基于H.264扩展的可伸缩视频编码的传输技术研究
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摘要
随着通信、网络与多媒体技术的快速发展，各种数字视频的应用十分普及。基于H.264/AVC扩展的可伸缩视频编码（SVC）为各种视频应用提供了适应网络异构性与终端用户多样性的一种有效解决方案。针对SVC的各种传输技术的研究具有很重要的理论与应用价值。本文围绕SVC视频在差错信道上的可靠传输方法、无线局域网的传输设计与视频流系统中的播放技术开展了研究。主要内容如下:
本文首先研究了运用联合信源/信道编码（JSCC）实现SVC视频的可靠传输的问题。针对典型的SVC视频传输系统，建立了JSCC问题的数学模型，计算了重现视频的失真，并分析了现有的典型方案及其问题。本文提出了一种联合二维优化方案对SVC数据与差错保护级别进行最优分配。该方案既在各帧上进行率-失真（R-D）优化，又遵循帧间依赖约束在所有帧上进行最佳排序。为了有效地计算各帧的R-D点，文中提出了一种新型的缩减栅格算法，它采用疏散式栅格结构，实行依层计算与缩减状态队列的简化策略，其计算效率比现有基于维特比的算法提高了约20-50倍。联合二维优化方案基于所有帧的R-D点构建视频传输系统的全局R-D曲线，而后，按给定的目标速率提取该曲线得出R-D意义下的最佳JSCC解。仿真结果表明，本文的方案在渐进与非渐进模式中的峰值信噪比（PSNR）性能均优于现有的典型方案。
其次，本文研究了在802.11e的无线局域网络上改善SVC视频传输的跨层设计。本文提出了一种基于重要性的自适应映射算法，它按照SVC数据包的重要性分配媒质访问控制（MAC)层适当的访问类型（AC）进行传输，同时，根据网络负荷状况自适应调整数据包率、预防AC队列拥塞。为了合理使用AC，文中借鉴现有增强型分布式信道访问（EDCA）特性的通用分析结果，扩展分析了本文的特定应用情况。与原分析不同，本文的结论更简明，它不需要整个网络中各种AC站点总数等全局知识。仿真结果表明，与标准EDCA、现有的静态与自适应随机映射算法相比，本文算法既拥有明显的PSNR性能优势，也具有良好的时延性能。
最后，本文研究了SVC码流上运用自适应媒体播放（AMP）与数据包调度方法应对网络传输特性波动与增强视频播放质量的问题。本文提出了一种预测播放中断与缓冲区溢出风险进行及早调节的自适应媒体播放(AMP)算法。该算法估算网络流量与图像组（GOP）结构中各帧长度用于风险预测，通过K步调节过程实现良好的调节平滑性与速度，并利用SVC码流的可伸缩性最大限度地减少溢出造成的质量损失。仿真结果表明，本文提出的算法在抑制播放中断、处理缓冲区溢出与抖动性能等方面，优于现行的平滑AMP与基本AMP算法。另外，本文提出了一种收/发联合控制的数据包调度方案，该方案根据网络状况实时抽取SVC数据包，并根据接收缓冲区的状况信息对数据包调度进行联合控制。在网络流量大范围的波动下，该技术仍能够有效防止地播出中断，实现准最佳的接收质量。
With the rapid development of communication, network and multimedia technologies,various applications with digital video have become popular. The scalable video coding(SVC) extension of H.264/AVC provides a powerful solution to various applicationsover the heterogeneous networks and diversified end-users. It is very promising intheory and practice to study various techniques for SVC transmission.
This dissertation presents the researches for SVC video on the reliable transmissionmethods in error-prone channels, the transmission design in wireless local networks andthe playout techniques of video streaming. The main contents are as follows:
First，the reliable transmission of SVC video using joint source/channel coding(JSCC) is studied in this dissertation. The mathematical model of the JSCC problem isestablished for a typical SVC video transmission system and the distortion of thereconstructed video is evaluated. A typical existing algorithm and its problem areanalyzed. A joint two-dimensional optimization scheme is proposed to derive theoptimal allocation of the SVC data and the protection levels of the error-control codes.The scheme performs the optimization on each frame in a rate-distortion (R-D) sense, aswell as on all frames under the dependency constraints. To compute the R-D points of aframe efficiently, a novel reduced trellis algorithm is developed which uses a discretetrellis structure, layer-based computation method and simplified status structure, and itscomputational efficiency is improved by about20to50times over the existingViterbi-base algorithm. Based on the R-D points of all frames, an overall R-D curve ofthe video transmission system is constructed by the joint two-dimensional optimizationscheme. According to given target rate the curve is extracted and then the best JSCCsolution is derived in R-D sense. Simulation results show that our scheme outperformsthe typical existing scheme in PSNR performance for both progressive andnon-progressive modes.
