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高精度卫星遥感技术在地质灾害调查与评价中的应用
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摘要
地质灾害的日益严重和对突发性地质灾害抢灾救灾工作的时效性要求,应用遥感技术开展地质灾害调查评价是极其必要的,它可以贯穿于地质灾害调查评价、监测预警、灾情评估以及灾害防治的全过程,是当代高新技术发展的必然趋势。遥感技术应用于区域地质灾害调查与评价,虽然已取得了许多成功的经验,但是大多停留在对灾害点的提取、宏观区域评价等方面,利用高精度卫星遥感技术进行地质灾害点的精细解译与评价的研究相对较少,对单点地质灾害分析方面大多依靠航空像片,特别是在地质灾害监测方面,成功的实例不多。本文以宣汉滑坡、泸定水电站近坝泥石流、三峡塌岸、拟建丽香铁路为例,在系统的研究工作中取得了如下研究成果:
     (1)初步建立了较为系统的利用高精度卫星遥感技术研究崩滑流地质灾害的方法体系,结合崩滑流地质灾害的成因及行为特征修正和完善了地质灾害遥感解译的识别标志和解译方法,阐明了遥感技术在地质灾害研究中的优点和局限性,利用具体实例说明了遥感技术在地质灾害调查、评价、抢险救灾及治理工程设计中的作用。
     (2)详细论述了崩滑流地质灾害研究中的关键遥感技术,讨论了数据源的选取、图像的光谱校正、几何校正和正射校正、三维遥感模型的建立以及干涉雷达技术,有针性对地提出了地质灾害不同研究对象、不同研究阶段、不同研究程度的遥感图像处理方法。
     (3)结合具体的图像讨论了现在比较流行的几种图像融合技术,针对地质灾害研究重在提取变形破坏迹象的特点,提出了在遥感解译时采用基于比积变换的分辨率融合方法,它可以增强图像的纹理特征;在成图时采用基于Gram—Schmidt变换或基于主成分变换的分辨率融合方法,最大限度地保留多光谱图像的光谱特征,并提出了一种新的SPOT图像色彩变换方法。
     (4)在大量崩滑流地质灾害的高精度卫星图像解译和已有成果的基础上,充分研究了地质灾害的平面形态、内部结构及行为特征,补充和完善了遥感图形的解译标志和解译方法,并提出了新的滑坡体积估算方法。利用白衣庵滑坡和泸定水电站的近坝泥石流沟两个具体实例,建立了利用QuickBird图像提取地质灾害细部特征及其定量评价的方法。
     (5)结合丽江至香格里拉新建铁路选线的工程地质遥感解译项目,利用融合后分辨率为5米的SPOT图像与航片相结合,提取了研究区的孕灾条件、崩滑流地质灾害发育现状,评价了拟建线路地质灾害的分布特征。基于遥感技术提取地质灾害危险性评价指标的优势,利用简单的数学评价模型:GM=(multiply from i=1 to n p_i)~(1/n)
     建立可靠的评价指标,紧密结合崩滑地质灾害发育的工程地质条件及形成机理,对研究区的崩滑地质灾害进行了区域危险性评价,对比分析结果可知,该评价模型较为可靠,分析结果与地质灾害发育现状吻合较好,有一定的利用价值。
     (6)利用多时相、高分辨率的IKNOS、QuickBird卫星图像对宣汉滑坡进行了滑坡前、滑坡后及治理后特征对比分析,分析了滑坡的形成条件、发育特征、变形破坏迹象以及主要灾情状况,建立了滑坡区的高精度三维遥感遥感模型,为滑坡治理工程设计提供了依据。
     (7)首次利用多时相的QuickBird卫星图像进行库岸塌陷监测。建立了塌岸监测的遥感技术方法体系,完善了三峡库区的遥感解译工作,进行了两期三峡库区部分地段的QuickBird卫星遥感图像对比研究,圈定了139m库水位在一年多蓄水期间所引起的塌岸分布范围,分析了利用高精度卫星遥感技术来监测塌岸范围的可行性和准确度,为预测三峡库区在156水位、175水位的塌岸范围提供了依据。
Remote sensing technique is extremely essential to investigation and evaluation of geohazard,owing to increasingly serious geohazard and limitation of time to emergency disaster relief. It can runthrough the entire process, which includes in turn investigation and evaluation of geohazard, monitoringand early warning, disaster evaluation and control. So it is the inevitable tendency of modern high-techdevelopment. Although the application of remote sensing technique to investigation and evaluation ofareal geohazard had made lots of successful experiences, most of them were only restricted to theextraction of geohazard zone, macroscopical evaluation, and so on. At present, Geohazard analysis ofsolo zone mostly relies on aerial photographs. Application of high-precision satellite remote sensingtechnique to accurate interpretation and evaluation of geohazard is very limited. Especially, its sucessfulapplicatons are very less to geohazard monitoring. Based on many factual examples, including Xuanhanlandslide, debris flow near the dam of Luding hydropower station, bank collapse of Three Gorges andproposed Lixiang railway, following research findings were attained through systematical research work.
