市场潜力在经济发展若干问题中的影响
|
摘要
市场经济制度下,市场因素在经济发展中处于核心的地位。而自从我国开始改革开放之后,我国经济发展中的市场作用就来自于国内市场和国际市场两个方面。本文根据新经济地理学的相关理论,采用Harris提出的市场潜力概念,研究了国内外市场因素在我国经济发展中的影响。而在具体问题的分析中,我主要研究了市场潜力在外商直接投资的区位选择、城市创新产出和城市工资水平三个方面中影响作用。
在对外商直接投资区位选择的研究中,本文运用1996-2008年全国276个地级及以上城市的面板数据和中国39个贸易伙伴经济数据,通过估计固定效应模型来考察中国城市面对的市场潜力对在华FDI的区位选择的影响。为了估计各种市场潜力对FDI流量的不同影响,我们将市场潜力分为国内和国外市场潜力,并且将国内市场潜力分为省内和省外市场潜力。我们发现一个城市面对的国内市场潜力和国外市场潜力都对该城市吸收FDI具有显著的促进作用,而前者对FDI流量的影响更大。一个城市面对的国内市场潜力每增加1%会使该城市的FDI流量也增加1%左右,而国外市场潜力增加1%大约会使得该城市FDI流量增加0.35%-0.40%,因此国内市场潜力对于中国引进FDI的影响更为重要。另外,一个城市面对的来自本省的市场潜力将正向影响该城市吸收外资,.但来自外省的市场潜力却对该城市的FDI流入无显著影响,这反映了中国国内市场存在分割。城市的FDI流入量相对该城市面临的来自本省内的市场潜力的弹性大约为0.7,省外市场潜力对FDI的影响则不显著,估计系数甚至为负。
在对城市创新产出的研究中,本文采用了1996-2008年间中国278个城市面板数据、中国39个贸易伙伴经济数据和对应城市各个年份专利申请数据,同时采用固定效用估计模型来分析市场潜力对创新的影响。国外市场带来的先进技术本来应该带来正向的技术溢出,促进创新的形成。但实证结果却并非这样简单,通过加入交叉项的回归,我们认为国外市场的先进技术对本地创新存在促进和替代两种效应,只有当城市的工业基础达到一定程度后,先进技术对本地创新的促进效应能显现出来,从而国外市场潜力才能发挥正的影响。具体来说,国内市场潜力每增加1%会使得城市专利申请数增加0.45%左右。但国外市场潜力对创新的影响则只有当第二产业产值占比达到大约68%以上时,国外市场潜力对城市专利申请数的影响才为正。
在关于市场潜力对工资水平的影响研究中,本文同样采用1996-2008年间中国276个地级及以上城市和39个主要国际贸易伙伴的面板数据,研究一个城市面临的各类市场潜力对其工资水平的影响。考虑到全球化可能会影响工资水平,我们将一个城市面临的市场潜力分为国内市场潜力和国际市场潜力。同时将国内市场潜力划分为省内和省外市场潜力,分析地方保护主义对工资的影响。我们通过估计固定效应估计模型发现对中国城市工资水平正向影响最大的是该城市面临的国内市场潜力,一个城市面对的国内市场潜力平均每增加1%会导致该城市人均工资增加0.13%左右。而该城市面对的国外市场潜力每增加1%则会导致人均工资水平增加0.04%左右。而在国内市场潜力的影响中起主要作用的是所在省的市场潜力,而省外的市场潜力对工资的影响不明显,省内市场潜力每增加1%会使城市人均工资水平增加0.11%左右,但省外市场潜力的系数却不显著,这反映了地方保护主义的存在,商品市场和劳动力市场尚待进一步整合。我们还发现一个城市面对的国外市场潜力对其工资水平起到了显著的促进作用,证实全球化对中国工资的提高有积极作用。
本文研究中的创新和发展之处主要是重点考虑了经济发展中市场因素的影响,并且在应用市场潜力的过程中,在前人的基础上进行了一定的扩展和细化,具体来说有以下几点。
(1)我们把一般在国界范围内讨论的市场潜力扩展到与本国有较密切经济联系的国际市场中,这是前人研究中比较缺乏的,但又是对我国经济发展进行分析时所必需的。国外市场也是我国经济发展中的重要推动力量,而国外市场所发挥的作用又可能和国内市场略有区别,把它纳入到研究框架中来可以完善对市场潜力影响的认识。(2)在国内市场潜力方面,我们根据中国的具体情况把国内市场潜力进一步细分为省内市场潜力和省外市场潜力。我国地域辽阔,国情复杂,考虑了省内外市场的差异也有助于我们更好地分析国内市场的内部结构。(3)实证分析了市场因素对创新产出的影响,为相关理论提供了一些实证证据。(4)我们在所有的实证分析中都采用了城市级数据。通过增加样本量和样本差异性,可以使得我们的分析结果相比采用省级数据的研究更加稳健。
这些扩展和细化都得到了一些与前人的研究相比更具体或更贴近现实的结论,增进了我们对市场潜力在经济发展中所发挥的具体作用的认识。
Market plays the core role in the economic development. After the reform and open policy in China, the effect of market in economic development comes from both domestic part and international part. According to the new geography theory, this paper uses the concept of market potential to study the effect of domestic and international market on the economic development in China. In the specific analysis, I study the effect of market potential on FDI location choice, innovation output and wage level.
About the study of FDI location choice, this paper uses the panel data of Chinese276cities from1996to2008to estimate the effect of market potential on FDI location choice in China. In order to differentiate the impacts of market potential in various markets, we decompose market potential into domestic and international market potential, and the domestic market potential is divided into intra-provincial and inter-provincial parts. Our fixed effect estimation models find that both domestic and international market potential faced by a Chinese city have significantly positive effects on the city's FDI inflow and the impact of domestic market potential on FDI inflow exceeds that of international market potential. In addition, we also find the positive impact of domestic market potential on FDI comes from intra-provincial market potential while inter-provincial market potential has no significant impact on FDI inflow, which implies market segmentation in China.
