川东北地区河坝构造工程地质特征及钻井对策研究
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摘要
河坝构造地质条件复杂,目前勘探开发主要目的层为海相嘉陵江组二段和飞仙关组三段,海相碳酸盐岩储层埋藏深,飞三段目的层垂深可超5000m,地层温度高,异常高压,膏盐岩发育,嘉二气藏含硫化氢;陆相碎屑岩地层倾角大,砂泥岩频繁互层,岩石致密,可钻性差,易井壁失稳;纵向上存在多压力系统,工程地质特征异常复杂,钻井过程中复杂事故频发,易出现漏、塌、涌、卡、堵等异常情况,机械钻速低,钻井周期长,钻完井工程面临严峻挑战,严重影响钻井工程进度,制约了研究区天然气藏勘探开发评价工作。国内外已有的研究表明,井下复杂问题的产生与地应力关系密切。本论文针对河坝构造钻完井过程中的各种复杂情况,以石油地质学、构造地质学、地球物理测井、储层地质学、岩石力学、岩体力学、钻井工程、油气储层改造、油气藏工程学等多学科理论和方法为指导,在深化工区工程地质特征认识基础上,从岩石基本物理特征分析入手,结合岩石力学参数及地应力测定实验,建立实钻地层岩石力学参数、地应力、地层孔隙压力、坍塌压力、破裂压力等工程地质特征参数测井预测模型及相应剖面,开展有针对性的井壁稳定性分析,提出与工程地质复杂情况相对应的钻井对策,为河坝构造钻完井工程工艺方案设计与实施提供科学依据。
通过研究,取得以下认识:(1)河坝构造地层岩石整体表现为岩石致密、强度大、硬度大、可钻性差;(2)河坝构造地层孔隙压力纵向上分带明显,海相碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力整体上为异常高压;(3)陆相碎屑岩地层最小、最大水平主应力梯度分别为2.30-2.70MPa/100m、2.7-3.1MPa/100m;海相碳酸盐岩地层最小、最大水平主应力梯度分别为2.13-2.50MPa/100m、2.65-2.90MPa/100m。最大水平主应力方向为近东西向,但海相碳酸盐岩地层由于受多期构造运动影响,最大水平地应力在70°-110°间偏转;(4)陆相碎屑岩地层坍塌压力梯度、破裂压力梯度相对较高,安全钻井液密度窗口较宽,海相碳酸盐岩地层安全钻井液密度窗口相对较窄,飞仙关组、嘉陵江组应力性坍塌压力梯度在0.3-0.48MPa/100m之间,定向井中向南、北方向钻进的井眼地层坍塌压力最低、破裂压裂最高,井壁最稳定,且在水平井钻井时井壁稳定性好;定向井及直井在钻井液密度为1.59g/cm3的情况下,能够维持河坝构造井壁力学失稳不超过90°;(5)河坝构造井漏的主要原因是地层裂缝较发育,地层孔隙压力低、钻井液由于压差作用向地层漏失;井塌卡钻的主要原因是陆相碎屑岩地层坍塌压力较高,在地层出水或钻井液滤失情况下井壁岩石吸水膨胀加剧了井塌的程度,造成卡钻;(6)通过复杂情况工程地质特征总结,提出了钻井方式、井身结构、钻井液密度等工程工艺优化建议,建议井身结构以一开封浅表水层150m,二开封上沙溪庙组底部重点水层,三开封须家河组、雷口坡组等低压易漏层,四开施工压力较高的嘉陵江组、飞仙关组目的层完钻,达到既均分各开次内地层压力减少井漏复杂,也为二开、三开尽可长的井段实施气体钻井创造条件;并提出了各开次平衡钻进的钻井液密度窗口一开1.15-2.37g/cm~3、二开1.47-2.13g/cm~3、三开1.76-2.12g/cm~3、四开2.08-2.26g/cm~3。
论文研究成果针对性强,与现场实际钻井实践吻合程度较高,预测结果具有较高的可靠性。论文研究成果为加强研究区钻完井工程工艺技术应用研究、确保钻井工程科学、高效、安全施工以及压裂改造等措施提供强有力的技术支撑。论文研究中建立的一套从试验测试、岩石力学参数解释、地应力解释、三大压力解释、井壁稳定性综合分析到相应钻井对策提出的工程地质特征研究方法体系,对国内外同类型气藏研究具有借鉴意义。
The geological conditions of Heba structure are complex, and so far by now the main target formations in the current exploration and exploitastion are the T1j2 and T1f3 with marine facies. Due to the marine facies carbonate reservoir is deep buried, the depth of target strata in T1f3 could reach more than 5000m, the formation temperature and pressure could be high, the gypsum rocks could develop well and hydrogen sulfide could be found in T1j2. As the dip angle of terrestrial clastic rock formation is steep, the rock is tight and the sandstone and mudstone interlayered frequently, the drilling capacity is poor and the wellbore is unstable. The existing of Vertical multi-pressure system and extremely complex of engineering geology features lead the accidents occur easily while drilling such as leaking, collapsing, well kicking, jamming and well plugging. The low drilling rate and long term drilling lead the drilling and completion projects confronting server challenges and would have great influences on the schedule and consequently restrict the evaluation of gas reservoir exploration and exploitation in study area. The previously domestic and international studies show that the origins of complex problems in wells are closely related to the stress. This dissertation is focusing on varies of complex conditions confronted in drilling wells in Heba structures and is starting analysis from the basic rock physical parameter. It is guided by theories and methodologies of petroleum geology, structural geology, geophysical well logging, reservoir geology, rock mechanics, drilling engineering, oil and gas reservoir reconstruction, reservoir engineering and etc., combined with rock mechanics parameters and