北京大兴杨树人工林生态系统水分利用效率研究
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摘要
全球气候变暖和淡水资源短缺是世界经济可持续发展所面临的两大主要环境问题。森林生态系统作为陆地上最大的生态系统,对维持全球大气碳水平衡起着重要作用。因此,开展森林生态系统碳水耦合关系及其影响因素的研究,不仅可以提高森林资源的有效利用,同时也为研究森林生态系统对全球气候变化响应,缓解水资源短缺提供重要理论支撑。本研究选择北京市大兴区永定河沿河沙地的杨树(Populus euramericana)人工林生态系统作为研究对象,运用涡度相关(Eddy covariance, EC)开路系统、常规微气象观测系统以及液流方法,并结合生物量调查法,连续测定(2006年-2012年)该生态系统与大气间碳、水和能量交换,通过分析杨树人工林不同时间尺度(瞬时、日、月、年)生态系统碳水通量的变化规律及其影响因素,深入研究杨树人工林生态系统碳固定和水分消耗的生理生态学机理,为杨树人工林经营管理提供理论依据。
研究结果显示：无论是否受到水分胁迫和人为扰动的影响,杨树人工林生态系统均为碳汇,总生态系统生产力(GEP)和生态系统蒸发散(ET)都显示出较为显著的相关性。杨树人工林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)日变化呈现双峰型变化趋势,即早晚达到极值,白天WUE较低；日尺度生态系统WUE虽然波动显著,但未显示出较为显著的季节变化趋势。
较小时间尺度下(日变化),当未受到人为干扰时,影响WUE变化的主要因子为气象因子而非土壤因子；季节变化尺度,WUE主要受到气象因子和土壤水分的影响；WUE年际变化主要与植被自身的生理生态特征有关,与环境因子相关性较小。当相对土壤含水量(REW)<0.1时,GEP和ET受到严重水分胁迫的影响维持在较低水平,各环境因子对GEP、ET和WUE的影响较小；当0.1土壤体积含水量(VWC)的增加而增大,WUE随VWC的增大而减小；REW>0.4时,气象因子是影响碳固定和水分损耗的主要原因,由于ET对气象因子变化的响应较GEP更为敏感,因此,WUE随空气饱和水汽压差(VPD)的增大而减小。沙地土壤保水能力较差,不能保证土壤水分被植物有效利用,因此当VWC处于5.2%-8.8%(0.1 应用3PG+模型对生态系统碳储量和水分蒸发散进行模拟,模拟结果显示,杨树人工林在大规模砍伐和补栽后,仍为碳汇,但由于砍伐及补栽等人为扰动对GEP的影响略大于ET,因此经过人为砍伐补栽后的杨树人工林WUE略有降低。此外,模型模拟发现华北地区沙地杨树人工林在林龄为11-18年期间具有较高的碳储量,WUE在8-11年间显著增加,11年后WUE未呈现出明显年际变化,因此,根据杨树人工林的固碳能力和耗水效率综合情况,选取18年作为华北地区沙地杨树人工林的砍伐林龄。
Global warming and the storage of water resources are two main environmental issues for the sustainable world development. As the largest terrestrial ecosystem, forest ecosystems play a vital role on carbon and water balance. Therefore, studies on relationship between carbon and water flux are helpful to understand and quantify how much water the plants need to assimilate a certain amount of carbon and determine how future climate warming induced hydrological changes will impact carbon budgets of poplar plantation ecosystems. An open path eddy-covariance (EC) system and a microclimate monitor system were employed to continuously measure the carbon, water, and energy exchange between a poplar (Populus euramericana) plantation and the atmosphere in Daxing District of Beijing, China, during2006to2012. The objectives of our study were to quantify the diurnal and seasonal variability of ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) of poplar plantation, and determine the effects of environmental factors on the ecosystem WUE at different time scales.
We found that the poplar plantation in Northern China was a strong carbon and there was a significant relationship between gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and evapotranspiration (ET) under different soil water. Besides, the results show that the WUE changed diurnally which peaked in early morning and reached the minimum at the2pm to3pm because the limitation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and saturated vapor pressure deficit (VPD) regulating stomatal opening and closure. Unlike the diurnal variation, there was apparent day-to-day variation but no substantial seasonal variation of WUE because the influence of both PAR, precipitation and soil water condition.
We examined the effects of environmental factors influencing WUE under different soil moisture conditions and found that when relative extractable soil water (REW) was less than0.1, both GEP and ET maintained at a low level and did not changed with the variation of environmental factors.GEP and ET increased as soil water contents (VWC) increase, but the greater effect of VWC on ET over GEP resulted in negative correlation between WUE and VWC when0.1 3PG+model was used to simulate carbon, water flux and WUE and the simulative results showed that the poplar plantation in our study was still a strong carbon sink under human disturbance, such as deforestation and replantation. But WUE was lower under human disturbance because the higher effects of deforestation on GEP than ET. Besides, the simulative results of the age-related variation of WUE showed that the carbon sequestration and water loss is always effective for poplar plantation when felling trees at18years old.
研究结果显示：无论是否受到水分胁迫和人为扰动的影响,杨树人工林生态系统均为碳汇,总生态系统生产力(GEP)和生态系统蒸发散(ET)都显示出较为显著的相关性。杨树人工林生态系统水分利用效率(WUE)日变化呈现双峰型变化趋势,即早晚达到极值,白天WUE较低；日尺度生态系统WUE虽然波动显著,但未显示出较为显著的季节变化趋势。
较小时间尺度下(日变化),当未受到人为干扰时,影响WUE变化的主要因子为气象因子而非土壤因子；季节变化尺度,WUE主要受到气象因子和土壤水分的影响；WUE年际变化主要与植被自身的生理生态特征有关,与环境因子相关性较小。当相对土壤含水量(REW)<0.1时,GEP和ET受到严重水分胁迫的影响维持在较低水平,各环境因子对GEP、ET和WUE的影响较小；当0.1
Global warming and the storage of water resources are two main environmental issues for the sustainable world development. As the largest terrestrial ecosystem, forest ecosystems play a vital role on carbon and water balance. Therefore, studies on relationship between carbon and water flux are helpful to understand and quantify how much water the plants need to assimilate a certain amount of carbon and determine how future climate warming induced hydrological changes will impact carbon budgets of poplar plantation ecosystems. An open path eddy-covariance (EC) system and a microclimate monitor system were employed to continuously measure the carbon, water, and energy exchange between a poplar (Populus euramericana) plantation and the atmosphere in Daxing District of Beijing, China, during2006to2012. The objectives of our study were to quantify the diurnal and seasonal variability of ecosystem water use efficiency (WUE) of poplar plantation, and determine the effects of environmental factors on the ecosystem WUE at different time scales.
We found that the poplar plantation in Northern China was a strong carbon and there was a significant relationship between gross ecosystem productivity (GEP) and evapotranspiration (ET) under different soil water. Besides, the results show that the WUE changed diurnally which peaked in early morning and reached the minimum at the2pm to3pm because the limitation of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and saturated vapor pressure deficit (VPD) regulating stomatal opening and closure. Unlike the diurnal variation, there was apparent day-to-day variation but no substantial seasonal variation of WUE because the influence of both PAR, precipitation and soil water condition.
We examined the effects of environmental factors influencing WUE under different soil moisture conditions and found that when relative extractable soil water (REW) was less than0.1, both GEP and ET maintained at a low level and did not changed with the variation of environmental factors.GEP and ET increased as soil water contents (VWC) increase, but the greater effect of VWC on ET over GEP resulted in negative correlation between WUE and VWC when0.1
引文
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