About the study of innovation output, this paper uses the panel data of Chinese276cities from1996to2008and the related patent data to analyze the effect of market potential on innovation by fixed effect model. The advanced technology should have positive technology spillover. However, the empirical result is not so simple. Through interact term, we argue that the effect of advanced technology on home innovation includes promotion and substitution. Until the industry foundation achieve to certain level, the advanced technology shows the promotion effect on home innovation. Then the effect of international market potential will be positive. Specifically, the effect of international market potential on city patent will be positive when the ratio of the second industry arrives to about68%.
About the study of wage level, using the panel datasets of the Chinese276prefectural-level cities and39major trade partners from1996to2008, this paper examines the effects of various market potentials on wages. Considering the role of globalization in improvement of the Chinese wages, we separately estimate the impacts of domestic and international market potential on wages. In addition, we decompose domestic market potential into intra-province and inter-province market potential to analyze the wage impact of local protectionism. Our fixed-effect model estimates show that domestic market potential has the largest positive effect on cities' average wages, especially the intra-province part. However, the wage effect of inter-province market potential is not significant, which implies the presence of local protectionism. We also find the international market potential has a significant and positive effect on wage level, implying globalization plays an important role in the Chinese wage increase.
The main contribution of this paper is considering the effect of market potential in economic development. Specifically, they are as follows.
Firstly, we develop the domestic market potential to the international part. It is necessary for the analysis of economic development. Secondly, we divide the domestic market potential into intra-province part and inter-province part to analyze the inner structure of domestic market. Thirdly, we provide some empirical evidences for innovation theory. Fourthly, we use the city level data to increase the volume and difference of the sample.
All the work provides more specific result, and they also improve our understanding on the effect of market potential in economic development.
在对外商直接投资区位选择的研究中,本文运用1996-2008年全国276个地级及以上城市的面板数据和中国39个贸易伙伴经济数据,通过估计固定效应模型来考察中国城市面对的市场潜力对在华FDI的区位选择的影响。为了估计各种市场潜力对FDI流量的不同影响,我们将市场潜力分为国内和国外市场潜力,并且将国内市场潜力分为省内和省外市场潜力。我们发现一个城市面对的国内市场潜力和国外市场潜力都对该城市吸收FDI具有显著的促进作用,而前者对FDI流量的影响更大。一个城市面对的国内市场潜力每增加1%会使该城市的FDI流量也增加1%左右,而国外市场潜力增加1%大约会使得该城市FDI流量增加0.35%-0.40%,因此国内市场潜力对于中国引进FDI的影响更为重要。另外,一个城市面对的来自本省的市场潜力将正向影响该城市吸收外资,.但来自外省的市场潜力却对该城市的FDI流入无显著影响,这反映了中国国内市场存在分割。城市的FDI流入量相对该城市面临的来自本省内的市场潜力的弹性大约为0.7,省外市场潜力对FDI的影响则不显著,估计系数甚至为负。
在对城市创新产出的研究中,本文采用了1996-2008年间中国278个城市面板数据、中国39个贸易伙伴经济数据和对应城市各个年份专利申请数据,同时采用固定效用估计模型来分析市场潜力对创新的影响。国外市场带来的先进技术本来应该带来正向的技术溢出,促进创新的形成。但实证结果却并非这样简单,通过加入交叉项的回归,我们认为国外市场的先进技术对本地创新存在促进和替代两种效应,只有当城市的工业基础达到一定程度后,先进技术对本地创新的促进效应能显现出来,从而国外市场潜力才能发挥正的影响。具体来说,国内市场潜力每增加1%会使得城市专利申请数增加0.45%左右。但国外市场潜力对创新的影响则只有当第二产业产值占比达到大约68%以上时,国外市场潜力对城市专利申请数的影响才为正。
在关于市场潜力对工资水平的影响研究中,本文同样采用1996-2008年间中国276个地级及以上城市和39个主要国际贸易伙伴的面板数据,研究一个城市面临的各类市场潜力对其工资水平的影响。考虑到全球化可能会影响工资水平,我们将一个城市面临的市场潜力分为国内市场潜力和国际市场潜力。同时将国内市场潜力划分为省内和省外市场潜力,分析地方保护主义对工资的影响。我们通过估计固定效应估计模型发现对中国城市工资水平正向影响最大的是该城市面临的国内市场潜力,一个城市面对的国内市场潜力平均每增加1%会导致该城市人均工资增加0.13%左右。而该城市面对的国外市场潜力每增加1%则会导致人均工资水平增加0.04%左右。而在国内市场潜力的影响中起主要作用的是所在省的市场潜力,而省外的市场潜力对工资的影响不明显,省内市场潜力每增加1%会使城市人均工资水平增加0.11%左右,但省外市场潜力的系数却不显著,这反映了地方保护主义的存在,商品市场和劳动力市场尚待进一步整合。我们还发现一个城市面对的国外市场潜力对其工资水平起到了显著的促进作用,证实全球化对中国工资的提高有积极作用。
本文研究中的创新和发展之处主要是重点考虑了经济发展中市场因素的影响,并且在应用市场潜力的过程中,在前人的基础上进行了一定的扩展和细化,具体来说有以下几点。
(1)我们把一般在国界范围内讨论的市场潜力扩展到与本国有较密切经济联系的国际市场中,这是前人研究中比较缺乏的,但又是对我国经济发展进行分析时所必需的。国外市场也是我国经济发展中的重要推动力量,而国外市场所发挥的作用又可能和国内市场略有区别,把它纳入到研究框架中来可以完善对市场潜力影响的认识。(2)在国内市场潜力方面,我们根据中国的具体情况把国内市场潜力进一步细分为省内市场潜力和省外市场潜力。我国地域辽阔,国情复杂,考虑了省内外市场的差异也有助于我们更好地分析国内市场的内部结构。(3)实证分析了市场因素对创新产出的影响,为相关理论提供了一些实证证据。(4)我们在所有的实证分析中都采用了城市级数据。通过增加样本量和样本差异性,可以使得我们的分析结果相比采用省级数据的研究更加稳健。
这些扩展和细化都得到了一些与前人的研究相比更具体或更贴近现实的结论,增进了我们对市场潜力在经济发展中所发挥的具体作用的认识。
Market plays the core role in the economic development. After the reform and open policy in China, the effect of market in economic development comes from both domestic part and international part. According to the new geography theory, this paper uses the concept of market potential to study the effect of domestic and international market on the economic development in China. In the specific analysis, I study the effect of market potential on FDI location choice, innovation output and wage level.
