting land;(3) research on the matrix improvement of coal gangue wasting land;(4) research on the ecological restoration patterns of coal gangue wasting land.Results are as follows.
1.Due to the influence of the loss of seed bank and the limitation of extreme natural condition upon the coal gangue wasting land in northeast Heilongjiang,the rate and degree of natural restoration of vegetation is comparatively much lower than those in other parts of the country.Hence,the task of ecological restoration is of greater difficulties.
2.Natural vegetation restoration condition is rather bad in the 10-15 year coal gangue wasting land in Jixi and Hegang Mine.There is only a few annual and biennial herbs on the surface soil,the vegetation coverage lower than 17.5%,and biomass being 26.07 g/m.The constitution of vegetation community is simple as only having four families,four genera,eight species,with compositae being the major species.Water shortage in the matrix is extreme and moisture content of the surface efflorescene is 4.19%.Nutrient shortage and imbalance are also rather serious-extreme shortage in total N,total P,available N,and available P while sufficient amount of total K and available K.Heavy metal pollution is slight in the area with Hg being the main polluting heavy metal elements.Hence,shortage of normal soil structure, extreme worsening of water condition and extreme shortage of nutrient in the gangue hill areas are the limiting factors.
3.Siberian elm,Japanese red pine,and Mongolian scots pine manage to survive and grow normally in the gangue hill.The two-year survival rate of these specie reaches 100%,80.44% and 73.35%,making them excellent Arbor Species selection for vegetation restoration of gangue hills.The two-year Amorpha Fruticosa L achieves at 99.7%of survival rate,having 65.9cm of plant height,65.5cm of crown width,and 33.4g of biomass for individual plant,thus becomes the initial shrub plant for gangue hill vegetation restoration.Excellent herb plants include sweet clover and Parthenocissus Quinquefolia.Lespedeza Bicolor Turcz and Alfalfa are not suitable for plantation in gangue hill areas.
4.Tailrace dredging soil and coal ash are solid waste elements used as additives.Their proper co-application with gangue in the matrix improvement works effectively in improving soil texture,considerably strengthening water storage capacity and water-holding capacity of the gangue base,lowering PH value of gangue base,and improving the condition of nutrient loss.Besides,the application scientifically adjusts the nutrient balance of gangue base and effectively controls heavy metal pollution,therefore promote the growth of plants.
5.The Scots pine + Red pine- + Sea buckthorn model,pure Sea buckthorn forest model and pure Larch allelopathy forest model are the excellent restoration models chosen for the gangue field.The Arbor,shrub,herb and liana plants restoration model of Siberian elm, Japanese red pine or Mongolian Scots pine + Amorpha fruticosa L + Sweet clover + Parthenocissus quinquefolia can adjust to the site conditions of gangue hills effectively,and rapidly cover the surface soil,efficiently prevent the soil and water loss.This model is the excellent restoration model chosen for the gangue hill.
6.The soil and water loss caused by loosing structure of gangue hill surface soil greatly influences the vegetation growth living at the bottom slope of gangue hill,and leads to a lower survival rate.Therefore,the vegetation restoration of gangue hills had better carry out at the middle and top of slope first.Further vegetation restoration project at the bottom of slope will be more effective when carried out after the initiative restoration of plantation efforts and the primary control of water and soil loss at the middle and top of slopes.
本研究以位于黑龙江省东北部的我国重要煤炭生产基地,鸡西、鹤岗煤矿矸石废弃地为研究对象,通过实地调查监测、定点观测、田间实验,实验室实验及相关指标测定分析等方法,获得大量翔实的数据,主要致力于以下四个方面的研究:①矸石废弃地自然状态背景值②矸石废弃地生态恢复先锋植物种优选③矸石废弃地基质改良方法④矸石废弃地生态恢复模式优选。主要研究结果是:
(1)黑龙江省东北部矸石废弃地由于受种子库缺失及极端自然条件的限制,其植被的自然恢复无论在恢复速度还是恢复程度上,均显著低于全国其它地区同类型矸石废弃地,生态恢复难度相对更大。
(2)鸡西、鹤岗矿区废弃10-15年的矸石废弃地植被自然恢复状态极差,地表只有少量1、2年生草本生长,植被盖度低于17.5%,生物量仅为26.07g/m~2;植被群落组成简单,仅有4科、4属、8种,以菊科植物为主;基质水分严重缺乏,表层风化物自然含水率仅为4.19%;养分贫瘠,含量不均衡,全N、全P、速效N、速效P等养分严重缺乏,全K、速效K含量丰富;重金属污染为轻度污染,Hg是形成污染的主要重金属元素。缺少正常土壤结构、水分状况严重恶化和养分极端贫瘠是矸石山植被恢复的主要限制因子。
(3)家榆、兴凯赤松、樟子松均可在矸石山正常生长,2年存活率分别达到100%、80.44%和73.35%,是矸石山植被恢复的优选乔木树种;生长2年的紫穗槐存活率高达99.7%,株高65.9cm,冠幅65.5cm,单株生物量33.4g,是矸石山植被恢复的优选灌木先锋植物种;草木樨、五叶地锦在矸石山生长良好,是矸石山植被恢复优选草本植物。胡枝子、紫花苜蓿不适合矸石山造林。
(4)河道清淤土和电厂粉煤灰两种固体废弃物作为添加剂与矸石合理配施进行矸石基质改良,可以有效改良土壤质地,明显增强矸石基质的蓄水、持水能力,降低矸石基质的PH值,改善养分缺乏状况,合理调整矸石基质的养分平衡,有效控制重金属污染,对植物的生长有良好的促进作用。此改良方法易于应用,有利于加速植被恢复速度,降低改良成本,是矸石废弃地基质改良的一条有效途径,也是固体废弃物合理再利用的最佳途径之一。穴状客土改良方法综合改良效果不佳,不适合矸石山。
(5)樟子松+赤松+沙棘模式、沙棘纯林模式和落叶松纯林模式是排矸场生态恢复的优选恢复模式。乔木树种(家榆、兴凯赤松或樟子松)+紫穗槐+草木樨+五叶地锦构成的乔、灌、草、藤恢复模式能够较好地适应矸石山的立地条件,快速覆盖地表,有效防止水土流失,是矸石山植被恢复的优选恢复模式。
(6)由于矸石山表层基质水土流失严重,对其下坡位植被存活造成较大影响,因此,矸石山植被恢复工程应优先在中、上坡位开展,待中、上坡位植被恢复到一定程度,水土流失现象得到初步控制后再开展下坡位的植被恢复工作。
