中高温菌组合浸出黄铜矿及细菌种群结构和演替规律研究
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摘要
我国有大量的以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿资源,其铜金属的回收主要采取中温硫杆菌堆浸的办法,但浸出率都较低,年浸出率最高也不超过30%;同时企业细菌堆浸生产状况不稳定,往往连续生产若干周期后,生产水平逐渐降低,生产指标离设计水平越来越远,经济效益不理想;实验室的细菌浸出也存在效果起伏变化的情况。究其原因,主要存在以下问题:
(1)中温硫杆菌对黄铜矿的生物浸出效果差;
(2)在矿石的细菌堆浸中,矿堆内部发热,局部可高达80℃,最适生长温度为30℃左右的中温硫杆菌属细菌不能成活,堆浸效果受到严重影响;
(3)微生物以群落的形式存在于各种环境中,微生物群落的种群结构组成决定其生态功能,通过改变微生物群落的结构可以让它的功能达到最佳。但目前细菌冶金领域对微生物群落研究常常采用的平板法研究结果不准确。因为培养基对细菌生长有明显的选择性,99%的细菌不能培养。同时平板法还存在培养周期长(5～8d),无法在线精确反应浸矿体系中微生物种群的动态变化过程等问题,使得人们还不清楚浸矿微生物的种群结构和演替规律,细菌浸矿过程犹如“黑箱”反应。
为了解决上述问题,本论文重点从以下几个方面开展研究工作:一是分离对黄铜矿有较强氧化浸出能力的嗜热嗜酸菌;二是进行了将耐高温的嗜热嗜酸菌和中温硫杆菌组合浸出以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿的研究,以解决矿堆内部发热,中温硫杆菌不能存活的问题,从而有效提高黄铜矿的浸出率;三是利用分子生物学的PCR-16SrDNA序列分析技术和PCR-DGGE变性梯度凝胶电泳分析技术结合传统微生物分离方法研究了以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿中温硫杆菌槽浸和柱浸过程细菌种群结构、演替规律及与铜浸出效率之间的关系,优化出了PCR-DGGE分析最佳技术条件,使浸矿过程这个“黑箱”反应变得透明,为优化微生物种群结构、改善浸出效果和实现浸矿过程的人工控制奠定试验基础。
论文的主要研究内容和研究结果如下:
1、嗜热嗜酸菌的分离。在云南省内相关热泉采集了酸性温泉菌种,利用高温和高酸在实验室分离培养筛选纯化出一株严格无机化能自养型嗜热嗜酸菌KY-2菌株,该菌株主要生理生化特性类似于嗜酸热硫化叶菌(Sulfolobus acidocaldarius),最适生长繁殖温度65℃、最适pH 2.0,能氧化S°、黄铜矿和黄铁矿中的Fe~(2+)和S~(2-)。
2、研究嗜热嗜酸菌对以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿的氧化浸出规律。
从云南省某铜矿采集了试验矿样,矿样含铜0.89%,黄铜矿占65.17%。实验室利用摇瓶和槽浸试验分别开展了最佳浸出工艺条件、强化浸出工艺条件和柱浸试验工艺条件研究。试验结果表明:嗜热嗜酸菌对黄铜矿的氧化浸出能力明显强于中温硫杆菌。使用-180目试验矿粉、矿浆浓度10%(W∶V)、搅拌浸出12d,嗜热嗜酸菌对总铜的浸出率达97%,而中温硫杆菌对总铜的浸出率仅为32.43%,嗜热嗜酸菌是中温硫杆菌的3倍。以浸渣中残留黄铜矿计,嗜热嗜酸菌能浸出黄铜矿的97.05%,中温硫杆菌仅能浸出15.43%,前者是后者的6倍。在柱浸试验中,单独采用中温硫杆菌或嗜热嗜酸菌都不能取得好的浸出效果。采用中温硫杆菌柱浸196d对总铜的浸出率仅为22.51%;嗜热嗜酸菌在浸出前期存在“平台期”,196d的总铜浸出率为24.38%;两种细菌结合使用,在中温硫杆菌柱浸近两个月后,再改为嗜热嗜酸菌浸出,浸出率提高明显,196d对总铜的浸出率为32.75%,明显高于单用某一种细菌的总铜浸出率。
3、研究细菌种群结构、菌群演替规律及与铜浸出效率之间的关系。
(1)对中温硫杆菌柱浸浸出液的细菌进行PCR-DGGE分析,DGGE电泳图有6个条带,其中有5个条带对应的菌株与已知菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)的同源性为98%及以上,均鉴定为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌同菌种的不同菌株。06条带对应的菌株与嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的同源性为95%,可鉴定为硫杆菌属细菌。
随后用9K固体培养基从柱浸浸出液随机分离出来3株纯菌株,3株纯菌株与已知菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)的同源性也均为99%,均鉴定为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌,与柱浸浸出液的细菌PCR-DGGE分析结果相互印证,证明以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿生物柱浸过程确以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f为优势菌种。
(2)在细菌柱浸的63d中,菌群发生了演替。菌群演替发生在嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌同菌种内的各菌株之间。
(3)细菌柱浸体系中,不同的矿种选择不同的菌群。柱浸前期易浸的次生硫化铜矿选择了02和05两条带所对应的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,此时铜浸出率曲线上升较快。难浸的黄铜矿则选择了01、02、03、04、06五条带所对应的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,但此时铜浸出率曲线上升较慢。