About the study of FDI location choice, this paper uses the panel data of Chinese276cities from1996to2008to estimate the effect of market potential on FDI location choice in China. In order to differentiate the impacts of market potential in various markets, we decompose market potential into domestic and international market potential, and the domestic market potential is divided into intra-provincial and inter-provincial parts. Our fixed effect estimation models find that both domestic and international market potential faced by a Chinese city have significantly positive effects on the city's FDI inflow and the impact of domestic market potential on FDI inflow exceeds that of international market potential. In addition, we also find the positive impact of domestic market potential on FDI comes from intra-provincial market potential while inter-provincial market potential has no significant impact on FDI inflow, which implies market segmentation in China.
About the study of innovation output, this paper uses the panel data of Chinese276cities from1996to2008and the related patent data to analyze the effect of market potential on innovation by fixed effect model. The advanced technology should have positive technology spillover. However, the empirical result is not so simple. Through interact term, we argue that the effect of advanced technology on home innovation includes promotion and substitution. Until the industry foundation achieve to certain level, the advanced technology shows the promotion effect on home innovation. Then the effect of international market potential will be positive. Specifically, the effect of international market potential on city patent will be positive when the ratio of the second industry arrives to about68%.
About the study of wage level, using the panel datasets of the Chinese276prefectural-level cities and39major trade partners from1996to2008, this paper examines the effects of various market potentials on wages. Considering the role of globalization in improvement of the Chinese wages, we separately estimate the impacts of domestic and international market potential on wages. In addition, we decompose domestic market potential into intra-province and inter-province market potential to analyze the wage impact of local protectionism. Our fixed-effect model estimates show that domestic market potential has the largest positive effect on cities' average wages, especially the intra-province part. However, the wage effect of inter-province market potential is not significant, which implies the presence of local protectionism. We also find the international market potential has a significant and positive effect on wage level, implying globalization plays an important role in the Chinese wage increase.
The main contribution of this paper is considering the effect of market potential in economic development. Specifically, they are as follows.
Firstly, we develop the domestic market potential to the international part. It is necessary for the analysis of economic development. Secondly, we divide the domestic market potential into intra-province part and inter-province part to analyze the inner structure of domestic market. Thirdly, we provide some empirical evidences for innovation theory. Fourthly, we use the city level data to increase the volume and difference of the sample.
All the work provides more specific result, and they also improve our understanding on the effect of market potential in economic development.
引文
① 数据计算自《中国统计年鉴》。
① 数据计算自《中国统计年鉴》。
① 由于城市级数据中没有实际利用FDI的金额,而实际利用FDI额约占实际利用外资额的89%(Ouyang和Fu,2012),我们用实际利用外资额来代替实际利用FDI额。
② 由于缺乏各个城市之间,各城市和贸易伙伴国之间的进出口数据,我们无法参照Redding和Venables(2004)对市场潜力进行衡量。
① 参考(Head和Maver,2004),假设城市为圆形城市,圆心为企业所在地,消费者平均分布于圆盘上。
② 我们也尝试了1.3、1.4、1.6和1.7等数值,基本结果不变,为节约篇幅文中仅列出取1.5时的结果。
③ 不选用中国的每个贸易伙伴的原因是一些小的贸易伙伴的数据不全,而最大39个贸易伙伴的数据在样本期间齐全。
④ 数据来自《中国统计年鉴》。
① 非关税贸易壁垒的量化非常困难,因而我们仅采用关税来模拟贸易壁垒。
① 我们采用的地级城市数据已经排除了行政区划变动较大的城市,以保持城市的边界不变。
