新型环保小麦种衣剂的研制与应用研究
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摘要
种衣剂是由杀虫剂、杀菌剂、微肥、植物生长调节剂、成膜剂、防冻剂和其他助剂加工制成的包覆在种子表面形成保护层膜的制剂,它对防治地下害虫、苗期病害、提高种子发芽率、促进种芽健康成长、提高作物产量、改善作物品质均具有特定的功效。但传统的种衣剂的主要成分大多是毒性很强的农药原药,这些种衣剂虽然对粮食的增产能起到一定的促进作用,但同时也给人类健康和环境带来严重的危害和污染。本文研究通过引入天然高分子多糖作为种衣剂的主要活性成分,在确保小麦增产的同时,又使种衣剂的毒性和污染等大大下降。通过实验室和大田试验,研究了环保小麦种衣剂对小麦的发芽势、发芽率、抑菌率以及田间产量的影响,确定了环保小麦种衣剂的最佳配方,同时对天然高分子多糖的主要作用机理等进行了分析,研究结果如下:
1、通过对成膜性、粘度、包衣均匀度、种衣牢固率等物理性能的测定,筛选了各助剂的种类及其含量为:羧甲基纤维素钠4.0%、氨基酸4.0%、黄元胶2.0%、TX-101.0%、羧甲基纤维素2.0%、乙二醇2.0%、1.0%NaOH5.0%、紫色浆3.0%。
2、根据我国农药行业标准,结合本环保种衣剂特点,确定了外观、pH值、粘度、成膜性、包衣均匀度、脱落率、低温稳定性等质量控制指标。
3、通过大田试验表明,该产品可有效地防治小麦纹枯病,并能大大促进小麦的分蘖,提高麦穗数,使最终产量比空白提高48%,比传统种衣剂提高40%。
4、总结室内及田间实验结果,分析了天然高分子多糖在抑菌防病以及对农作物增收丰产方面的作用机理。并简要讨论了各种肥料,微量元素对增强作物抵抗力,促进作物生长的具体功能。
5、本论文特点及创新之处在于:其一,用天然无毒的高分子多糖替代了传统种衣剂中的剧毒杀菌成分,从而大大降低了种衣剂对人畜和环境的危害性;其二,在环保种衣剂中添加的其他活性成分,能大大促进小麦的分蘖,使小麦的产量最终得到提高,这是传统种衣剂无法比拟的。
Seed coating agent is made up of pesticides,fungicides,micro-fertilizer,plant growth regulators,film-agent,antifreeze and other additives,which can form a protective layer of membrane on the surface of seed.It can prevent and control soil pests,seedling diseases and improve seed germination rate,and promote the healthy growth of buds,increase crop yields and improve crop quality.However,the major components of traditional seed coating agent are the original drugs partly which are highly toxic pesticides.Although these seed coating agent have played a role on the improvement of food production in some degree,human beings and environment are faced with harms and pollution.In this study,the main active ingredient of seed coating agent is a non-toxic natural polymer carboxymethyl chitosan,which can reduce the toxicity of traditional seed coating agent and maintain the same effect and improve the fertility. Through laboratory and field tests,to validate the germination tendency,the germination rate,the rate of inhibition,as well as field production,at last,we set the best formulations of wheat seed coating agent.At the same time,make analysis of the main mechanism of carboxymethyl chitosan and so on.The results of the study are as follows:
1.Through set outing the physical properties of film-agent,viscosity,coating uniformity, the solid rate of seed coating and so on,make the determination of the type of assist-agent and content:CMC-Na 4.0%,amino acid 4.0%,thickener Huang Yuanjiao 2.0%,TX-10 1.0%, CMC 2.0%,antifreeze ethylene glycol 2.0%,acidity regulator 1.0%NaOH 5.0%,purple pulp 3.0%.
2.According to the standard of the pesticide line of our country,combining with the characteristic of this seed coating agent,all the indexes of quality have been determined such as: appearance,pH value,viscidity,film forming agent,antifreezer,acidity regulator and warming coloration and etc.
