道路交通系统的公平性评价研究
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摘要
随着我国经济的高速发展,交通问题也日益突出,并成为我国经济可持续发展的瓶颈问题之一。如何缓解道路交通问题也越来越引起人们的重视,其中,出行需求的增长与有限的道路资源之间的矛盾是交通领域中的主要矛盾,怎样获取解决这组矛盾的方法是解决道路交通问题的关键所在。在我国,交通系统问题的解决很大程度上取决于政府出台的政策和措施,而交通公平性和资源的有效配置无疑是政策制定的重要考虑因素。本文首先对道路交通系统进行了相关界定,引导出交通公平性的概念,由浅入深,对交通公平进行了相关划分,对交通系统中的相关因素进行逐次分析,并在此基础上提出了交通公平性评价的方法和相应的评价指标,建立了相应的交通公平评价体系。为体现公平的内涵,本文将交通公平性定义为各个社会成员在占有交通资源以及交通资源所带来的结果分担上所存在的公平关系,人们在进行交通活动的同时,不可避免的涉及到内部成本和外部性因素,其中内部成本基本上是由出行者自行承担的,交通系统的不公平问题主要是由外部性因素造成的。
基于交通公平性的内涵,本文从占用道路交通资源、消耗能源和燃料、空气污染、交通事故、弱势群体问题等五个角度进行了分析,并提出了采用基尼系数和洛伦兹曲线的方法进行量化评价。然后以淄博市为例,以相关真实数据为基础,对淄博市的道路交通情况的公平性进行了实证分析,并分别对使用各种不同交通工具的人均道路面积公平性、单纯各居民人均道路面积的公平性进行了具体的量化计算,用精确的基尼系数和直观的洛伦兹曲线展现了不公平的程度。在评价分析的基础上,提出了帕累托最优的理念进行交通公平性改进,对交通公平性和出行效率的关系进行了辩证分析,并分别从小汽车的发展策略和公交车的发展策略出发,提出了提高公平性、优化出行效率的方法措施,为交通系统的优化提供一定的参考。
With the high-speed economic development of china, the traffic problem have become increasingly prominent, and become one of the bottleneck problem of economic sustainable development; how to solve the traffic problem have cause more attention. Among them, the main contradiction is the one between the travel demand growth and limited road resource, and the key point to solve the traffic problem is how to find ways to eliminate this contradiction. In our country, the salvation of traffic system problem depends largely on government policy and tactics, and the traffic fairness and effective allocation of resources are undoubtedly the main considerations in policy formulation. In this paper, firstly we show the relevant definition in road traffic system to lead to the concept of traffic equity, then we carry on the relevant division traffic equity processed from simple to more complex, we analyze the correlative factors and provide certain reference to optimization of transportation system, in this foundation, we propose the traffic fairness assessment method and the corresponding evaluation index, establish the traffic fair evaluation system. In order to manifest equity, this article will define traffic fairness on the fair relationship existing in occupies traffic resource and the result of traffic resources'sharing for each social member. At the same time, traffic activities inevitable involves internal costs and external factors, among which internal costs shall be basically borne by the bicycler, the unfairness of the traffic system is primarily caused by external factors.
Based on the meaning of traffic fairness, This article gives the analysis from the five sides:occupation of transport resources, energy and fuel consumption, air pollution, traffic accidents and groups of weakness. And makes use of the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve for quantitative evaluation. The article gives a case study for the Zibo city, empirically analyzes the traffic condition fairness according to it's relevant data in Zibo city. Respectively specific quantitative evaluates the fairness of the road area per capita between people using of different vehicles and the pure residents. And shows the level of fairness by using accurate Gini coefficient and intuitive Lorenz curve. Based on the analysis in the evaluation,we present the concept of Pareto optimality to improve the fairness, give a dialectical analysis of the relationship between transport fairness and transport efficiency, respectively from the small cars development strategy and bus development strategy propose to improve equity, efficiency optimization methods and measures.