Coal,a non-recyclable energy,plays an important part in the economic development of the nation.However,during the course of mining,washing and processing,great amount of coal gangue is produced and accumulated into coal gangue wasteland.This wasteland is a typical badly-damaged ecosystem,occupying precious soil resources,causing pollution to the atmosphere,water and soil,leading to ecosystem degeneration and biodiversity loss,and ultimately damages the ecological security of the coal-mining area.Therefore,enhancing the ecological restoration and reconstruction in the coal gangue wasteland has great practical significance and future implication prospective in improving the ecological environment and achieving ecosystem health and ecosystem sustainability of the coal-mining area.
This research is conducted in the coal-gangue wastelands in Jixi and Hegang Mine,major coal production bases in Northeast Heilongjiang.Sufficient statistics and data are collected through field investigation and monitoring,fixed point observation,field experiment, laboratory experiment and relative index investigation and analysis.The following are the four major subjects of this research:(1) research on the natural state background value of coal gangue wasting land;(2) research on the plant species choice of ecological restoration in coal gangue wasting land;(3) research on the matrix improvement of coal gangue wasting land;(4) research on the ecological restoration patterns of coal gangue wasting land.Results are as follows.
1.Due to the influence of the loss of seed bank and the limitation of extreme natural condition upon the coal gangue wasting land in northeast Heilongjiang,the rate and degree of natural restoration of vegetation is comparatively much lower than those in other parts of the country.Hence,the task of ecological restoration is of greater difficulties.
2.Natural vegetation restoration condition is rather bad in the 10-15 year coal gangue wasting land in Jixi and Hegang Mine.There is only a few annual and biennial herbs on the surface soil,the vegetation coverage lower than 17.5%,and biomass being 26.07 g/m.The constitution of vegetation community is simple as only having four families,four genera,eight species,with compositae being the major species.Water shortage in the matrix is extreme and moisture content of the surface efflorescene is 4.19%.Nutrient shortage and imbalance are also rather serious-extreme shortage in total N,total P,available N,and available P while sufficient amount of total K and available K.Heavy metal pollution is slight in the area with Hg being the main polluting heavy metal elements.Hence,shortage of normal soil structure, extreme worsening of water condition and extreme shortage of nutrient in the gangue hill areas are the limiting factors.
3.Siberian elm,Japanese red pine,and Mongolian scots pine manage to survive and grow normally in the gangue hill.The two-year survival rate of these specie reaches 100%,80.44% and 73.35%,making them excellent Arbor Species selection for vegetation restoration of gangue hills.The two-year Amorpha Fruticosa L achieves at 99.7%of survival rate,having 65.9cm of plant height,65.5cm of crown width,and 33.4g of biomass for individual plant,thus becomes the initial shrub plant for gangue hill vegetation restoration.Excellent herb plants include sweet clover and Parthenocissus Quinquefolia.Lespedeza Bicolor Turcz and Alfalfa are not suitable for plantation in gangue hill areas.
4.Tailrace dredging soil and coal ash are solid waste elements used as additives.Their proper co-application with gangue in the matrix improvement works effectively in improving soil texture,considerably strengthening water storage capacity and water-holding capacity of the gangue base,lowering PH value of gangue base,and improving the condition of nutrient loss.Besides,the application scientifically adjusts the nutrient balance of gangue base and effectively controls heavy metal pollution,therefore promote the growth of plants.
5.The Scots pine + Red pine- + Sea buckthorn model,pure Sea buckthorn forest model and pure Larch allelopathy forest model are the excellent restoration models chosen for the gangue field.The Arbor,shrub,herb and liana plants restoration model of Siberian elm, Japanese red pine or Mongolian Scots pine + Amorpha fruticosa L + Sweet clover + Parthenocissus quinquefolia can adjust to the site conditions of gangue hills effectively,and rapidly cover the surface soil,efficiently prevent the soil and water loss.This model is the excellent restoration model chosen for the gangue hill.
6.The soil and water loss caused by loosing structure of gangue hill surface soil greatly influences the vegetation growth living at the bottom slope of gangue hill,and leads to a lower survival rate.Therefore,the vegetation restoration of gangue hills had better carry out at the middle and top of slope first.Further vegetation restoration project at the bottom of slope will be more effective when carried out after the initiative restoration of plantation efforts and the primary control of water and soil loss at the middle and top of slopes.
引文
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