3.Making a field experiment of seed coating agent,it had showed that the product could effectively control sheath blight of wheat and advance wheat facilitate the tiller greatly,raise the ear of wheat,it increase by about 48%than the blank production,enhance by about 40%than the tradition ones lastly.
4.Through summing up indoor and field experiments,make out analysis mechanism of natural polymeric amylase in disease prevention and high-yield increasing of crops.And discuss specific functions of a wide range of fertilizers and trace elements in enhancing the resistance of crops and promoting the growth of crops.
5.The innovation and the characteristics of this thesis are:first,because of using the natural non-toxic polymeric amylase which instead of toxic components of sterilization in traditional seed coating agent,thus reduce the dangers of humans and animals and the environment greatly. Second,adding other active ingredients in environmentally seed coating agent,that can contribute the wheat tiller significantly and increase the final production of wheat,which is unmatched by the traditional seed coating agent.
1、通过对成膜性、粘度、包衣均匀度、种衣牢固率等物理性能的测定,筛选了各助剂的种类及其含量为:羧甲基纤维素钠4.0%、氨基酸4.0%、黄元胶2.0%、TX-101.0%、羧甲基纤维素2.0%、乙二醇2.0%、1.0%NaOH5.0%、紫色浆3.0%。
2、根据我国农药行业标准,结合本环保种衣剂特点,确定了外观、pH值、粘度、成膜性、包衣均匀度、脱落率、低温稳定性等质量控制指标。
3、通过大田试验表明,该产品可有效地防治小麦纹枯病,并能大大促进小麦的分蘖,提高麦穗数,使最终产量比空白提高48%,比传统种衣剂提高40%。
4、总结室内及田间实验结果,分析了天然高分子多糖在抑菌防病以及对农作物增收丰产方面的作用机理。并简要讨论了各种肥料,微量元素对增强作物抵抗力,促进作物生长的具体功能。
5、本论文特点及创新之处在于:其一,用天然无毒的高分子多糖替代了传统种衣剂中的剧毒杀菌成分,从而大大降低了种衣剂对人畜和环境的危害性;其二,在环保种衣剂中添加的其他活性成分,能大大促进小麦的分蘖,使小麦的产量最终得到提高,这是传统种衣剂无法比拟的。
Seed coating agent is made up of pesticides,fungicides,micro-fertilizer,plant growth regulators,film-agent,antifreeze and other additives,which can form a protective layer of membrane on the surface of seed.It can prevent and control soil pests,seedling diseases and improve seed germination rate,and promote the healthy growth of buds,increase crop yields and improve crop quality.However,the major components of traditional seed coating agent are the original drugs partly which are highly toxic pesticides.Although these seed coating agent have played a role on the improvement of food production in some degree,human beings and environment are faced with harms and pollution.In this study,the main active ingredient of seed coating agent is a non-toxic natural polymer carboxymethyl chitosan,which can reduce the toxicity of traditional seed coating agent and maintain the same effect and improve the fertility. Through laboratory and field tests,to validate the germination tendency,the germination rate,the rate of inhibition,as well as field production,at last,we set the best formulations of wheat seed coating agent.At the same time,make analysis of the main mechanism of carboxymethyl chitosan and so on.The results of the study are as follows:
1.Through set outing the physical properties of film-agent,viscosity,coating uniformity, the solid rate of seed coating and so on,make the determination of the type of assist-agent and content:CMC-Na 4.0%,amino acid 4.0%,thickener Huang Yuanjiao 2.0%,TX-10 1.0%, CMC 2.0%,antifreeze ethylene glycol 2.0%,acidity regulator 1.0%NaOH 5.0%,purple pulp 3.0%.
2.According to the standard of the pesticide line of our country,combining with the characteristic of this seed coating agent,all the indexes of quality have been determined such as: appearance,pH value,viscidity,film forming agent,antifreezer,acidity regulator and warming coloration and etc.