基于交通公平性的内涵,本文从占用道路交通资源、消耗能源和燃料、空气污染、交通事故、弱势群体问题等五个角度进行了分析,并提出了采用基尼系数和洛伦兹曲线的方法进行量化评价。然后以淄博市为例,以相关真实数据为基础,对淄博市的道路交通情况的公平性进行了实证分析,并分别对使用各种不同交通工具的人均道路面积公平性、单纯各居民人均道路面积的公平性进行了具体的量化计算,用精确的基尼系数和直观的洛伦兹曲线展现了不公平的程度。在评价分析的基础上,提出了帕累托最优的理念进行交通公平性改进,对交通公平性和出行效率的关系进行了辩证分析,并分别从小汽车的发展策略和公交车的发展策略出发,提出了提高公平性、优化出行效率的方法措施,为交通系统的优化提供一定的参考。
With the high-speed economic development of china, the traffic problem have become increasingly prominent, and become one of the bottleneck problem of economic sustainable development; how to solve the traffic problem have cause more attention. Among them, the main contradiction is the one between the travel demand growth and limited road resource, and the key point to solve the traffic problem is how to find ways to eliminate this contradiction. In our country, the salvation of traffic system problem depends largely on government policy and tactics, and the traffic fairness and effective allocation of resources are undoubtedly the main considerations in policy formulation. In this paper, firstly we show the relevant definition in road traffic system to lead to the concept of traffic equity, then we carry on the relevant division traffic equity processed from simple to more complex, we analyze the correlative factors and provide certain reference to optimization of transportation system, in this foundation, we propose the traffic fairness assessment method and the corresponding evaluation index, establish the traffic fair evaluation system. In order to manifest equity, this article will define traffic fairness on the fair relationship existing in occupies traffic resource and the result of traffic resources'sharing for each social member. At the same time, traffic activities inevitable involves internal costs and external factors, among which internal costs shall be basically borne by the bicycler, the unfairness of the traffic system is primarily caused by external factors.
Based on the meaning of traffic fairness, This article gives the analysis from the five sides:occupation of transport resources, energy and fuel consumption, air pollution, traffic accidents and groups of weakness. And makes use of the Gini coefficient and Lorenz curve for quantitative evaluation. The article gives a case study for the Zibo city, empirically analyzes the traffic condition fairness according to it's relevant data in Zibo city. Respectively specific quantitative evaluates the fairness of the road area per capita between people using of different vehicles and the pure residents. And shows the level of fairness by using accurate Gini coefficient and intuitive Lorenz curve. Based on the analysis in the evaluation,we present the concept of Pareto optimality to improve the fairness, give a dialectical analysis of the relationship between transport fairness and transport efficiency, respectively from the small cars development strategy and bus development strategy propose to improve equity, efficiency optimization methods and measures.
引文
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[2]张杏林,陈远通.城市道路资源配置的公平与效率分析[J].城市交通,2007(5)：62-64.
[3]杨文银.试论交通公平[J].综合运输,2006(8/9)：13-16.
[4]石京,杨朗,黄谦.交通公平性的衡量角度与模型描述[J].铁道工程学报,2009(1)：97-101.
[5]郑中元,马云生.城市交通公平性和轨道交通[J].交通科技与经济,2009(1)：47-50.
[6]陈尚和.北京市小汽车可持续发展策略研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2008.
[7]吴茂林,曹凯.基于基尼系数的交通公平性定量评价[J].交通科技与经济,2011(1)：86-89.
[8]高咏玲.城市轨道交通建设时机理论与方法[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008.
[9]单刚.组群特色城市的TOD战略研究——以淄博市为例[D].淄博：山东理工大学,2007.
[10]谢雨蓉.交通运输发展中应着力解决的公平性问题[J].综合运输,2008(4)：13-17.
[11]Transport metabolism, social diversity and equity:The case of Sa-o Paulo, Brazil Eduardo Alca"ntara de Vasconcellos
[12]汪光焘.城市交通与可持续发展[M].北京出版社,2002：2-5.
[13]许丰恺.道路交通社会公平性评价方法研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2008.
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[23]同济大学.城市对外交通[M].中国建筑工业出版社.2000.
[24]Moomaw. W. Energy. industry and nitrogen:strategies for decreasing reactive nitrogen emissions. Ambio.2002,31(2):184-189.
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[27]张玉芬.道路交通环境工程[M].人民交通出版社.2001.
