安徽省地下水污染调查评价与防治研究
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摘要
地下水是一种重要的资源,但近年来地下水污染的问题在世界范围内日益严重,已经成为一个相当普遍的环境问题。地下水是安徽省主要的生产生活用水,近年来不断加剧的人类经济活动造成了安徽省地下水污染的不断恶化。主要表现为地下水中氯化物、硫酸盐、硝酸盐、总硬度、溶解性总固体等常量组份的含量有不断增高的趋势。
本文在对安徽省地质、水文地质、地下水污染源以及污染途径调查分析的基础上,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了安徽省地下水污染状况,并对城镇生活污水污染与农业污染按单位面积污染负荷进行了分析评价,此外调查研究了安徽省污染防治工程现状,并在此基础上探讨了安徽省地下水污染防治措施与对策,得出主要成果如下:(1)安徽省淮北平原区和沿江丘陵平原区浅层孔隙水已受到一定污染,主要表现为地下水中常规组份总硬度、溶解性总固体、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和硝酸盐(NO3-)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、氨氮(NH4+)等组份超标或超过地下水背景含量。(2)地下水类别分为:严重污染区、中等污染区、轻度污染区和未污染区。其中重污染区主要分布于淮北平原区的亳州、涡阳-濉溪、奎河沿河地区、蚌埠-固镇、五河北部、淮南、阜南南部和沿江丘陵平原区的天长等地,面积11242km2,约占全省总面积的8.0%。中等污染区主要分布于淮北平原区的蒙城-涡阳义门、五河、砀山等地和沿江丘陵平原区的天长北部地区,面积6570km2,约占全省总面积的4.7%。轻度污染区主要分布于淮北平原区的阜阳-凤台-怀远-宿州-泗县等地,沿江丘陵平原区的沿江两侧及皖南山地区的屯溪等地,面积33488km2,约占全省总面积的23.9%。(3)针对污染源负荷评价结果,提出地下水污染防治措施建议,为遏制安徽省地下水污染趋势,改善地下水环境质量,最终为“生态安徽”建设工作提供参考依据。
Groundwater is an important resource. But recently, the groundwater pollution is worsening in the world, which becomes a big issue in environmental problems. Groundwater is the one of the main domestic and production waster in Anhui province. The developing urbanization and economic activity lead a continual deterioration of the groundwater in Anhui province. The main deterioration is represented in that the concentration of the following components increasing sharply, such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, tatal hardness, total dissolved solids etc.
The paper aimed at the status analysis of the groundwater pollution in Anhui province based on the related geological and hydrogeological conditions, investigation information and monitoring data of the pollution resource and path in recent years. A combained method of single-factor pollution index method and Nemero composite index was chosen. Besides, evaluation of the municipal sewage and agricultural pollution was carried out based on the pollution load per unit area. In addition, pollution prevention and control project status of Anhui province was investigated and the suggestions and countermesures were put forward. The main conclusions were:
(1) The shallow porous water in the Huaibei Plain and the hill and plain area along the Changjiang River must were contaminated in certain degree, which show the following components exceed the National Security Standard for Groundwater or the background value of the riginal groundwater, such as tatal hardness, total dissolved solids, Fe, Mn, NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ etc.
(2) The groundwater can be divided into four parts as high-polluted area, medium -polluted area, slight-polluted area and non-polluted area. Amoung those, the high-polluted area was mainly distributed in Bozhou, Guoyang-Sui River, Kuihe, Bengbu-Guzhen, north of the Wuhe, Huainan, South of the Fuyang in Huaibei Plain and Tianchang in plain area along the Changjiang River. The total area amounts 11242km2 and accounts for 8.0% of the total area of the province. The medium-polluted area was mainly distributed in Mengcheng- Guoyang, Yimen, Wuhe, Dangshan in Huaibei plain and north of Tianchang in plain area along the Changjiang River. The total area amounts 6570km2 and accounts for 4.7% of the total area of the province. The slight-polluted area was mainly distributed in Fuyang, Fengtai, Huaiyuan, Shuzhou, Sixian in Huaibei plain, Tunxi in Wannan Mountain and both sides of the plain area along the Changjiang River. The total area amounts 33488km2 and accounts for 23.9% of the total area of the province.
(3) Groundwater pollution and control measures and proposals were put forward based on the pollution load evaluation. The work is supposed to support the recording data for the control of the groundwater pollution, for the construction of the“Eco-Anhui”and improve the environmental quality of the groundwater.