Next, the cross-layer design is studied in this dissertation to improve the SVC videotransmission over802.11e-based wireless local networks. A significance-based adaptivemapping algorithm is proposed which based on the SVC packet’s significance allocates a suitable access category (AC) at medium access control (MAC) layer to transmit thedata and adapts the packet rate to the network load to prevent the congestion on ACpredicatively. To use the ACs more appropriately, the existing general analysis of EDCA(Enhanced distributed channel access) characteristics is extended to our specify case.Unlike the original results, our conclusion is more concise and requires no globalknowledge of overall networks on numbers of various AC stations and etc. Simulationresults show that our algorithm has much better PSNR performance and nice delayperformance, in comparison with the conventional EDCA, existing static mapping andadaptive random mapping algorithms.
Finally, adaptive media playout and packet scheduling approaches are studied to copewith the variation of network conditions and enhance the video playout quality in SVCstreaming. A new adaptive media playout (AMP) algorithm is proposed whichpredicates the risk of playout outage and buffer overflow and adjusts the frame rate inadvance. The algorithm estimates the throughput of network and lengths of frames inthe video’s GOP (Group of pictures) structure for risk predication, performs theadjustment in K steps for good smoothness and speed, and minimizes the quality lossdue to overflow by exploiting the scalability of the SVC stream. Simulation resultsshow that our proposed algorithm outperforms the existing smooth and conventionalAMP algorithms in outage suppressing, overflow processing and jitter performance.Besides, a joint transmitter/receiver controlled packet scheduling scheme is proposedwhich extracts the SVC packets based on the network conditions and performs jointcontrol on the packet schedule according to the status of the receiving buffer. Thescheme is able to prevent outage of playout effectively and achieve near optimalreceiving quality under large scale variation of the network throughput.
本文首先研究了运用联合信源/信道编码（JSCC）实现SVC视频的可靠传输的问题。针对典型的SVC视频传输系统，建立了JSCC问题的数学模型，计算了重现视频的失真，并分析了现有的典型方案及其问题。本文提出了一种联合二维优化方案对SVC数据与差错保护级别进行最优分配。该方案既在各帧上进行率-失真（R-D）优化，又遵循帧间依赖约束在所有帧上进行最佳排序。为了有效地计算各帧的R-D点，文中提出了一种新型的缩减栅格算法，它采用疏散式栅格结构，实行依层计算与缩减状态队列的简化策略，其计算效率比现有基于维特比的算法提高了约20-50倍。联合二维优化方案基于所有帧的R-D点构建视频传输系统的全局R-D曲线，而后，按给定的目标速率提取该曲线得出R-D意义下的最佳JSCC解。仿真结果表明，本文的方案在渐进与非渐进模式中的峰值信噪比（PSNR）性能均优于现有的典型方案。
其次，本文研究了在802.11e的无线局域网络上改善SVC视频传输的跨层设计。本文提出了一种基于重要性的自适应映射算法，它按照SVC数据包的重要性分配媒质访问控制（MAC)层适当的访问类型（AC）进行传输，同时，根据网络负荷状况自适应调整数据包率、预防AC队列拥塞。为了合理使用AC，文中借鉴现有增强型分布式信道访问（EDCA）特性的通用分析结果，扩展分析了本文的特定应用情况。与原分析不同，本文的结论更简明，它不需要整个网络中各种AC站点总数等全局知识。仿真结果表明，与标准EDCA、现有的静态与自适应随机映射算法相比，本文算法既拥有明显的PSNR性能优势，也具有良好的时延性能。
最后，本文研究了SVC码流上运用自适应媒体播放（AMP）与数据包调度方法应对网络传输特性波动与增强视频播放质量的问题。本文提出了一种预测播放中断与缓冲区溢出风险进行及早调节的自适应媒体播放(AMP)算法。该算法估算网络流量与图像组（GOP）结构中各帧长度用于风险预测，通过K步调节过程实现良好的调节平滑性与速度，并利用SVC码流的可伸缩性最大限度地减少溢出造成的质量损失。仿真结果表明，本文提出的算法在抑制播放中断、处理缓冲区溢出与抖动性能等方面，优于现行的平滑AMP与基本AMP算法。另外，本文提出了一种收/发联合控制的数据包调度方案，该方案根据网络状况实时抽取SVC数据包，并根据接收缓冲区的状况信息对数据包调度进行联合控制。在网络流量大范围的波动下，该技术仍能够有效防止地播出中断，实现准最佳的接收质量。
With the rapid development of communication, network and multimedia technologies,various applications with digital video have become popular. The scalable video coding(SVC) extension of H.264/AVC provides a powerful solution to various applicationsover the heterogeneous networks and diversified end-users. It is very promising intheory and practice to study various techniques for SVC transmission.
