利用转换波地震资料实现对岩性与含油气性信息的地质解释
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摘要
岩性油气藏、复杂裂缝、裂隙型油气藏是目前我国油气勘探的主要对象。相对于以往的构造油气藏,这些复杂油气藏难以用常规纵波勘探方法解决。如何突破已有的地球物理勘探理论和方法框架,根据地震勘探所采集到的地球物理信息,提取更加详细的构造、岩性、裂隙及地应力场的信息,转换波地震勘探技术较常规纵波地震勘探具有明显的优势,并且在这方面已取得了一定的成果。
本文在收集整理国内外有关转换波地震勘探研究资料的基础上,分析了与岩性和含油气性相关的地震属性参数及其地质意义,介绍了转换波地震资料有别于常规纵波地震资料中的一些关键处理问题和解释方法,最后利用某油田的两条二维三分量测线进行了实例分析,在处理、解释一体化的优势基础之上,结合时间剖面和深度剖面对三分量剖面进行了层位对比和构造解释;采用精细速度比谱分析方法,得到层间纵、横波速度比,利用纵横波速度比、振幅比等属性剖面对岩性及含油气性进行了分析,并利用实钻资料进行了验证;基于方位各向异性介质条件下地震横波分裂理论,采用比值法进行快、慢横波分离,计算了火成岩段的裂缝方位角度;根据横波分裂后快、慢波时差进行了裂缝密度分析,所取得的成果与研究区应力场具有较好的对应。
通过理论研究与实例证明,纵、横波速度比对含气异常带的预测有一定的指示意义;根据横波分裂现象,利用叠后快、慢横波分离及各向异性参数检测方法,可以定量的预测裂缝隙的发育密度和裂缝主方位角度。
Lithologic reservoirs and fractured reservoirs are becoming more and more importantin petroleum exploration. It is more difficult to find these complex reservoirs than thestructure reservoirs by general P-wave seismic exploration. How to break the traditionaltheories and methods in geological exploration, obtain the more detailed informationabout structure, lithology, fracture and stress field from geological seismic data, themethods of converted wave seismic exploration have the obvious advantage compare withthe general P-wave seismic exploration, and have had some success with it.
Based on reading amounts of papers about converted wave seismic theories andmethods, some seismic attribute parameters related to lithology and oiliness were analyzedin this thesis, and some important problems and methods of seismic data processing andinterpreting on converted wave exploration were introduced. At last, two 2D3C lines inone gas field were be instanced, horizons on three component sections were contrastedand interpreted based on the incorporation of processing and interpreting; by the methodof detailed velocity ratio analyse, the ratios of P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity of thethin horizons were obtained. By the attribute sections of velocity ratio and amplitude ratio,the lithology and oiliness were be analyzed and validated by the actual drilling data; basedon the theory of S-wave splitting in the anisotropy media, the fast S-wave was separatedfrom the slow S-wave by means of the ratio method, and the angle of the fractureorientation in igneous rock was be calculated; based on the time difference of fast S-wavefrom the slow S-wave, the fracture density was be analyzed and the results matches wellwith the regional stress.
By the theory research and actual cases, some conclusions can be drawed in thisthesis: the velocity ratio of P-wave and S-wave can be related to the gas distribution areas;based on the S-wave splitting, the fast S-wave can be separated from the slow S-wave andthe anisotropy parameters can be calculated. Reference these informations, the fracturedensity and orientation can be quantificationally indicated.
本文在收集整理国内外有关转换波地震勘探研究资料的基础上,分析了与岩性和含油气性相关的地震属性参数及其地质意义,介绍了转换波地震资料有别于常规纵波地震资料中的一些关键处理问题和解释方法,最后利用某油田的两条二维三分量测线进行了实例分析,在处理、解释一体化的优势基础之上,结合时间剖面和深度剖面对三分量剖面进行了层位对比和构造解释;采用精细速度比谱分析方法,得到层间纵、横波速度比,利用纵横波速度比、振幅比等属性剖面对岩性及含油气性进行了分析,并利用实钻资料进行了验证;基于方位各向异性介质条件下地震横波分裂理论,采用比值法进行快、慢横波分离,计算了火成岩段的裂缝方位角度;根据横波分裂后快、慢波时差进行了裂缝密度分析,所取得的成果与研究区应力场具有较好的对应。
通过理论研究与实例证明,纵、横波速度比对含气异常带的预测有一定的指示意义;根据横波分裂现象,利用叠后快、慢横波分离及各向异性参数检测方法,可以定量的预测裂缝隙的发育密度和裂缝主方位角度。
Lithologic reservoirs and fractured reservoirs are becoming more and more importantin petroleum exploration. It is more difficult to find these complex reservoirs than thestructure reservoirs by general P-wave seismic exploration. How to break the traditionaltheories and methods in geological exploration, obtain the more detailed informationabout structure, lithology, fracture and stress field from geological seismic data, themethods of converted wave seismic exploration have the obvious advantage compare withthe general P-wave seismic exploration, and have had some success with it.