stress measurement experiments and based on the deliberate understanding of the study area. In the dissertation, the actual drilling mechanics parameters of rock formation, stress, pore pressure, collapse pressure, fracture pressure and other geological parameters logging prediction models and their corresponding profile have been established, the borehole stability analysis has been carried out and the drilling strategy corresponding to complex engineering geology situations has been proposed, and it provides a scientific basis for designs and implementations of drilling and completion programs in Heba structure.
Through the research, the following understandings have been achieved: (1) the overall performance of the rock in Heba is tight, strong, hard, and poor in drilling; (2) pore pressure vertically apparents obvious banding phenomenon in Heba structure and pore pressure in the marine facie carbonate rock is abnormally high; (3) the minimum and maximum horizontal principal stress gradients of the terrestrial clastic rock are 2.30-2.70MPa/100m and 2.7-3.1MPa/100m, the minimum and maximum horizontal principal stress gradients of marine facies carbonate rocks are 2.13-2.50MPa/100m and 2.65-2 .90MPa/100m, and the maximum horizontal principal stress direction is nearly east-west between 70°-110°due to tectonic movements of marine facies carbonate rocks; (4) the collapse pressure gradient and fracture pressure gradient of terrestrial clastic rock is relatively high and the density window of safety drilling fluid in terrestrial clastic rock is relatively wide while in the marine facies rock the density window is comparatively narrow, stress collapse pressure gradient in T1f and T1j is between 0.3-0.48MPa/100m, the collapse pressure is minimum, fracturing is maximum, the well bore is most stable when directional wells drilling towards south and north, the density with 1.59g/cm3 in directional drilling wells and vertical wells could maintain the mechanical instability less than 90°in Heba structure; (5) the leakage occurs in Heba structure is mainly due to the well developed fractures and the drilling fluid would flow to low pore pressure area as pressure differentiation, the main reason for well collapse and pipe stuck is that the continental facies rock in well would absorb water and expand and consequently exacerbated wall collapse and resulting stuck under the condition of formation water or drilling fluid filtration; (6) through summarizing the complexities of engineering geological characteristics, the drilling method, casing, drilling fluid density and other engineering process optimization has been proposed, the suggestion is that the wellbore configuration should be like this: seal shallow water layer with thickness of 150m during spud, seal the water layer at the J2s during second spud, seal the low pressure drain layer in T3x, T2l and other formations during third spud, drilling the high pressure T1j and T1f and finish drilling in target zone, This approach could not only balance pressure in each spud and reduce leakage, but also create opportunities to prolong the gas drilling procedure as long as possible in second and third spud, besides, the density window of safety drilling fluid is also suggested as 1.15-2.37g/cm3 in spud , 1.47-2.13g/cm3 in second spud, 1.76-2.12g/cm3 in third spud, 2.08-2.26g/cm3 in forth spud.