(4)采用9K培养基从槽浸矿浆中随机分离出14株中温硫杆菌。随机抽取氧化浸出能力有较大差异的YK8、YK12及YK14三纯菌株进行16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,三株细菌与已知菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)的同源性均为99%,三株细菌均鉴定为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌。该研究表明以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿中温硫杆菌槽浸体系也以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f为优势菌群。14株纯菌株对Fe~2~+的氧化率有较大差异,说明同菌种的不同菌株其生物氧化能力有较大不同。
(5)通过直接法和PCR-DGGE法的试验结果从分子水平上表明:将以自然混菌为菌种的槽浸矿浆接种于以硫粉为能源的Starkey液体培养基中诱导培养并转接5代,其优势菌群依然为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f,而非传统认为的嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌A.t,该试验结果与9K培养基从细菌槽浸体系分离细菌鉴定结果互相印证。
(6)柱浸和槽浸研究结果,传统微生物分离试验结果与现代分子生物学技术PCR-DGGE试验结果均相互印证。本研究在分子水平从种群组成角度证明:以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿生物浸出过程嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f为优势菌种,以直接作用机理为主。
(7)在生物槽浸体系中,经以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿长期驯化的自然混菌菌种铜浸出率高于所有源自其菌浸矿浆的纯菌株,自然混菌各菌株之间在浸矿过程中存在协同作用。自然混菌菌种经不同能源富集培养后,其浸矿能力也发生了显著的变化。
(8)嗜热嗜酸菌在氧化浸出过程中Fe~(3+)浓度一直很低(0.3g/L以下),而铜浸出率却较高,试验结果表明,嗜热嗜酸菌对矿石的作用也以直接作用机理为主。
(9)本试验结果支持“钝化”层不是S°层的观点。嗜热嗜酸菌黄铜矿浸渣表面层的主要成分是S°,但此S°层并没有降低嗜热嗜酸菌的氧化浸出作用,从而间接证明了阻碍黄铜矿生物浸出作用的表面“钝化”层不是S°层。
上述研究结果基本解决了以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿中温硫杆菌生物堆浸面临的三大难题,获得了技术上的突破。该研究成果对以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿的有效开发利用,提供了一条有效的途径。
A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae(Sulfolobus acidocaldarius; KY-2 strain)was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province,and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore.The KY-2 grow at temperature ranging from 40 to 80℃,with 65℃being the optimum temperature,and at pH values of 1.5 to 4.0,with an optimum pH value of 2.0.The bioleaching experiments of the chalcopyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns.The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the KY-2 bioleaching rate of copper reached 97%for a 12-day leaching period,while the bioleaching rate was 32.43%for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.f)leaching for the same leaching time.In the case of column leaching,tests of a two-phase leaching(196days),that is,a two-month(56days)A.f leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day KY-2 leaching in the second phase were performed.The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day KY-2 leaching was 195mg/(L.d),while for the control experiments,it was as low as 78mg/(L.d)for the A.f leaching,indicating that the KY-2 possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than A.f.Therefore,it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to for the heap leaching operations,whereas,the KY-2 can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased,and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with A.f beforehand in the first phase.