Based on reading amounts of papers about converted wave seismic theories andmethods, some seismic attribute parameters related to lithology and oiliness were analyzedin this thesis, and some important problems and methods of seismic data processing andinterpreting on converted wave exploration were introduced. At last, two 2D3C lines inone gas field were be instanced, horizons on three component sections were contrastedand interpreted based on the incorporation of processing and interpreting; by the methodof detailed velocity ratio analyse, the ratios of P-wave velocity and S-wave velocity of thethin horizons were obtained. By the attribute sections of velocity ratio and amplitude ratio,the lithology and oiliness were be analyzed and validated by the actual drilling data; basedon the theory of S-wave splitting in the anisotropy media, the fast S-wave was separatedfrom the slow S-wave by means of the ratio method, and the angle of the fractureorientation in igneous rock was be calculated; based on the time difference of fast S-wavefrom the slow S-wave, the fracture density was be analyzed and the results matches wellwith the regional stress.
By the theory research and actual cases, some conclusions can be drawed in thisthesis: the velocity ratio of P-wave and S-wave can be related to the gas distribution areas;based on the S-wave splitting, the fast S-wave can be separated from the slow S-wave andthe anisotropy parameters can be calculated. Reference these informations, the fracturedensity and orientation can be quantificationally indicated.
引文
1. 董敏煜. 多波多分量地震勘探. 北京:石油工业出版社,2002
2. H.H.普济廖夫,等. 横波和转换波法地震勘探. 北京:石油工业出版社,1993
3. 董敏煜. 地震勘探. 北京:石油大学出版社,2000
4. 张中杰. 多分量地震资料的各向异性处理与解释方法. 黑龙江:黑龙江教育出版社,2002
5. 彦正彬,姚姚. 多波及横波地震勘探. 北京:地质出版社,1994
6. 徐怀大,王世凤,陈开远. 地震地层学解释基础. 北京:中国地质大学出版社,1990
7. 李录明,罗省贤. 多波多分量地震勘探原理及数据处理方法. 四川:成都科技大 学出版社,1997
8. 黄中玉. 多分量地震勘探的机遇和挑战. 江苏:石油物探,2001,40(2):131～ 137
9. 易维启等. 多波多分量地震勘探在松辽盆地的初步应用. 河北:石油地球物理勘 探,1998, 33(5):663～670
10. 罗省贤,李录明. 基于横波分裂的地层裂缝预测方法与应用. 四川:成都理工大 学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(1):52～59
11. 胡中平,等. 联合应用高分辨率和转换波地震资料进行储层预测. 河北:石油地 球物理勘探,1998,33(增刊 2):70～77
12. 李彦鹏,马在田. 快慢波分离及其在裂隙检测中的应用. 河北:石油地球物理勘 探,2000, 35(4):428～432
13. 王赟,高远,接铭训. 煤系地层裂缝裂隙发育带的预测. 北京:煤炭学报,2003, 28(6):566～568
14. 严寿民,陈静. P-SV 转换波的一种处理方法-叠前抽道集法. 北京:地球物理 学进展,1995,10(4):57～65
15. 张勇刚,王赟,王妙月. 目前多分量地震勘探中的几个关键问题. 北京:地球物 理学报,2004,47(1):151～155
16. 丁伟,等. 转换波技术在泥岩裂缝研究中的应用. 河北:石油地球物理勘探, 2002, 37(6):626～634
17. 地震转换波勘探新技术研究——十三年(1981-1993)研究主要成果总结,地矿 部石油物探研究所,1994 年 1 月
18. 宁书年,吴志勤,等. 叠前 Kirchhoff 积分偏移法纵横波振幅比剖面的提取与应 用. 北京:中国矿业大学学报,2004,33(5):495～498
19. 徐怀大,王世凤,陈开远. 地震地层学解释基础. 北京:中国地质大学出版社, 1990
20. 中国新星石油公司石油物探研究所. 三维三分量地震勘探方法在松南天然气勘 探中的应用研究,1998-3
21. 黄凯,等. 利用叠前克希霍夫积分偏移提取纵横波进行油气检测. 江苏:石油物 探,1997,36(2):1～6
22. Petrol Sound Geoservices Limited. 多分量地震勘探应用软件技术报告. 卡 尔加里,加拿大,2002-10
23. Harrison, M., Processing of P-SV surface seismic data: Anisotropy analysis, dip moveout, and migration. 1992. PhD. Dissertation of Calgary University.
