航天器空间碎片防护结构超高速撞击特性研究
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摘要
随着航天事业的发展,空间碎片环境日益恶化,严重地威胁着在轨航天器的安全运行。空间碎片危害航天器的最主要特征是超高速撞击现象,对于毫米级空间碎片,采用设置防护屏的防护结构方案被证明是现实有效的措施。航天器空间碎片防护结构的超高速撞击特性是航天器空间碎片风险评估和防护结构设计的重要基础数据。本文利用二级轻气炮发射技术实现了球形弹丸的超高速发射,针对国产铝合金材料的典型空间碎片防护结构进行了系统的超高速撞击实验研究和损伤规律分析,实验数据和研究结果可为航天器防护结构的工程设计提供参考依据。
薄板和中厚板的超高速撞击特性是空间碎片防护结构设计的重要基础。通过实验研究了5A06铝合金中厚板的撞击成坑特性和2A12铝合金薄板的撞击穿孔特性,获得了给定结构铝合金单层板的撞击极限曲线,并建立了预测撞击特性的经验公式。研究结果表明:撞击弹丸的液化是导致其在部分撞击速度区间内侵彻能力下降的主要原因;在一定的厚度范围内,铝合金靶板厚度对其超高速正撞击穿孔特性的影响与弹丸直径和撞击速度同样具有显著性;铝合金球形弹丸超高速斜撞击铝合金薄板时,存在使撞击弹丸发生滑弹返溅的临界撞击角;与国外薄板超高速撞击穿孔经验公式相比,新建立的经验公式更适合于国产铝合金材料。
双层板结构是最典型的航天器空间碎片防护结构。通过实验研究了铝合金双层板结构在正撞击和斜撞击条件下的后板撞击坑分布特性,获得了给定结构铝合金双层板的撞击极限曲线,并建立了预测后板撞击坑分布特性的经验公式。研究结果表明:弹丸直径、撞击速度、撞击角度、前板厚度以及前后板间距是决定双层板后板撞击坑特性的主要因素,但撞击速度对前板后主碎片云膨胀角无显著影响;弹丸的撞击破碎临界速度将会影响铝合金双层板结构正撞击的后板撞击坑分布和斜撞击的后板损伤与撞击角的变化关系;建立的后板撞击坑分布经验公式为超高速撞击二次碎片云特性的定量化分析提供了参考。
多层板结构与双层板结构相比具有更加优良的抗空间碎片超高速撞击的能力。通过实验研究了提高铝合金多层板防护结构防护性能的方法和机理,讨论了防护板层数和各层防护板厚度对提高防护性能的作用。研究结果
With the unceasing development of space activity, the total number of space debris is ever increasing, which greatly threatens an orbiting space vehicle. The prominence characteristic of space debris impacting spacecraft is hypervelocity impact phenomena. For the millimeter size space debris, the Whipple shield is an effective shield configuration. The hypervelocity impact characteristic of spacecraft by space debris is the important basic of shield structure design and risk evaluation of spacecraft in space debris environment. In this dissertation, in order to systematically study the hypervelocity impact damage of typical spacecraft space debris shield configuration made of aluminum alloy, a two-stage light gas gun was used to launch sphere projectile. The experiment data and investigation results can provide criterions and references for engineering design of spacecraft shield configuration.
The hypervelocity impact characteristics of thin plate and medium thickness plate are the important basic for design of space debris shield structure. By investigating the impact crater characteristic of 5A06 aluminum alloy medium thickness plate and impact perforation characteristic of 2A12 aluminum alloy thin plate, ballistic limit curve of aluminum alloy single wall and the equations for forecasting impact characteristic were obtained. The results indicated that projectile liquefied cause the decline of penetrate ability in some impact velocity range. The thickness of target plate has prominence effect on perforation size as projectile diameter and impact velocity. When hypervelocity projectiles oblique impact on thin targets, there exists a critical incident angle, and in the condition of impact angle of projectile smaller than the critical incident angle, projectiles leap away from the targets partially or entirely. Comparing the overseas equations, the new equations can apply to domestic aluminum alloy.