In order to find out the reaction mechanism of the bacteria with chalcopyrite,the bacterial population composition in a bioleaching system of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite was investigated.By using a 9K culture medium,14 pure strains of mesophiles were isolated from the batch stirred leaching pulp of the ore.It was found that the copper leaching efficiencies for these pure strains were all lower than before isolating,indicating that there exists a synergistic effect between these strains of the domestic bacteria in the batch stirred bioleaching process of the ore.It was also found that by the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA,three of the 14 strains,strain YK8,strain YK12 and strain YK14,which were random-sampled from the 14 strains,were highly relatived to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,with 99%sequence similarity,though were very different in the oxidation power from each other.Therefore these three strains should be all identified as the species of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,exhibiting the diversity of singleness of the bacteria community.The fact that the bacterial population composition of the batch stirred bioleaching system was dominated by the species of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans indicates that the mechanism of the bacterial oxidation in this case is a direct reaction.There were the marked differences of Fe~(2+)oxidation rate of various pure strains at different period of time and notable change about the copper leaching efficiency for various bacteria induced by different culture medium containing different energy sources of the batch stirred bioleaching system.
By the direct approach and PCR-DGGE analysis,these results indicate at molecular level that the batch stirred bioleaching pulp of the ore was inoculated and cultivated and transferred 5 times in Starkey culture medium containing sulfur powder(S°)as energy sources,whose dominant bacteria was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f,rather than Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans A.t that people were used to think of.
By the PCR-DGGE analysis,there were 6 bands in DGGE patterns of PCR amplified 16S rDNA(V3-V6)of bacterial sample of different period of time in column bioleaching process,such as 01 band,02 band,03 band,04 band and 05 band whose corresponding to bacteria all were Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.The dominant bacteria in the column bioleaching process of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
During the column bioleaching process of 63-day,the bacterial population succession took place.For all 6 bands corresponding to bacteria were Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f. The bacterial succession came about among bacterial strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
Using a 9K culture medium,3 pure strains of mesophiles were isolated which were random-sampled from the column bioleaching pulp of the ore.By the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA,it was found that 3 pure strains were highly relatived to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,with 99%sequence similarity and all were identified as the species of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.These results were as same as the PCR-DGGE analysis and indicate that the dominant bacteria in the column bioleaching process of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
During batch stirred bioleaching process using thermoacidophilic archae(KY-2),The Fe~(3+)concentration in solution was very low at all the time,but copper leaching rate was very high.This case indicates that the mechanism of the thermoacidophilic archae oxidation is a direct reaction.
In the early stages of the column bioleaching of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite,the secondary copper sulphide ore which is dissolved easily chose 02 band and 05 band corresponding to bacterial strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f,the primary copper sulphide ore which is dissolved hardly selected 01 band, 02 band,03 band,04 band and 05 band corresponding to the bacterial strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
This study supports that the sulfur(S°)layer doesn't arise the passivation of chalcopyrite during batch stirred bioleaching process using thermoacidophilic archae(KY-2).The superficial layer of bioleaching residue of chalcopyrite consisted mainly of sulfur(S°)and didn't weaken the oxidation efficiency of thermoacidophilic archae for copper leaching rates were very high in whole bioleaching process.