[28]曾珍香,顾培亮,张闽.可持续发展公平性问题研究[J].中国人口资源与环境,1999(4)：5-10.
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[30]詹运洲,城市客运交通政策研究及交通结构优化[M].人民交通出版社,2001.6.
[31](美)阿瑟,奥沙利文,城市经济学[M].中信出版社,2002.5.
[32]高文进,关于效率与公平最优选择的一种分析[J].曲靖师范学院学报,2004(5)：61-63.
[33]Spatial Transeferability of An ordered ResPonse Model of Trip Generation. Kwaku Agyemang Duah. Transportion Research A. Vol.31.
[34]YongZhao, Kare Maria Kockerlman, The Propagation of Uncertainty through Trave 1 Demand Models, The annals of Regional science,2002(36).
[35]蔡君时.世界公共交通[M].同济大学出版社.2001.
[36]王炜,杨新苗,陈学武.城市公共交通系统规划方法与管理技术[M].科学出版社.2002.
[37]北京市地下铁道设计研究所.世界城市轨道交通[M].中国铁道出版社.1998.
[38]王明涛.一种反映群体决策公平性的群体效用函数研究[J].郑州工业大学学报,2000(3)：58-61.
[39]上海交通大学内燃机研究所.中国城市交通可持续发展的多元化战略.城市交通可持续发展的多元化战略国际研讨会[J].2003：235-241.
[40]通部公路科学研究所.典型发达国家私人小汽车出行模式及发展对策,私人小汽车出行模式及对公路发展的影响研究报告之四.2003.1.
[41]李捷萍.大城市交通：问题与对策一论TDM的作用[J].城市交通.2002,(3)：82-85.
[42]李春晖,杨勤业.环境代际公平判别模型及其应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2000(3)：220-226.
[43]徐小林、姚琨.用基尼系数研究居民收入差距的不足和完善[J].江苏统计,2001,(5)：23-24.
[44]杨晓光.城市道路交通设计指南[M].人民交通出版社,2003.
[45]丁向阳.城市基础设施市场化理论与实践[M].经济科学出版社,2005.
[46]戴维·皮尔斯,杰瑞米·沃福德.世界无末日——经济学、环境与可持续发展[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,1996.
[47]王炜,杨新苗,陈学武[M].城市公共交通系统规划方法与管理技术.科学出版社.2002.
[48]Joseph H.O.Solutions to industrial SO2,and NO1,emission control problem Energy Engineering, 1991,88(6):55-67.
[49]陆化普,袁虹,王建伟.北京交通拥挤对策研究[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(6)：9-13.
[50]陆化普.智能运输系统[M].人民交通出版社.2002.
[2]张杏林,陈远通.城市道路资源配置的公平与效率分析[J].城市交通,2007(5)：62-64.
[3]杨文银.试论交通公平[J].综合运输,2006(8/9)：13-16.
[4]石京,杨朗,黄谦.交通公平性的衡量角度与模型描述[J].铁道工程学报,2009(1)：97-101.
[5]郑中元,马云生.城市交通公平性和轨道交通[J].交通科技与经济,2009(1)：47-50.
[6]陈尚和.北京市小汽车可持续发展策略研究[D].北京：北京工业大学,2008.
[7]吴茂林,曹凯.基于基尼系数的交通公平性定量评价[J].交通科技与经济,2011(1)：86-89.
[8]高咏玲.城市轨道交通建设时机理论与方法[D].北京：北京交通大学,2008.
[9]单刚.组群特色城市的TOD战略研究——以淄博市为例[D].淄博：山东理工大学,2007.
[10]谢雨蓉.交通运输发展中应着力解决的公平性问题[J].综合运输,2008(4)：13-17.
[11]Transport metabolism, social diversity and equity:The case of Sa-o Paulo, Brazil Eduardo Alca"ntara de Vasconcellos
[12]汪光焘.城市交通与可持续发展[M].北京出版社,2002：2-5.
[13]许丰恺.道路交通社会公平性评价方法研究[D].武汉：武汉理工大学,2008.
[14]朱敏,邹南昌.改善天津市区自行车交通的思考与建议[J].城市交通.2002,(3)：3-5.