② 计算数据来自样本期间的《中国统计年鉴》。
③ www.wits.worldbank.org。
④ 折算实际值最理想的方法是采用各个城市的CPI,但是城市级的数据不提供该指数。因此,我们采用各城市所在省份的CPI替代。
① 中国航运网,www.dc.cnhangyun.com.
② 好运物流网,www.haoyun56.com。
① 由于缺乏各个城市之间,各城市和贸易伙伴国之间的进出口数据,我们无法参照Redding和Venables(2004)对市场潜力进行衡量。
② 参考(Head和Mayer,2004),假设城市为圆形城市,圆心为企业所在地,消费者平均分布于圆盘上。
① 我们也尝试了1.3、1. 4、1.6和1.7等数值,基本结果不变,为节约篇幅文中仅列出取1.5时的结果。
② 不选用中国的每个贸易伙伴的原因是一些小的贸易伙伴的数据不全,而最大39个贸易伙伴的数据在样本期间齐全。
③ 数据来自《中国统计年鉴》。
④ 非关税贸易壁垒的量化非常困难,因而我们仅采用关税来模拟贸易壁垒。
① 我们采用的地级数据中已经排除了行政区划变动较大的城市,以保持城市的边界不变。根据Ouyang和Fu(2012)的介绍,地级市一般管辖有区和县。部分地级市的管辖边界在一些年份存在变动。这种管辖范围的变动主要有三种形式：1)同一地级市内各区管辖范围的改变；2)同一地级市中的县合并成 区；3)几个相近的县或县级市市合并成一个地级城市。而第三种变动会改变一个地级城市的边界,从而给比较城市的经济指标在各年份的变化带来困难。因此我们去除了有第三种变动的城市的样本。
① 计算数据来自样本期间的《中国城市统计年鉴》。
② 见www.wits.worldbank.org。
③ 折算实际值最理想的方法是采用各个城市的CPI,但是城市级的数据不提供该指数。因此我们采用各城市所在省份的CPI替代。
① 中国航运网,www.dc.cnhangyun.com。
② 好运物流网,www.haoyun56.com。
① 参考(Head和Mayer,2004),假设城市为圆形城市,圆心为企业所在地,消费者平均分布于圆盘上。
② 我们也尝试了1.3、1 4、1.6和1.7等数值,估计结果在稳健性检验部分报告。
③ 不选用中国的所有贸易伙伴的原因是一些小的贸易伙伴的数据不全,而最大39个贸易伙伴的数据在样本期间齐全。
④ 数据来自《中国统计年鉴》。
① 非关税贸易壁垒的量化非常困难,因而我们仅采用关税来模拟贸易壁垒。
① 我们采用的地级数据中已经排除了行政区划变动较大的城市,以保持城市的边界不变。根据Ouyang和Fu(2012)的介绍,地级市一般管辖有区和县。部分地级市的管辖边界在一些年份存在变动。这种管辖范围的变动主要有三种形式：1)同一地级市内各区管辖范围的改变；2)同一地级市中的县合并成区；3)几个相近的县或县级市市合并成一个地级城市。而第三种变动会改变一个地级城市的边界,从而给比较城市的经济指标在各年份的变化带来困难。因此我们去除了有第三种变动的城市的样本。
② 计算数据来自样本期间的《中国城市统计年鉴》。
③ 见www.wits.worldbank.org。
④ 折算实际值最理想的方法是采用各个城市的CPI,但是城市级的数据不提供该指数。因此我们采用各城市所在省份的CPI替代。
① 中国航运网,http://www.cnhangyun.com/。
② 好运物流网,http://www.haoyun56.com/。
[1]包群、邵敏,2010：《出口贸易与我国的工资增长：一个经验分析》,《管理世界》,第9期。
[2]陈博,2012：《市场潜力与地区工资差异：来自中国地级面板数据的实证分析》,《中国软科学》,第7期。
[3]陈广汉、蓝宝江,2007：《研发支出、竞争程度与我国区域创新能力研究》,《经济学家》,第3期。
[4]陈继勇、黄蔚,2009：《外商直接投资区位选择行为及影响因素研究》,《世界经济研究》,第6期。
[5]崔新健、吉生保,2009：《跨国公司在华研发投资的区位决定因素》,《经济地理》,第1期。
[6]范剑勇、张雁,2009：《经济地理与地区间工资差异》,《经济研究》,第8期。
[7]冯海华、张为付,2010：《基于空间经济学视角下FDI区位投资的实证研究》,《西南民族大学学报》,总第221期。
[8]何兴强、王利霞,2008：《中国FDI区位分布的空间效应研究》,《经济研究》,第11期。
[9]何雄浪、汪锐,2012：《市场潜力、就业密度与我国地区工资水平》,《中南财经政法大学学报》,第3期。
[10]贺灿飞、刘洋,2006：《产业地理集聚与外商直接投资产业分布》,《地理学报》,第61卷,第12期。
[11]蒋伟、赖明勇,2009：《空间相关与外商直接投资区位决定——基于中国城市数据的空间计量分析》,《财贸研究》,第6期。
[12]金相郁、朴英姬,2006：《中国外商直接投资的区位决定因素分析：城 市数据》,《南开经济研究》,第2期。
[13]李斌、胡昆鹏,2011：《市场准入、对外开放与工资空间差异》,《东北大学学报(社会科学版)》,第3期。
[14]李国璋、戚磊,2011：《市场潜力、经济集聚与地区间工资差异》,《财经科学》,第5期。
[15]李雪辉、许罗丹,2002：《FDI对外资集中地区工资水平影响的实证研究》,《南开经济研究》,第2期。
[16]刘作丽、贺灿飞,2009：《在华外商直接投资区位研究述评》,《地理科学进展》,第28卷,第6期。
[17]陆铭、陈钊,2009：《分割市场的经济增长》,《经济研究》,第3期。
[18]聂辉华、谭松涛、王宇峰,2008：《创新、企业规模和市场竞争：基于中国企业层面的面板数据分析》,《世界经济》,第7期。
[19]潘士远,2007：《贸易自由化、有偏的学习效应与发展中国家的工资差异》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[20]王红领、李稻葵、冯俊新,2006：《FDI与自主研发：基于行业数据的经验研究》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[21]王宏,2012：《集聚效应与农业外商直接投资的区位选择——基于1999-2009年中国省际面板数据分析》,《国际贸易问题》,第3期。
[22]王子君,2004：《外商直接投资与国家自主创新》,《财经科学》,第6期。
[23]魏后凯、贺灿飞、王新,2001：《外商在华直接投资动机与区位因素分析——对秦皇岛市外商直接投资的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[24]魏守华、吴桂生、吕新雷,2010：《区域创新能力的影响因素》,《中国软科学》,第9期。
[25]吴延兵,2006：《中国工业产业创新水平及影响因素》,《产业经济评论》,第5卷,第2辑。
[26]吴延兵,2007：《企业规模、市场力量与创新：一个文献综述》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[27]邢斐、张建华,2009：《外商技术转移对我国自主研发的影响》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[28]严成楔、周铭山、龚六堂,2010：《知识生产、创新与研发投资回报》,《经济学(季刊)》,第9卷,第3期。
[29]杨海生、聂海峰、徐现祥,2010：《我国FDI区位选择中的“第三方效应”》,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第4期。
[30]杨泽文、杨全发,2004：《FDI对中国实际工资水平的影响》,《世界经济》,第12期。
[31]张诚、赵奇伟,2008：《中国服务业外商直接投资的区位选择因素分析》,《财经研究》,第34卷,第12期,
[32]张建红、Elhors、Witteloostuijn,2006:《中国地区工资水平差异的影响因素分析》,《经济研究》,第10期。
[33]张卫国、任燕燕、花小安,201：《地方政府投资行为地区性行政垄断与经济增长》,《经济研究》,第8期。
[34]张宗和、彭昌奇,2009：《区域技术创新能力影响因素的实证分析》,《中国工业经济》,第11期。
[35]赵莹,2003：《中国的对外开放和收入差距》,《世界经济文汇》,第4期。
[36]赵永亮、才国伟,2009：《市场潜力的边界效应与内外部市场一体化》,《经济研究》,第7期。
[37]赵永亮、刘德学,2009：《市场(潜力)获得与边界效应——区际一体化程度的实证》,《世界经济文汇》,第2期。
[1]Abowd John M., Kramarz Francis, Margolis David N.,1999:High Wage Workers and High Wage Firms. Econometrica, Vol.67, No.2.
[2]Acemoglu Daron, Joshua Linn,2004:Market Size in Innovation:Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.119, No.3.