     (1) Relative systematical method system was preliminarily established for the application ofhigh-precision satellite remote sensing technique to geohazard of collapse, landslide and debris flow.Identification mark and interpretation method of remote sensing for geohazard were revised anddeveloped according to the genesis and activity characteristics of geohazard (collapse, landslide anddebris flow). Advantage and limitation of remote sensing technique in geohazard research field wereexplained. Application of remote sensing technique to geohazard investigation, evalution, emergencydisaster relief and remedy designation of engineering was illustrated by examples.
     (2) Key remote sensing technique for geohazard (collapse, landslide and debris flow) was explainedin detailes. Discussion was made in this paper for selection of data source, image spectrum correction,image geometry correction, image ortho-rectification, 3D model establishment of remote sensing andradar interference technique. Different processing methods of remote image were put forward fordifferent study object, study stage and study degree of geohazard.
     (3) Some popular image fusion techniques at present were illustrated with factual examples ofimages. According to the characteristics that the extraction of deformation and failure trail was veryimportant for the study of geohazard, resolution fusion technique that was based on specific volume wasput forward for remote sensing interpretation. Consequently, image texture features could be enhancedwith this technique. Resolution fusion technique that was based on GramSchmidt transform or principalcomponent transform was used when image was made, which enabled spectral characteristics ofmulti-spectral image to be preserved to the maximum extent. At the same time, a new technique of colortransform was put forward for SPOT image.
     (4) Lots of high-precision satellite remote sensing photographs were collected about geohazard(collapse, landslide and debris flow). Plane shape, internal structure and activity characteristics ofgeohazard were deeply studied based on previous results. Interpretation mark and method of remote image were supplied and developed. A new estimation method of landslide volume was put forward.According to two examples of Baiyian landslide and debris flow ditch near the dam of Ludinghydropower station, extraction technique of geohazard detailed characteristics from QuickBird imageand its quantitative evaluation method were put forward.
     (5) Based on the project of remote sensing interpretation to railway engineering geology conditionsfrom Lijiang to Xianggelila, using the combination between aerial photographs and SPOT images whoseresolution was 5m after fusion, inducing hazard conditions in study zone and development conditions ofgeohazard (collapse, landslide and debris flow) were extracted. Distribution characteristics of geohazardalong this proposed railway were appraised. Based on the advantage of remote sensing technique to theextraction of geohazard evaluation index, reliable evalution index was established, using simplemathematics evalution model as following. GM=(multiply from i=1 to n P_i)~(1/n)
     Closely combining engineering geology conditions and formation mechanism of geohazarddevelopment (collapse, landslide), regional hazard evaluation was made to geohazard (collapse,landslide) of study zone. Comparative analysis of the results indicated that the evaluation model wasrelatively reliable. Analysis results kept a strong agreement with the factual development conditions ofgeohazard, so it had some practical value.
     (6) By virtue of IKNOS and QuickBird satellite photographs with multi-time phase and highresolution, comparative analysis of characteristics was made for Xuanhan landslide during its differentstage, that is, before landslide deformation, after landslide deformation and after remedy. Formingconditions, developing characteristics, deformation and failure mark and main hazard conditions wereanalysed. High precision 3D remote sensing model of landslide zone was established, which providedlots of reference data to landslide remedy.
     (7) It was the first time that the collapse of reservior bank was monitored by virtue of QuickBirdsatellite photographs of multi-time phase. Remote sensing technique and method system was establishedto monitor the collapse of bank. Remote sensing interpretation of Three Gorges reservior zone wasdeveloped. Comparative study of QuickBird satellite remote sensing photographs had been made twicefor part of Three Gorges reservior zone. Distribution scope of bank collapse was determined for 139mwater level, which arose from ponding of above one year. Feasibility and accuracy of application of highprecision satellite remote sensing to monitoring of bank collaspe scope were analysed. Lots of referencedata were provided for the forecast of bank collaspe scope at 156m and 175m water level in ThreeGorges reservior.
引文
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