[15]李康,金东星.北京城市交通发展战略[J].城市交通.城市交通网,2004,6-13.
[16]李春晖,李爱贞.环境代际公平及其判别模型研究[J].山东师大学报(自然科学版),2000(1)：62-64.
[17]Fort Washington Way Subcorridor Analysis; Evaluation of Alternatives Report,2003.
[18]Department of Transportation, Transportation Equity Act for the 21st Century,1998.
[19]The Transportation Research Board, Managing Change in TRANSPORTATION,2000.
[20]杨朗,石京,陆化普.道路设施项目投资公平性的评价方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版),2005,45(9)：162-165.
[21]U.S. Department of Transportation,1992 Transportation & Air Quality Planning Guidelines.2002.
[22]吕政义.城市交通公平性评价及对策研究[D].西安：长安大学,2005.
[23]同济大学.城市对外交通[M].中国建筑工业出版社.2000.
[24]Moomaw. W. Energy. industry and nitrogen:strategies for decreasing reactive nitrogen emissions. Ambio.2002,31(2):184-189.
[25]Environmental Analysis Bureau, NYSDOT Environmental Procedures Manual, Chapter 1.1, January,2001.
[26]绍献平.论交通运输的可持续发展[J].武汉理工大学学报(社会科学版),2001(4)：19-22.
[27]张玉芬.道路交通环境工程[M].人民交通出版社.2001.
[28]曾珍香,顾培亮,张闽.可持续发展公平性问题研究[J].中国人口资源与环境,1999(4)：5-10.
[29]乔法容,朱瑞金,经济伦理学[M].人民出版社,2004.1.
[30]詹运洲,城市客运交通政策研究及交通结构优化[M].人民交通出版社,2001.6.
[31](美)阿瑟,奥沙利文,城市经济学[M].中信出版社,2002.5.
[32]高文进,关于效率与公平最优选择的一种分析[J].曲靖师范学院学报,2004(5)：61-63.
[33]Spatial Transeferability of An ordered ResPonse Model of Trip Generation. Kwaku Agyemang Duah. Transportion Research A. Vol.31.
[34]YongZhao, Kare Maria Kockerlman, The Propagation of Uncertainty through Trave 1 Demand Models, The annals of Regional science,2002(36).
[35]蔡君时.世界公共交通[M].同济大学出版社.2001.
[36]王炜,杨新苗,陈学武.城市公共交通系统规划方法与管理技术[M].科学出版社.2002.
[37]北京市地下铁道设计研究所.世界城市轨道交通[M].中国铁道出版社.1998.
[38]王明涛.一种反映群体决策公平性的群体效用函数研究[J].郑州工业大学学报,2000(3)：58-61.
[39]上海交通大学内燃机研究所.中国城市交通可持续发展的多元化战略.城市交通可持续发展的多元化战略国际研讨会[J].2003：235-241.
[40]通部公路科学研究所.典型发达国家私人小汽车出行模式及发展对策,私人小汽车出行模式及对公路发展的影响研究报告之四.2003.1.
[41]李捷萍.大城市交通：问题与对策一论TDM的作用[J].城市交通.2002,(3)：82-85.
[42]李春晖,杨勤业.环境代际公平判别模型及其应用研究[J].地理科学进展,2000(3)：220-226.
[43]徐小林、姚琨.用基尼系数研究居民收入差距的不足和完善[J].江苏统计,2001,(5)：23-24.
[44]杨晓光.城市道路交通设计指南[M].人民交通出版社,2003.
[45]丁向阳.城市基础设施市场化理论与实践[M].经济科学出版社,2005.
[46]戴维·皮尔斯,杰瑞米·沃福德.世界无末日——经济学、环境与可持续发展[M].北京：中国财政经济出版社,1996.
[47]王炜,杨新苗,陈学武[M].城市公共交通系统规划方法与管理技术.科学出版社.2002.
[48]Joseph H.O.Solutions to industrial SO2,and NO1,emission control problem Energy Engineering, 1991,88(6):55-67.
[49]陆化普,袁虹,王建伟.北京交通拥挤对策研究[J].清华大学学报(哲学社会科学版),2006(6)：9-13.
[50]陆化普.智能运输系统[M].人民交通出版社.2002.