本文在对安徽省地质、水文地质、地下水污染源以及污染途径调查分析的基础上,采用单因子污染指数法和内梅罗综合指数法评价了安徽省地下水污染状况,并对城镇生活污水污染与农业污染按单位面积污染负荷进行了分析评价,此外调查研究了安徽省污染防治工程现状,并在此基础上探讨了安徽省地下水污染防治措施与对策,得出主要成果如下:(1)安徽省淮北平原区和沿江丘陵平原区浅层孔隙水已受到一定污染,主要表现为地下水中常规组份总硬度、溶解性总固体、铁(Fe)、锰(Mn)和硝酸盐(NO3-)、亚硝酸盐(NO2-)、氨氮(NH4+)等组份超标或超过地下水背景含量。(2)地下水类别分为:严重污染区、中等污染区、轻度污染区和未污染区。其中重污染区主要分布于淮北平原区的亳州、涡阳-濉溪、奎河沿河地区、蚌埠-固镇、五河北部、淮南、阜南南部和沿江丘陵平原区的天长等地,面积11242km2,约占全省总面积的8.0%。中等污染区主要分布于淮北平原区的蒙城-涡阳义门、五河、砀山等地和沿江丘陵平原区的天长北部地区,面积6570km2,约占全省总面积的4.7%。轻度污染区主要分布于淮北平原区的阜阳-凤台-怀远-宿州-泗县等地,沿江丘陵平原区的沿江两侧及皖南山地区的屯溪等地,面积33488km2,约占全省总面积的23.9%。(3)针对污染源负荷评价结果,提出地下水污染防治措施建议,为遏制安徽省地下水污染趋势,改善地下水环境质量,最终为“生态安徽”建设工作提供参考依据。
Groundwater is an important resource. But recently, the groundwater pollution is worsening in the world, which becomes a big issue in environmental problems. Groundwater is the one of the main domestic and production waster in Anhui province. The developing urbanization and economic activity lead a continual deterioration of the groundwater in Anhui province. The main deterioration is represented in that the concentration of the following components increasing sharply, such as chloride, sulfate, nitrate, tatal hardness, total dissolved solids etc.
The paper aimed at the status analysis of the groundwater pollution in Anhui province based on the related geological and hydrogeological conditions, investigation information and monitoring data of the pollution resource and path in recent years. A combained method of single-factor pollution index method and Nemero composite index was chosen. Besides, evaluation of the municipal sewage and agricultural pollution was carried out based on the pollution load per unit area. In addition, pollution prevention and control project status of Anhui province was investigated and the suggestions and countermesures were put forward. The main conclusions were:
(1) The shallow porous water in the Huaibei Plain and the hill and plain area along the Changjiang River must were contaminated in certain degree, which show the following components exceed the National Security Standard for Groundwater or the background value of the riginal groundwater, such as tatal hardness, total dissolved solids, Fe, Mn, NO3-, NO2- and NH4+ etc.
(2) The groundwater can be divided into four parts as high-polluted area, medium -polluted area, slight-polluted area and non-polluted area. Amoung those, the high-polluted area was mainly distributed in Bozhou, Guoyang-Sui River, Kuihe, Bengbu-Guzhen, north of the Wuhe, Huainan, South of the Fuyang in Huaibei Plain and Tianchang in plain area along the Changjiang River. The total area amounts 11242km2 and accounts for 8.0% of the total area of the province. The medium-polluted area was mainly distributed in Mengcheng- Guoyang, Yimen, Wuhe, Dangshan in Huaibei plain and north of Tianchang in plain area along the Changjiang River. The total area amounts 6570km2 and accounts for 4.7% of the total area of the province. The slight-polluted area was mainly distributed in Fuyang, Fengtai, Huaiyuan, Shuzhou, Sixian in Huaibei plain, Tunxi in Wannan Mountain and both sides of the plain area along the Changjiang River. The total area amounts 33488km2 and accounts for 23.9% of the total area of the province.
(3) Groundwater pollution and control measures and proposals were put forward based on the pollution load evaluation. The work is supposed to support the recording data for the control of the groundwater pollution, for the construction of the“Eco-Anhui”and improve the environmental quality of the groundwater.
引文
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[7]宋长春,邓伟.吉林西部地下水特征及其与土壤盐渍化的关系[J].地理科学, 2000, 20 (3): 246-250.
[8]郭占荣.三屯河流域平原区地下水化学组成特征及变化[J].勘察科学技术, 2002, 2: 34-38.
[9]钱家忠,汪家权,吴剑锋等.徐州张集水源地裂隙岩溶水化学特征及影响[J].环境科学研究, 2003, 16(2): 23-26.
[10]李向全,张发旺,毕二平等.宁夏南部“南北古脊梁”岩溶裂隙水流系统分析[J].地球学报, 2004, 25(5):571-574.
[11]丁宏伟,张举.河西走廊地下水水化学特征及其演化规律[J].干旱区研究, 2005, 22(1): 24-28.
[12]辛宝东.北京市房山区岩溶地下水水文地球化学特征[J].水文地质工程地质, 2005, 3: 74-75.
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[14]梁涛,张秀梅,章申等.官厅水库及永定河枯水期水体氮、磷和重金属含量分布规律[J].地理科学进展, 2001, 20(4): 341-346.
[15]王卫中,曾晓立,夏雁等.济宁市深层地下水中微量元素含量研究[J].环境与职业医学, 2003, 20 (2): 132-133.
[16]张国平,刘丛强,杨元根等.贵州省几个典型金属矿区周围河水的重金属分布特征[J].地球与环境, 2004, 32(1): 82-85.
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