[3]Aghion Philippe, Howitt Peter,1992:A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, Vol.60, No.2.
[4]Amiti Mary, Javorcik Beata Smarzynska,2008:Trade costs and location of foreign firms in China. Journal of Development Economics,85,129-149.
[5]Anderson James E.,1979:A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. The American Economic Review, Vol.69, No.1.
[6]Audretsch David B., Feldman Maryann P.,1996:R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production. The American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No.3.
[7]Beise Marian, Cleff Thomas,2004:Assessing the lead market potential of countries for innovation projects. Journal of International Management,10,453-477.
[8]Berman Nicolas, Hericourt Jerome,2010:Financial factors and the margins of trade:Evidence from cross-country firm-level data. Journal of Development Economics,93,206-217.
[9]Bulent Esiyok, Ugur Mehmet,2011:Foreign direct investment in provinces:A spatial regression approach to FDI in Vietnam. Working Paper.
[10]Carbonell Pilar, Rodriguez Ana Isabel,2006:The impact of market characteristics and innovation speed on perceptions of positional advantage and new product performance. International Journal of Research in Marketing,23, 1-12.
[11]Cheng Leonard K., Kwan Yum K.,2000:What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience. Journal of International Economics,51,379-400.
[12]Coe David T., Helpman Elhanan,1995:International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review,39,859-887.
[13]Cohen Wesley M., Levinthal Daniel A.,1989:Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R & D. The Economic Journal, Vol.99, No.397.
[14]Cramton Peter,2009:Innovation and Market Design. Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol.9, No.1.
[15]Fally Thibault, Paillacar Rodrigo, Terra Cristina,2010:Economic geography and wages in Brazil:Evidence from micro-data. Journal of Development Economics,91,155-168.
[16]Feenstra Robert C., Hanson Gordon H.,1999:The Impact of Outsourcing and High-Technology Capital on Wages:Estimates for the UnitedStates, 1979-1990. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.114, No.3.
[17]Fujita Masahisa, Krugman Paul,2004:The new economic geography: Past, present and the future. Regional Science,83,139-164.
[18]Fung K.C., lizaka Hitomi, Siu Alan,2003:Japanese Direct investment in China. China Economic Review,14,304-315.
[19]Gao Ting,2005:Labor quality and the location of foreign direct investment:Evidence from China. China Economic Review,16,274-292.
[20]Gayle Philip G,2001:Market Concentration and Innovation:New Empirical Evidence on the Schumpeterian Hypothesis, working paper, No.01-14.
[21]Geroski P. A.,1990:Innovation, Technological Opportunity, and Market Structure. Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Vol.42, No.3.
[22]Grossman Gene M., Helpman Elhanan,1989:Product Development and International Trade. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.97, No.6.
[23]Hanson Gordon H,2005:Market potential, increasing returns and geographic concentration. Journal of International Economics,67,1-24.
[24]Hanson Gordon H.,2005:Market potential, increasing returns and geographic concentration. Journal of International Economics,67,1-24.
[25]Hanson Gordon H., Harrison Ann,1999:Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality in Mexico. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol.52, No.2.
[26]Harris Chauncy D,1954:The Market as a Factor in the Localization of Industry in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 4,315-348.
[27]Head Keith, Mayer Thierry,2004:Market Potential and the Location of Japanese Investment in the European Union. The Review of Economics and Statistics,86(4),959-972.
[28]Head Keith, Mayer Thierry,2006:Regional wage and employment responses to market potential in the EU. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 36,573-594.
[29]Head Keith, Ries John,1996:Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment:Static and Dynamic Effects of China's Incentive Areas. Journal of Urban Economics,40,38-60.
[30]Head Keith, Ries John, Swenson Deborah,1995:Agglomeration benefits and location choice Evidence from Japanese manufacturing investments in the United States. Journal of International Economics,38,223-247.
[31]Helpman Elhanan, Melitz Marc, Rubinstein Yona,2008:Estimating trade flows:Trading Partners and Trading Volumes. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123,No.2.
[32]Helpman Elhanan, Melitz Marc, Yeaple Stephen R.,2004:Export versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms. The American Economic Review, Vol.94, No.1.
[33]Hering Laura, Poncet Sandra,2010:Market Access and Individual Wages: Evidence from China. The Review Economics and Statistics,92,145-159.
[34]Javorcik Beata Smarzynska,2004:Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers Through Backward Linkages. The American Economic Review, Vol.94, No.3.
[35]Jones C.,1995:R&D-based Models of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics,113,4,1119-1138.
[36]Jones C., William J.,1998:Too Much of a Good Thing? The Economics of Investment in R&D. Journal of Economic Growth,5,1,65-85.
[37]Jones Charles I.,1999:Growth:With or without Scale Effects? The American Economic Review, Vol.89, No.2.
[38]Kamal Fariha, Lovely Mary E., Ouyang Puman,2012:Does deeper integration enhance spatial advantages? Market access and wage growth in China. International Review of Economics and Finance,23,59-74.
[39]Krugman Paul,1980:Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade. The American Economic Review,5,950-959.
[40]Krugman Paul,1980:Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade. The American Economic Review, Vol.70, No.5.
[41]Krugman Paul,1991:Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy,3,483-499.
[42]Krugman Paul,1991:Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.99, No.3.
[43]Lunn John,1986:An Empirical Analysis of Process and Product Patenting: A Simultaneous Equation Framework. The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 34, No.3.
[44]Neary. Peter J,2001:Of hype and hyperbolas:Introducing the new economic geography. Journal of Economic Literature,2,536-556.
[45]Ouyang Puman, Fu Shihe,2012:Economic growth, local industrial development and inter-regional spillovers from foreign direct investment: Evidence from China. China Economic Review,2,445-460.
[46]Phillips William H.,1992:Patent Growth in the Old Dominion:The Impact of Railroad Integration before 1880. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 52, No.2.
[47]Redding Stephen, Venables Anthony J,2004:Economic Geography and International Inequality. Journal of International Economics,62,53-82.
[48]Rivera-Batiz Luis A., Romer Paul M.,1991:Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.106, No.2.
[49]Romer P.,1990:Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy,98,5,71-102.