(1)中温硫杆菌对黄铜矿的生物浸出效果差;
(2)在矿石的细菌堆浸中,矿堆内部发热,局部可高达80℃,最适生长温度为30℃左右的中温硫杆菌属细菌不能成活,堆浸效果受到严重影响;
(3)微生物以群落的形式存在于各种环境中,微生物群落的种群结构组成决定其生态功能,通过改变微生物群落的结构可以让它的功能达到最佳。但目前细菌冶金领域对微生物群落研究常常采用的平板法研究结果不准确。因为培养基对细菌生长有明显的选择性,99%的细菌不能培养。同时平板法还存在培养周期长(5～8d),无法在线精确反应浸矿体系中微生物种群的动态变化过程等问题,使得人们还不清楚浸矿微生物的种群结构和演替规律,细菌浸矿过程犹如“黑箱”反应。
为了解决上述问题,本论文重点从以下几个方面开展研究工作:一是分离对黄铜矿有较强氧化浸出能力的嗜热嗜酸菌;二是进行了将耐高温的嗜热嗜酸菌和中温硫杆菌组合浸出以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿的研究,以解决矿堆内部发热,中温硫杆菌不能存活的问题,从而有效提高黄铜矿的浸出率;三是利用分子生物学的PCR-16SrDNA序列分析技术和PCR-DGGE变性梯度凝胶电泳分析技术结合传统微生物分离方法研究了以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿中温硫杆菌槽浸和柱浸过程细菌种群结构、演替规律及与铜浸出效率之间的关系,优化出了PCR-DGGE分析最佳技术条件,使浸矿过程这个“黑箱”反应变得透明,为优化微生物种群结构、改善浸出效果和实现浸矿过程的人工控制奠定试验基础。
论文的主要研究内容和研究结果如下:
1、嗜热嗜酸菌的分离。在云南省内相关热泉采集了酸性温泉菌种,利用高温和高酸在实验室分离培养筛选纯化出一株严格无机化能自养型嗜热嗜酸菌KY-2菌株,该菌株主要生理生化特性类似于嗜酸热硫化叶菌(Sulfolobus acidocaldarius),最适生长繁殖温度65℃、最适pH 2.0,能氧化S°、黄铜矿和黄铁矿中的Fe~(2+)和S~(2-)。
2、研究嗜热嗜酸菌对以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿的氧化浸出规律。
从云南省某铜矿采集了试验矿样,矿样含铜0.89%,黄铜矿占65.17%。实验室利用摇瓶和槽浸试验分别开展了最佳浸出工艺条件、强化浸出工艺条件和柱浸试验工艺条件研究。试验结果表明:嗜热嗜酸菌对黄铜矿的氧化浸出能力明显强于中温硫杆菌。使用-180目试验矿粉、矿浆浓度10%(W∶V)、搅拌浸出12d,嗜热嗜酸菌对总铜的浸出率达97%,而中温硫杆菌对总铜的浸出率仅为32.43%,嗜热嗜酸菌是中温硫杆菌的3倍。以浸渣中残留黄铜矿计,嗜热嗜酸菌能浸出黄铜矿的97.05%,中温硫杆菌仅能浸出15.43%,前者是后者的6倍。在柱浸试验中,单独采用中温硫杆菌或嗜热嗜酸菌都不能取得好的浸出效果。采用中温硫杆菌柱浸196d对总铜的浸出率仅为22.51%;嗜热嗜酸菌在浸出前期存在“平台期”,196d的总铜浸出率为24.38%;两种细菌结合使用,在中温硫杆菌柱浸近两个月后,再改为嗜热嗜酸菌浸出,浸出率提高明显,196d对总铜的浸出率为32.75%,明显高于单用某一种细菌的总铜浸出率。
3、研究细菌种群结构、菌群演替规律及与铜浸出效率之间的关系。
(1)对中温硫杆菌柱浸浸出液的细菌进行PCR-DGGE分析,DGGE电泳图有6个条带,其中有5个条带对应的菌株与已知菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)的同源性为98%及以上,均鉴定为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌同菌种的不同菌株。06条带对应的菌株与嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌的同源性为95%,可鉴定为硫杆菌属细菌。
随后用9K固体培养基从柱浸浸出液随机分离出来3株纯菌株,3株纯菌株与已知菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)的同源性也均为99%,均鉴定为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌,与柱浸浸出液的细菌PCR-DGGE分析结果相互印证,证明以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿生物柱浸过程确以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f为优势菌种。
(2)在细菌柱浸的63d中,菌群发生了演替。菌群演替发生在嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌同菌种内的各菌株之间。
(3)细菌柱浸体系中,不同的矿种选择不同的菌群。柱浸前期易浸的次生硫化铜矿选择了02和05两条带所对应的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,此时铜浸出率曲线上升较快。难浸的黄铜矿则选择了01、02、03、04、06五条带所对应的嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌菌株,但此时铜浸出率曲线上升较慢。
(4)采用9K培养基从槽浸矿浆中随机分离出14株中温硫杆菌。随机抽取氧化浸出能力有较大差异的YK8、YK12及YK14三纯菌株进行16S rDNA序列分析鉴定,三株细菌与已知菌Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans(嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌)的同源性均为99%,三株细菌均鉴定为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌。该研究表明以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿中温硫杆菌槽浸体系也以嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f为优势菌群。14株纯菌株对Fe~2~+的氧化率有较大差异,说明同菌种的不同菌株其生物氧化能力有较大不同。