3.Making a field experiment of seed coating agent,it had showed that the product could effectively control sheath blight of wheat and advance wheat facilitate the tiller greatly,raise the ear of wheat,it increase by about 48%than the blank production,enhance by about 40%than the tradition ones lastly.
4.Through summing up indoor and field experiments,make out analysis mechanism of natural polymeric amylase in disease prevention and high-yield increasing of crops.And discuss specific functions of a wide range of fertilizers and trace elements in enhancing the resistance of crops and promoting the growth of crops.
5.The innovation and the characteristics of this thesis are:first,because of using the natural non-toxic polymeric amylase which instead of toxic components of sterilization in traditional seed coating agent,thus reduce the dangers of humans and animals and the environment greatly. Second,adding other active ingredients in environmentally seed coating agent,that can contribute the wheat tiller significantly and increase the final production of wheat,which is unmatched by the traditional seed coating agent.
引文
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[2]李洪连,宋家永,吕国强等.河南省小麦纹枯病发生规律及综合防治技术研究[J].麦类作物学报,19991,9(5):57-60
[3]董金皋.农业植物病理学[M].北京:中国农业出版社,2001
[4]抓住时机迅速防治小麦纹枯病[J].农化新世纪,2008,4
[5]达忠杰.种衣剂的研发与应用[J].良种咨询,2005,25:30-31
[6]马志强,宁明宇,何艳琴等.我国种子包衣技的发展、推广及应用前景[J].种业报道,2005,4:15-16
[7]李力生,潘世强,张盛文.我国玉米种子加工业的现状及发展对策[J].吉林农业大学学报,2001,23(1):116-120
[8]熊远福,文祝友.农作物种衣剂研究进展[J].湖南农业大学学报,2002,28(2)
[9]佟屏亚,罗振锋,矫树凯.现代玉米生产[M].中国农业科技出版社,1998,78-79
[10]Kochba.M,Gambash.S.Seed Ecology[M].In:Soil Science,1990,149(6):339-343
[11]Goertz..H.M.Technology development in coated fertilize[J].Workshop on controlled/slow release fertilizers,1993:158-164
[12]Raban.S,Shaviv.A.Studies on the ecology and control of perennial weeds[M].In:Seattle,1995,105-106
[13]李金玉,沈其益,刘桂英等.中国种衣剂技术进展与展望[J].农药,1999,(4):1-5
[14]宋文坚,周伟军,胡晋.作物种子包衣技术的研究与应用[M].北京:中国环境科学出版社,1998
[15]王亦南,杨智勇,侯宇斌.我国种子加工行业的科技发展思路与对策[J].农机化研究,1999(1):17-19
[16]赵海滨,祁适鱼,肖志敏等.农作物种衣剂的研制与应用[J].1997,(3):4-6
[17]吴学宏,张文华,刘鹏飞.中国种衣剂的研究应用及其发展趋势[J].植保技术与推广,2003,(10):36-38
[18]农业部农药检定所主编农药登记公告汇编[M].北京:中国农业人学出版社,1998
[19]柴士俊.生物种衣剂简介[M].北京:中国农业出版社,1999
[20]农药.第38卷第3期1999
[21]韩萍,杨双,朱玉芹等.种子包衣及丸粒化技术.玉米科学.2002,10(4):77-80
[22]生物学教学2004年(第29卷)第11期
[23]LIPPS P E.Etiology of rhizoctonia cerealis in sharp eyespot of wheat[J].Phytopathology,1982,72:1574-1577.
[24]王玲,王远宏,袁虹霞等.小麦纹枯病生防放线菌株筛选及其防效初步研究[J].河南科学,2005,23(4):527-530
[25]李洪连,袁虹霞,刁晓葛等.河南小麦主要品种纹枯病抗性评价[J].河南农业大学学报,1998,32(2):108-111
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