[50]Scherer F. M.,1965:Firm Size, Market Structure, Opportunity, and the Output of Patented Inventions. The American Economic Review, Vol.55, No.5.
[51]Tokunaga Suminori, Jin Shaosheng,2011:Market potential, agglomeration and location of Japanese manufacturers in China. Letters Spatial Resource Science,4,9-19.
[52]Vipond Joan,1974:City Size and Unemployment, Urban Studies,11, 39-46.
[53]Weitzman Martin L.,1998:Recombinant Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.113, No.2.
[54]Xu Bin,2003:Trade liberalization, wage inequality, and endogenously determined nontraded goods. Journal of International Economics,60,417-431.
[55]Zhao Yaohui,2001:Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages:The Case of China. China Economic Review,12,40-57.
① 数据计算自《中国统计年鉴》。
① 由于城市级数据中没有实际利用FDI的金额,而实际利用FDI额约占实际利用外资额的89%(Ouyang和Fu,2012),我们用实际利用外资额来代替实际利用FDI额。
② 由于缺乏各个城市之间,各城市和贸易伙伴国之间的进出口数据,我们无法参照Redding和Venables(2004)对市场潜力进行衡量。
① 参考(Head和Maver,2004),假设城市为圆形城市,圆心为企业所在地,消费者平均分布于圆盘上。
② 我们也尝试了1.3、1.4、1.6和1.7等数值,基本结果不变,为节约篇幅文中仅列出取1.5时的结果。
③ 不选用中国的每个贸易伙伴的原因是一些小的贸易伙伴的数据不全,而最大39个贸易伙伴的数据在样本期间齐全。
④ 数据来自《中国统计年鉴》。
① 非关税贸易壁垒的量化非常困难,因而我们仅采用关税来模拟贸易壁垒。
① 我们采用的地级城市数据已经排除了行政区划变动较大的城市,以保持城市的边界不变。
② 计算数据来自样本期间的《中国统计年鉴》。
③ www.wits.worldbank.org。
④ 折算实际值最理想的方法是采用各个城市的CPI,但是城市级的数据不提供该指数。因此,我们采用各城市所在省份的CPI替代。
① 中国航运网,www.dc.cnhangyun.com.
② 好运物流网,www.haoyun56.com。
① 由于缺乏各个城市之间,各城市和贸易伙伴国之间的进出口数据,我们无法参照Redding和Venables(2004)对市场潜力进行衡量。
② 参考(Head和Mayer,2004),假设城市为圆形城市,圆心为企业所在地,消费者平均分布于圆盘上。
① 我们也尝试了1.3、1. 4、1.6和1.7等数值,基本结果不变,为节约篇幅文中仅列出取1.5时的结果。
② 不选用中国的每个贸易伙伴的原因是一些小的贸易伙伴的数据不全,而最大39个贸易伙伴的数据在样本期间齐全。
③ 数据来自《中国统计年鉴》。
④ 非关税贸易壁垒的量化非常困难,因而我们仅采用关税来模拟贸易壁垒。
① 我们采用的地级数据中已经排除了行政区划变动较大的城市,以保持城市的边界不变。根据Ouyang和Fu(2012)的介绍,地级市一般管辖有区和县。部分地级市的管辖边界在一些年份存在变动。这种管辖范围的变动主要有三种形式：1)同一地级市内各区管辖范围的改变；2)同一地级市中的县合并成 区；3)几个相近的县或县级市市合并成一个地级城市。而第三种变动会改变一个地级城市的边界,从而给比较城市的经济指标在各年份的变化带来困难。因此我们去除了有第三种变动的城市的样本。
① 计算数据来自样本期间的《中国城市统计年鉴》。
② 见www.wits.worldbank.org。
③ 折算实际值最理想的方法是采用各个城市的CPI,但是城市级的数据不提供该指数。因此我们采用各城市所在省份的CPI替代。
① 中国航运网,www.dc.cnhangyun.com。
② 好运物流网,www.haoyun56.com。
① 参考(Head和Mayer,2004),假设城市为圆形城市,圆心为企业所在地,消费者平均分布于圆盘上。
② 我们也尝试了1.3、1 4、1.6和1.7等数值,估计结果在稳健性检验部分报告。
③ 不选用中国的所有贸易伙伴的原因是一些小的贸易伙伴的数据不全,而最大39个贸易伙伴的数据在样本期间齐全。
④ 数据来自《中国统计年鉴》。
① 非关税贸易壁垒的量化非常困难,因而我们仅采用关税来模拟贸易壁垒。
① 我们采用的地级数据中已经排除了行政区划变动较大的城市,以保持城市的边界不变。根据Ouyang和Fu(2012)的介绍,地级市一般管辖有区和县。部分地级市的管辖边界在一些年份存在变动。这种管辖范围的变动主要有三种形式：1)同一地级市内各区管辖范围的改变；2)同一地级市中的县合并成区；3)几个相近的县或县级市市合并成一个地级城市。而第三种变动会改变一个地级城市的边界,从而给比较城市的经济指标在各年份的变化带来困难。因此我们去除了有第三种变动的城市的样本。
② 计算数据来自样本期间的《中国城市统计年鉴》。
③ 见www.wits.worldbank.org。
④ 折算实际值最理想的方法是采用各个城市的CPI,但是城市级的数据不提供该指数。因此我们采用各城市所在省份的CPI替代。
① 中国航运网,http://www.cnhangyun.com/。
② 好运物流网,http://www.haoyun56.com/。
[1]包群、邵敏,2010：《出口贸易与我国的工资增长：一个经验分析》,《管理世界》,第9期。
[2]陈博,2012：《市场潜力与地区工资差异：来自中国地级面板数据的实证分析》,《中国软科学》,第7期。
[3]陈广汉、蓝宝江,2007：《研发支出、竞争程度与我国区域创新能力研究》,《经济学家》,第3期。
[4]陈继勇、黄蔚,2009：《外商直接投资区位选择行为及影响因素研究》,《世界经济研究》,第6期。
[5]崔新健、吉生保,2009：《跨国公司在华研发投资的区位决定因素》,《经济地理》,第1期。
[6]范剑勇、张雁,2009：《经济地理与地区间工资差异》,《经济研究》,第8期。
[7]冯海华、张为付,2010：《基于空间经济学视角下FDI区位投资的实证研究》,《西南民族大学学报》,总第221期。
[8]何兴强、王利霞,2008：《中国FDI区位分布的空间效应研究》,《经济研究》,第11期。
[9]何雄浪、汪锐,2012：《市场潜力、就业密度与我国地区工资水平》,《中南财经政法大学学报》,第3期。
[10]贺灿飞、刘洋,2006：《产业地理集聚与外商直接投资产业分布》,《地理学报》,第61卷,第12期。
[11]蒋伟、赖明勇,2009：《空间相关与外商直接投资区位决定——基于中国城市数据的空间计量分析》,《财贸研究》,第6期。
[12]金相郁、朴英姬,2006：《中国外商直接投资的区位决定因素分析：城 市数据》,《南开经济研究》,第2期。
[13]李斌、胡昆鹏,2011：《市场准入、对外开放与工资空间差异》,《东北大学学报(社会科学版)》,第3期。