Dual-wall configuration is typical spacecraft space debris shield structure. By hypervelocity impact experiment, the crater distributing in rear wall when normal impact and oblique impact were investigated. Ballistic limit curve of aluminum alloy dual-wall configuration and the equations for forecasting crater
薄板和中厚板的超高速撞击特性是空间碎片防护结构设计的重要基础。通过实验研究了5A06铝合金中厚板的撞击成坑特性和2A12铝合金薄板的撞击穿孔特性,获得了给定结构铝合金单层板的撞击极限曲线,并建立了预测撞击特性的经验公式。研究结果表明:撞击弹丸的液化是导致其在部分撞击速度区间内侵彻能力下降的主要原因;在一定的厚度范围内,铝合金靶板厚度对其超高速正撞击穿孔特性的影响与弹丸直径和撞击速度同样具有显著性;铝合金球形弹丸超高速斜撞击铝合金薄板时,存在使撞击弹丸发生滑弹返溅的临界撞击角;与国外薄板超高速撞击穿孔经验公式相比,新建立的经验公式更适合于国产铝合金材料。
双层板结构是最典型的航天器空间碎片防护结构。通过实验研究了铝合金双层板结构在正撞击和斜撞击条件下的后板撞击坑分布特性,获得了给定结构铝合金双层板的撞击极限曲线,并建立了预测后板撞击坑分布特性的经验公式。研究结果表明:弹丸直径、撞击速度、撞击角度、前板厚度以及前后板间距是决定双层板后板撞击坑特性的主要因素,但撞击速度对前板后主碎片云膨胀角无显著影响;弹丸的撞击破碎临界速度将会影响铝合金双层板结构正撞击的后板撞击坑分布和斜撞击的后板损伤与撞击角的变化关系;建立的后板撞击坑分布经验公式为超高速撞击二次碎片云特性的定量化分析提供了参考。
多层板结构与双层板结构相比具有更加优良的抗空间碎片超高速撞击的能力。通过实验研究了提高铝合金多层板防护结构防护性能的方法和机理,讨论了防护板层数和各层防护板厚度对提高防护性能的作用。研究结果
With the unceasing development of space activity, the total number of space debris is ever increasing, which greatly threatens an orbiting space vehicle. The prominence characteristic of space debris impacting spacecraft is hypervelocity impact phenomena. For the millimeter size space debris, the Whipple shield is an effective shield configuration. The hypervelocity impact characteristic of spacecraft by space debris is the important basic of shield structure design and risk evaluation of spacecraft in space debris environment. In this dissertation, in order to systematically study the hypervelocity impact damage of typical spacecraft space debris shield configuration made of aluminum alloy, a two-stage light gas gun was used to launch sphere projectile. The experiment data and investigation results can provide criterions and references for engineering design of spacecraft shield configuration.
The hypervelocity impact characteristics of thin plate and medium thickness plate are the important basic for design of space debris shield structure. By investigating the impact crater characteristic of 5A06 aluminum alloy medium thickness plate and impact perforation characteristic of 2A12 aluminum alloy thin plate, ballistic limit curve of aluminum alloy single wall and the equations for forecasting impact characteristic were obtained. The results indicated that projectile liquefied cause the decline of penetrate ability in some impact velocity range. The thickness of target plate has prominence effect on perforation size as projectile diameter and impact velocity. When hypervelocity projectiles oblique impact on thin targets, there exists a critical incident angle, and in the condition of impact angle of projectile smaller than the critical incident angle, projectiles leap away from the targets partially or entirely. Comparing the overseas equations, the new equations can apply to domestic aluminum alloy.
Dual-wall configuration is typical spacecraft space debris shield structure. By hypervelocity impact experiment, the crater distributing in rear wall when normal impact and oblique impact were investigated. Ballistic limit curve of aluminum alloy dual-wall configuration and the equations for forecasting crater
引文
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