24. Robert R.Stewart, James E.Gaiser, R.James Brown, and Don C.Lawton, Tutorial Converted-wave seismic exploration:Methods, GEOPHYSICS VOL 67, NO.5(SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2002. 1348～1363
25. Robert R.Stewart, James E.Gaiser, R.James Brown, and Don C.Lawton, Tutorial Converted-wave seismic exploration:Applications, GEOPHYSICS VOL 68, NO.1(JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2003. 40～57
2. H.H.普济廖夫,等. 横波和转换波法地震勘探. 北京:石油工业出版社,1993
3. 董敏煜. 地震勘探. 北京:石油大学出版社,2000
4. 张中杰. 多分量地震资料的各向异性处理与解释方法. 黑龙江:黑龙江教育出版社,2002
5. 彦正彬,姚姚. 多波及横波地震勘探. 北京:地质出版社,1994
6. 徐怀大,王世凤,陈开远. 地震地层学解释基础. 北京:中国地质大学出版社,1990
7. 李录明,罗省贤. 多波多分量地震勘探原理及数据处理方法. 四川:成都科技大 学出版社,1997
8. 黄中玉. 多分量地震勘探的机遇和挑战. 江苏:石油物探,2001,40(2):131～ 137
9. 易维启等. 多波多分量地震勘探在松辽盆地的初步应用. 河北:石油地球物理勘 探,1998, 33(5):663～670
10. 罗省贤,李录明. 基于横波分裂的地层裂缝预测方法与应用. 四川:成都理工大 学学报(自然科学版),2003,30(1):52～59
11. 胡中平,等. 联合应用高分辨率和转换波地震资料进行储层预测. 河北:石油地 球物理勘探,1998,33(增刊 2):70～77
12. 李彦鹏,马在田. 快慢波分离及其在裂隙检测中的应用. 河北:石油地球物理勘 探,2000, 35(4):428～432
13. 王赟,高远,接铭训. 煤系地层裂缝裂隙发育带的预测. 北京:煤炭学报,2003, 28(6):566～568
14. 严寿民,陈静. P-SV 转换波的一种处理方法-叠前抽道集法. 北京:地球物理 学进展,1995,10(4):57～65
15. 张勇刚,王赟,王妙月. 目前多分量地震勘探中的几个关键问题. 北京:地球物 理学报,2004,47(1):151～155
16. 丁伟,等. 转换波技术在泥岩裂缝研究中的应用. 河北:石油地球物理勘探, 2002, 37(6):626～634
17. 地震转换波勘探新技术研究——十三年(1981-1993)研究主要成果总结,地矿 部石油物探研究所,1994 年 1 月
18. 宁书年,吴志勤,等. 叠前 Kirchhoff 积分偏移法纵横波振幅比剖面的提取与应 用. 北京:中国矿业大学学报,2004,33(5):495～498
19. 徐怀大,王世凤,陈开远. 地震地层学解释基础. 北京:中国地质大学出版社, 1990
20. 中国新星石油公司石油物探研究所. 三维三分量地震勘探方法在松南天然气勘 探中的应用研究,1998-3
21. 黄凯,等. 利用叠前克希霍夫积分偏移提取纵横波进行油气检测. 江苏:石油物 探,1997,36(2):1～6
22. Petrol Sound Geoservices Limited. 多分量地震勘探应用软件技术报告. 卡 尔加里,加拿大,2002-10
23. Harrison, M., Processing of P-SV surface seismic data: Anisotropy analysis, dip moveout, and migration. 1992. PhD. Dissertation of Calgary University.
24. Robert R.Stewart, James E.Gaiser, R.James Brown, and Don C.Lawton, Tutorial Converted-wave seismic exploration:Methods, GEOPHYSICS VOL 67, NO.5(SEPTEMBER-OCTOBER 2002. 1348～1363
25. Robert R.Stewart, James E.Gaiser, R.James Brown, and Don C.Lawton, Tutorial Converted-wave seismic exploration:Applications, GEOPHYSICS VOL 68, NO.1(JANUARY-FEBRUARY 2003. 40～57