[14]李国璋、戚磊,2011：《市场潜力、经济集聚与地区间工资差异》,《财经科学》,第5期。
[15]李雪辉、许罗丹,2002：《FDI对外资集中地区工资水平影响的实证研究》,《南开经济研究》,第2期。
[16]刘作丽、贺灿飞,2009：《在华外商直接投资区位研究述评》,《地理科学进展》,第28卷,第6期。
[17]陆铭、陈钊,2009：《分割市场的经济增长》,《经济研究》,第3期。
[18]聂辉华、谭松涛、王宇峰,2008：《创新、企业规模和市场竞争：基于中国企业层面的面板数据分析》,《世界经济》,第7期。
[19]潘士远,2007：《贸易自由化、有偏的学习效应与发展中国家的工资差异》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[20]王红领、李稻葵、冯俊新,2006：《FDI与自主研发：基于行业数据的经验研究》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[21]王宏,2012：《集聚效应与农业外商直接投资的区位选择——基于1999-2009年中国省际面板数据分析》,《国际贸易问题》,第3期。
[22]王子君,2004：《外商直接投资与国家自主创新》,《财经科学》,第6期。
[23]魏后凯、贺灿飞、王新,2001：《外商在华直接投资动机与区位因素分析——对秦皇岛市外商直接投资的实证研究》,《经济研究》,第2期。
[24]魏守华、吴桂生、吕新雷,2010：《区域创新能力的影响因素》,《中国软科学》,第9期。
[25]吴延兵,2006：《中国工业产业创新水平及影响因素》,《产业经济评论》,第5卷,第2辑。
[26]吴延兵,2007：《企业规模、市场力量与创新：一个文献综述》,《经济研究》,第5期。
[27]邢斐、张建华,2009：《外商技术转移对我国自主研发的影响》,《经济研究》,第6期。
[28]严成楔、周铭山、龚六堂,2010：《知识生产、创新与研发投资回报》,《经济学(季刊)》,第9卷,第3期。
[29]杨海生、聂海峰、徐现祥,2010：《我国FDI区位选择中的“第三方效应”》,《数量经济技术经济研究》,第4期。
[30]杨泽文、杨全发,2004：《FDI对中国实际工资水平的影响》,《世界经济》,第12期。
[31]张诚、赵奇伟,2008：《中国服务业外商直接投资的区位选择因素分析》,《财经研究》,第34卷,第12期,
[32]张建红、Elhors、Witteloostuijn,2006:《中国地区工资水平差异的影响因素分析》,《经济研究》,第10期。
[33]张卫国、任燕燕、花小安,201：《地方政府投资行为地区性行政垄断与经济增长》,《经济研究》,第8期。
[34]张宗和、彭昌奇,2009：《区域技术创新能力影响因素的实证分析》,《中国工业经济》,第11期。
[35]赵莹,2003：《中国的对外开放和收入差距》,《世界经济文汇》,第4期。
[36]赵永亮、才国伟,2009：《市场潜力的边界效应与内外部市场一体化》,《经济研究》,第7期。
[37]赵永亮、刘德学,2009：《市场(潜力)获得与边界效应——区际一体化程度的实证》,《世界经济文汇》,第2期。
[1]Abowd John M., Kramarz Francis, Margolis David N.,1999:High Wage Workers and High Wage Firms. Econometrica, Vol.67, No.2.
[2]Acemoglu Daron, Joshua Linn,2004:Market Size in Innovation:Theory and Evidence from the Pharmaceutical Industry. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.119, No.3.
[3]Aghion Philippe, Howitt Peter,1992:A Model of Growth through Creative Destruction. Econometrica, Vol.60, No.2.
[4]Amiti Mary, Javorcik Beata Smarzynska,2008:Trade costs and location of foreign firms in China. Journal of Development Economics,85,129-149.
[5]Anderson James E.,1979:A Theoretical Foundation for the Gravity Equation. The American Economic Review, Vol.69, No.1.
[6]Audretsch David B., Feldman Maryann P.,1996:R&D Spillovers and the Geography of Innovation and Production. The American Economic Review, Vol. 86, No.3.
[7]Beise Marian, Cleff Thomas,2004:Assessing the lead market potential of countries for innovation projects. Journal of International Management,10,453-477.
[8]Berman Nicolas, Hericourt Jerome,2010:Financial factors and the margins of trade:Evidence from cross-country firm-level data. Journal of Development Economics,93,206-217.
[9]Bulent Esiyok, Ugur Mehmet,2011:Foreign direct investment in provinces:A spatial regression approach to FDI in Vietnam. Working Paper.
[10]Carbonell Pilar, Rodriguez Ana Isabel,2006:The impact of market characteristics and innovation speed on perceptions of positional advantage and new product performance. International Journal of Research in Marketing,23, 1-12.
[11]Cheng Leonard K., Kwan Yum K.,2000:What are the determinants of the location of foreign direct investment? The Chinese experience. Journal of International Economics,51,379-400.
[12]Coe David T., Helpman Elhanan,1995:International R&D spillovers. European Economic Review,39,859-887.
[13]Cohen Wesley M., Levinthal Daniel A.,1989:Innovation and Learning: The Two Faces of R & D. The Economic Journal, Vol.99, No.397.