(5)通过直接法和PCR-DGGE法的试验结果从分子水平上表明:将以自然混菌为菌种的槽浸矿浆接种于以硫粉为能源的Starkey液体培养基中诱导培养并转接5代,其优势菌群依然为嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f,而非传统认为的嗜酸氧化硫硫杆菌A.t,该试验结果与9K培养基从细菌槽浸体系分离细菌鉴定结果互相印证。
(6)柱浸和槽浸研究结果,传统微生物分离试验结果与现代分子生物学技术PCR-DGGE试验结果均相互印证。本研究在分子水平从种群组成角度证明:以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿生物浸出过程嗜酸氧化亚铁硫杆菌A.f为优势菌种,以直接作用机理为主。
(7)在生物槽浸体系中,经以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿长期驯化的自然混菌菌种铜浸出率高于所有源自其菌浸矿浆的纯菌株,自然混菌各菌株之间在浸矿过程中存在协同作用。自然混菌菌种经不同能源富集培养后,其浸矿能力也发生了显著的变化。
(8)嗜热嗜酸菌在氧化浸出过程中Fe~(3+)浓度一直很低(0.3g/L以下),而铜浸出率却较高,试验结果表明,嗜热嗜酸菌对矿石的作用也以直接作用机理为主。
(9)本试验结果支持“钝化”层不是S°层的观点。嗜热嗜酸菌黄铜矿浸渣表面层的主要成分是S°,但此S°层并没有降低嗜热嗜酸菌的氧化浸出作用,从而间接证明了阻碍黄铜矿生物浸出作用的表面“钝化”层不是S°层。
上述研究结果基本解决了以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿中温硫杆菌生物堆浸面临的三大难题,获得了技术上的突破。该研究成果对以黄铜矿为主的低品位硫化铜矿的有效开发利用,提供了一条有效的途径。
A high temperature-tolerating thermoacidophilic archae(Sulfolobus acidocaldarius; KY-2 strain)was isolated from water samples collected from a hot sulfur-containing spring in the Yunnan Province,and was used in bioleaching experiments of a low-grade chalcopyrite ore.The KY-2 grow at temperature ranging from 40 to 80℃,with 65℃being the optimum temperature,and at pH values of 1.5 to 4.0,with an optimum pH value of 2.0.The bioleaching experiments of the chalcopyrite ore were conducted in both laboratory batch bioreactors and leaching columns.The results obtained from the bioreactor experiments showed that the KY-2 bioleaching rate of copper reached 97%for a 12-day leaching period,while the bioleaching rate was 32.43%for Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans (A.f)leaching for the same leaching time.In the case of column leaching,tests of a two-phase leaching(196days),that is,a two-month(56days)A.f leaching in the first phase, followed by a 140-day KY-2 leaching in the second phase were performed.The average leaching rate of copper achieved for the 140-day KY-2 leaching was 195mg/(L.d),while for the control experiments,it was as low as 78mg/(L.d)for the A.f leaching,indicating that the KY-2 possesses a more powerful oxidizing ability to the chalcopyrite than A.f.Therefore,it is suggested that the two-phase leaching process be applied to for the heap leaching operations,whereas,the KY-2 can be used in the second phase when the temperature inside the heap has increased,and the primary copper sulfide minerals have already been partially oxidized with A.f beforehand in the first phase.