The research findings of this dissertation are strongly targeted and highly tallied with the actual drilling practice, and the forecast results is highly reliability. The research results provide a firmly technical support to strengthen the application of drilling and completion technology, to ensure the scientific, efficient and safe drilling procedures and to implement the measures such as fracturing and alternation in the study area. A systematic research methodology of engineering geology features covering the experimental test, rock mechanics parameters explanation, the stress explanation, the three pressures explanation, comprehensive analysis of wellbore stability and the corresponding drilling strategy has been established and proposed, and it is a good reference for the same type of gas pools home and abroad.
通过研究,取得以下认识:(1)河坝构造地层岩石整体表现为岩石致密、强度大、硬度大、可钻性差;(2)河坝构造地层孔隙压力纵向上分带明显,海相碳酸盐岩地层孔隙压力整体上为异常高压;(3)陆相碎屑岩地层最小、最大水平主应力梯度分别为2.30-2.70MPa/100m、2.7-3.1MPa/100m;海相碳酸盐岩地层最小、最大水平主应力梯度分别为2.13-2.50MPa/100m、2.65-2.90MPa/100m。最大水平主应力方向为近东西向,但海相碳酸盐岩地层由于受多期构造运动影响,最大水平地应力在70°-110°间偏转;(4)陆相碎屑岩地层坍塌压力梯度、破裂压力梯度相对较高,安全钻井液密度窗口较宽,海相碳酸盐岩地层安全钻井液密度窗口相对较窄,飞仙关组、嘉陵江组应力性坍塌压力梯度在0.3-0.48MPa/100m之间,定向井中向南、北方向钻进的井眼地层坍塌压力最低、破裂压裂最高,井壁最稳定,且在水平井钻井时井壁稳定性好;定向井及直井在钻井液密度为1.59g/cm3的情况下,能够维持河坝构造井壁力学失稳不超过90°;(5)河坝构造井漏的主要原因是地层裂缝较发育,地层孔隙压力低、钻井液由于压差作用向地层漏失;井塌卡钻的主要原因是陆相碎屑岩地层坍塌压力较高,在地层出水或钻井液滤失情况下井壁岩石吸水膨胀加剧了井塌的程度,造成卡钻;(6)通过复杂情况工程地质特征总结,提出了钻井方式、井身结构、钻井液密度等工程工艺优化建议,建议井身结构以一开封浅表水层150m,二开封上沙溪庙组底部重点水层,三开封须家河组、雷口坡组等低压易漏层,四开施工压力较高的嘉陵江组、飞仙关组目的层完钻,达到既均分各开次内地层压力减少井漏复杂,也为二开、三开尽可长的井段实施气体钻井创造条件;并提出了各开次平衡钻进的钻井液密度窗口一开1.15-2.37g/cm~3、二开1.47-2.13g/cm~3、三开1.76-2.12g/cm~3、四开2.08-2.26g/cm~3。
论文研究成果针对性强,与现场实际钻井实践吻合程度较高,预测结果具有较高的可靠性。论文研究成果为加强研究区钻完井工程工艺技术应用研究、确保钻井工程科学、高效、安全施工以及压裂改造等措施提供强有力的技术支撑。论文研究中建立的一套从试验测试、岩石力学参数解释、地应力解释、三大压力解释、井壁稳定性综合分析到相应钻井对策提出的工程地质特征研究方法体系,对国内外同类型气藏研究具有借鉴意义。
The geological conditions of Heba structure are complex, and so far by now the main target formations in the current exploration and exploitastion are the T1j2 and T1f3 with marine facies. Due to the marine facies carbonate reservoir is deep buried, the depth of target strata in T1f3 could reach more than 5000m, the formation temperature and pressure could be high, the gypsum rocks could develop well and hydrogen sulfide could be found in T1j2. As the dip angle of terrestrial clastic rock formation is steep, the rock is tight and the sandstone and mudstone interlayered frequently, the drilling capacity is poor and the wellbore is unstable. The existing of Vertical multi-pressure system and extremely complex of engineering geology features lead the accidents occur easily while drilling such as leaking, collapsing, well kicking, jamming and well plugging. The low drilling rate and long term drilling lead the drilling and completion projects confronting server challenges and would have great influences on the schedule and consequently restrict the evaluation of gas reservoir exploration and exploitation in study area. The previously domestic and international studies show that the origins of complex problems in wells are closely related to the stress. This dissertation is focusing on varies of complex conditions confronted in drilling wells in Heba structures and is starting analysis from the basic rock physical parameter. It is guided by theories and methodologies of petroleum geology, structural geology, geophysical well logging, reservoir geology, rock mechanics, drilling engineering, oil and gas reservoir reconstruction, reservoir engineering and etc., combined with rock mechanics parameters and stress measurement experiments and based on the deliberate understanding of the study area. In the dissertation, the actual drilling mechanics parameters of rock formation, stress, pore pressure, collapse pressure, fracture pressure and other geological parameters logging prediction models and their corresponding profile have been established, the borehole stability analysis has been carried out and the drilling strategy corresponding to complex engineering geology situations has been proposed, and it provides a scientific basis for designs and implementations of drilling and completion programs in Heba structure.