This dissertation presents the researches for SVC video on the reliable transmissionmethods in error-prone channels, the transmission design in wireless local networks andthe playout techniques of video streaming. The main contents are as follows:
First，the reliable transmission of SVC video using joint source/channel coding(JSCC) is studied in this dissertation. The mathematical model of the JSCC problem isestablished for a typical SVC video transmission system and the distortion of thereconstructed video is evaluated. A typical existing algorithm and its problem areanalyzed. A joint two-dimensional optimization scheme is proposed to derive theoptimal allocation of the SVC data and the protection levels of the error-control codes.The scheme performs the optimization on each frame in a rate-distortion (R-D) sense, aswell as on all frames under the dependency constraints. To compute the R-D points of aframe efficiently, a novel reduced trellis algorithm is developed which uses a discretetrellis structure, layer-based computation method and simplified status structure, and itscomputational efficiency is improved by about20to50times over the existingViterbi-base algorithm. Based on the R-D points of all frames, an overall R-D curve ofthe video transmission system is constructed by the joint two-dimensional optimizationscheme. According to given target rate the curve is extracted and then the best JSCCsolution is derived in R-D sense. Simulation results show that our scheme outperformsthe typical existing scheme in PSNR performance for both progressive andnon-progressive modes.
Next, the cross-layer design is studied in this dissertation to improve the SVC videotransmission over802.11e-based wireless local networks. A significance-based adaptivemapping algorithm is proposed which based on the SVC packet’s significance allocates a suitable access category (AC) at medium access control (MAC) layer to transmit thedata and adapts the packet rate to the network load to prevent the congestion on ACpredicatively. To use the ACs more appropriately, the existing general analysis of EDCA(Enhanced distributed channel access) characteristics is extended to our specify case.Unlike the original results, our conclusion is more concise and requires no globalknowledge of overall networks on numbers of various AC stations and etc. Simulationresults show that our algorithm has much better PSNR performance and nice delayperformance, in comparison with the conventional EDCA, existing static mapping andadaptive random mapping algorithms.
Finally, adaptive media playout and packet scheduling approaches are studied to copewith the variation of network conditions and enhance the video playout quality in SVCstreaming. A new adaptive media playout (AMP) algorithm is proposed whichpredicates the risk of playout outage and buffer overflow and adjusts the frame rate inadvance. The algorithm estimates the throughput of network and lengths of frames inthe video’s GOP (Group of pictures) structure for risk predication, performs theadjustment in K steps for good smoothness and speed, and minimizes the quality lossdue to overflow by exploiting the scalability of the SVC stream. Simulation resultsshow that our proposed algorithm outperforms the existing smooth and conventionalAMP algorithms in outage suppressing, overflow processing and jitter performance.Besides, a joint transmitter/receiver controlled packet scheduling scheme is proposedwhich extracts the SVC packets based on the network conditions and performs jointcontrol on the packet schedule according to the status of the receiving buffer. Thescheme is able to prevent outage of playout effectively and achieve near optimalreceiving quality under large scale variation of the network throughput.
引文
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