In order to find out the reaction mechanism of the bacteria with chalcopyrite,the bacterial population composition in a bioleaching system of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite was investigated.By using a 9K culture medium,14 pure strains of mesophiles were isolated from the batch stirred leaching pulp of the ore.It was found that the copper leaching efficiencies for these pure strains were all lower than before isolating,indicating that there exists a synergistic effect between these strains of the domestic bacteria in the batch stirred bioleaching process of the ore.It was also found that by the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA,three of the 14 strains,strain YK8,strain YK12 and strain YK14,which were random-sampled from the 14 strains,were highly relatived to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,with 99%sequence similarity,though were very different in the oxidation power from each other.Therefore these three strains should be all identified as the species of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,exhibiting the diversity of singleness of the bacteria community.The fact that the bacterial population composition of the batch stirred bioleaching system was dominated by the species of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans indicates that the mechanism of the bacterial oxidation in this case is a direct reaction.There were the marked differences of Fe~(2+)oxidation rate of various pure strains at different period of time and notable change about the copper leaching efficiency for various bacteria induced by different culture medium containing different energy sources of the batch stirred bioleaching system.
By the direct approach and PCR-DGGE analysis,these results indicate at molecular level that the batch stirred bioleaching pulp of the ore was inoculated and cultivated and transferred 5 times in Starkey culture medium containing sulfur powder(S°)as energy sources,whose dominant bacteria was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f,rather than Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans A.t that people were used to think of.
By the PCR-DGGE analysis,there were 6 bands in DGGE patterns of PCR amplified 16S rDNA(V3-V6)of bacterial sample of different period of time in column bioleaching process,such as 01 band,02 band,03 band,04 band and 05 band whose corresponding to bacteria all were Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.The dominant bacteria in the column bioleaching process of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
During the column bioleaching process of 63-day,the bacterial population succession took place.For all 6 bands corresponding to bacteria were Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f. The bacterial succession came about among bacterial strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
Using a 9K culture medium,3 pure strains of mesophiles were isolated which were random-sampled from the column bioleaching pulp of the ore.By the sequence analysis of 16S rDNA,it was found that 3 pure strains were highly relatived to Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans,with 99%sequence similarity and all were identified as the species of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.These results were as same as the PCR-DGGE analysis and indicate that the dominant bacteria in the column bioleaching process of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite was Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
During batch stirred bioleaching process using thermoacidophilic archae(KY-2),The Fe~(3+)concentration in solution was very low at all the time,but copper leaching rate was very high.This case indicates that the mechanism of the thermoacidophilic archae oxidation is a direct reaction.
In the early stages of the column bioleaching of a low grade copper sulphide ore consisting mainly of chalcopyrite,the secondary copper sulphide ore which is dissolved easily chose 02 band and 05 band corresponding to bacterial strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f,the primary copper sulphide ore which is dissolved hardly selected 01 band, 02 band,03 band,04 band and 05 band corresponding to the bacterial strains of Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans A.f.
This study supports that the sulfur(S°)layer doesn't arise the passivation of chalcopyrite during batch stirred bioleaching process using thermoacidophilic archae(KY-2).The superficial layer of bioleaching residue of chalcopyrite consisted mainly of sulfur(S°)and didn't weaken the oxidation efficiency of thermoacidophilic archae for copper leaching rates were very high in whole bioleaching process.
引文
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