[14]Cramton Peter,2009:Innovation and Market Design. Innovation Policy and the Economy, Vol.9, No.1.
[15]Fally Thibault, Paillacar Rodrigo, Terra Cristina,2010:Economic geography and wages in Brazil:Evidence from micro-data. Journal of Development Economics,91,155-168.
[16]Feenstra Robert C., Hanson Gordon H.,1999:The Impact of Outsourcing and High-Technology Capital on Wages:Estimates for the UnitedStates, 1979-1990. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.114, No.3.
[17]Fujita Masahisa, Krugman Paul,2004:The new economic geography: Past, present and the future. Regional Science,83,139-164.
[18]Fung K.C., lizaka Hitomi, Siu Alan,2003:Japanese Direct investment in China. China Economic Review,14,304-315.
[19]Gao Ting,2005:Labor quality and the location of foreign direct investment:Evidence from China. China Economic Review,16,274-292.
[20]Gayle Philip G,2001:Market Concentration and Innovation:New Empirical Evidence on the Schumpeterian Hypothesis, working paper, No.01-14.
[21]Geroski P. A.,1990:Innovation, Technological Opportunity, and Market Structure. Oxford Economic Papers, New Series, Vol.42, No.3.
[22]Grossman Gene M., Helpman Elhanan,1989:Product Development and International Trade. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.97, No.6.
[23]Hanson Gordon H,2005:Market potential, increasing returns and geographic concentration. Journal of International Economics,67,1-24.
[24]Hanson Gordon H.,2005:Market potential, increasing returns and geographic concentration. Journal of International Economics,67,1-24.
[25]Hanson Gordon H., Harrison Ann,1999:Trade Liberalization and Wage Inequality in Mexico. Industrial and Labor Relations Review, Vol.52, No.2.
[26]Harris Chauncy D,1954:The Market as a Factor in the Localization of Industry in the United States. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 4,315-348.
[27]Head Keith, Mayer Thierry,2004:Market Potential and the Location of Japanese Investment in the European Union. The Review of Economics and Statistics,86(4),959-972.
[28]Head Keith, Mayer Thierry,2006:Regional wage and employment responses to market potential in the EU. Regional Science and Urban Economics, 36,573-594.
[29]Head Keith, Ries John,1996:Inter-City Competition for Foreign Investment:Static and Dynamic Effects of China's Incentive Areas. Journal of Urban Economics,40,38-60.
[30]Head Keith, Ries John, Swenson Deborah,1995:Agglomeration benefits and location choice Evidence from Japanese manufacturing investments in the United States. Journal of International Economics,38,223-247.
[31]Helpman Elhanan, Melitz Marc, Rubinstein Yona,2008:Estimating trade flows:Trading Partners and Trading Volumes. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 123,No.2.
[32]Helpman Elhanan, Melitz Marc, Yeaple Stephen R.,2004:Export versus FDI with Heterogeneous Firms. The American Economic Review, Vol.94, No.1.
[33]Hering Laura, Poncet Sandra,2010:Market Access and Individual Wages: Evidence from China. The Review Economics and Statistics,92,145-159.
[34]Javorcik Beata Smarzynska,2004:Does Foreign Direct Investment Increase the Productivity of Domestic Firms? In Search of Spillovers Through Backward Linkages. The American Economic Review, Vol.94, No.3.
[35]Jones C.,1995:R&D-based Models of Economic Growth. Quarterly Journal of Economics,113,4,1119-1138.
[36]Jones C., William J.,1998:Too Much of a Good Thing? The Economics of Investment in R&D. Journal of Economic Growth,5,1,65-85.
[37]Jones Charles I.,1999:Growth:With or without Scale Effects? The American Economic Review, Vol.89, No.2.
[38]Kamal Fariha, Lovely Mary E., Ouyang Puman,2012:Does deeper integration enhance spatial advantages? Market access and wage growth in China. International Review of Economics and Finance,23,59-74.
[39]Krugman Paul,1980:Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade. The American Economic Review,5,950-959.
[40]Krugman Paul,1980:Scale Economies, Product Differentiation, and the Pattern of Trade. The American Economic Review, Vol.70, No.5.
[41]Krugman Paul,1991:Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy,3,483-499.
[42]Krugman Paul,1991:Increasing Returns and Economic Geography. Journal of Political Economy, Vol.99, No.3.
[43]Lunn John,1986:An Empirical Analysis of Process and Product Patenting: A Simultaneous Equation Framework. The Journal of Industrial Economics, Vol. 34, No.3.
[44]Neary. Peter J,2001:Of hype and hyperbolas:Introducing the new economic geography. Journal of Economic Literature,2,536-556.
[45]Ouyang Puman, Fu Shihe,2012:Economic growth, local industrial development and inter-regional spillovers from foreign direct investment: Evidence from China. China Economic Review,2,445-460.
[46]Phillips William H.,1992:Patent Growth in the Old Dominion:The Impact of Railroad Integration before 1880. The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 52, No.2.
[47]Redding Stephen, Venables Anthony J,2004:Economic Geography and International Inequality. Journal of International Economics,62,53-82.
[48]Rivera-Batiz Luis A., Romer Paul M.,1991:Economic Integration and Endogenous Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.106, No.2.
[49]Romer P.,1990:Endogenous Technological Change. Journal of Political Economy,98,5,71-102.
[50]Scherer F. M.,1965:Firm Size, Market Structure, Opportunity, and the Output of Patented Inventions. The American Economic Review, Vol.55, No.5.
[51]Tokunaga Suminori, Jin Shaosheng,2011:Market potential, agglomeration and location of Japanese manufacturers in China. Letters Spatial Resource Science,4,9-19.
[52]Vipond Joan,1974:City Size and Unemployment, Urban Studies,11, 39-46.
[53]Weitzman Martin L.,1998:Recombinant Growth. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol.113, No.2.
[54]Xu Bin,2003:Trade liberalization, wage inequality, and endogenously determined nontraded goods. Journal of International Economics,60,417-431.
[55]Zhao Yaohui,2001:Foreign Direct Investment and Relative Wages:The Case of China. China Economic Review,12,40-57.