Through the research, the following understandings have been achieved: (1) the overall performance of the rock in Heba is tight, strong, hard, and poor in drilling; (2) pore pressure vertically apparents obvious banding phenomenon in Heba structure and pore pressure in the marine facie carbonate rock is abnormally high; (3) the minimum and maximum horizontal principal stress gradients of the terrestrial clastic rock are 2.30-2.70MPa/100m and 2.7-3.1MPa/100m, the minimum and maximum horizontal principal stress gradients of marine facies carbonate rocks are 2.13-2.50MPa/100m and 2.65-2 .90MPa/100m, and the maximum horizontal principal stress direction is nearly east-west between 70°-110°due to tectonic movements of marine facies carbonate rocks; (4) the collapse pressure gradient and fracture pressure gradient of terrestrial clastic rock is relatively high and the density window of safety drilling fluid in terrestrial clastic rock is relatively wide while in the marine facies rock the density window is comparatively narrow, stress collapse pressure gradient in T1f and T1j is between 0.3-0.48MPa/100m, the collapse pressure is minimum, fracturing is maximum, the well bore is most stable when directional wells drilling towards south and north, the density with 1.59g/cm3 in directional drilling wells and vertical wells could maintain the mechanical instability less than 90°in Heba structure; (5) the leakage occurs in Heba structure is mainly due to the well developed fractures and the drilling fluid would flow to low pore pressure area as pressure differentiation, the main reason for well collapse and pipe stuck is that the continental facies rock in well would absorb water and expand and consequently exacerbated wall collapse and resulting stuck under the condition of formation water or drilling fluid filtration; (6) through summarizing the complexities of engineering geological characteristics, the drilling method, casing, drilling fluid density and other engineering process optimization has been proposed, the suggestion is that the wellbore configuration should be like this: seal shallow water layer with thickness of 150m during spud, seal the water layer at the J2s during second spud, seal the low pressure drain layer in T3x, T2l and other formations during third spud, drilling the high pressure T1j and T1f and finish drilling in target zone, This approach could not only balance pressure in each spud and reduce leakage, but also create opportunities to prolong the gas drilling procedure as long as possible in second and third spud, besides, the density window of safety drilling fluid is also suggested as 1.15-2.37g/cm3 in spud , 1.47-2.13g/cm3 in second spud, 1.76-2.12g/cm3 in third spud, 2.08-2.26g/cm3 in forth spud.
The research findings of this dissertation are strongly targeted and highly tallied with the actual drilling practice, and the forecast results is highly reliability. The research results provide a firmly technical support to strengthen the application of drilling and completion technology, to ensure the scientific, efficient and safe drilling procedures and to implement the measures such as fracturing and alternation in the study area. A systematic research methodology of engineering geology features covering the experimental test, rock mechanics parameters explanation, the stress explanation, the three pressures explanation, comprehensive analysis of wellbore stability and the corresponding drilling strategy has been established and proposed, and it is a good reference for the same type of gas pools home and abroad.
引文
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