动静组合加载下的岩石破坏特性研究
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摘要
近几十年来岩石力学界的学者们在研究岩石静态加载和动态加载方面取得了丰硕的成果,对岩石力学理论与实践起了巨大的推动作用。然而,应当看到以往的这些研究基本限于岩石完全承受静载荷或完全承受动载荷(含冲击载荷及扰动载荷,下同)作用的情况,以致静应力与动载荷联合作用下岩石变形及破坏特性的研究显得相对不足。事实上,在实践及自然界中,特别是在深部岩石工程中,岩石在承受动载荷作用之前,已经处于高静应力或地应力状态之中。所以,对静应力与动载荷联合作用下的岩石变形及破坏特性展开研究具有重要意义。针对上述问题,本文作者在国家自然科学基金重大项目资助下,以动静组合加载下岩石破坏特性的研究为课题,就一维和二维动静组合加载理论与实验进行了深入系统的研究。
论文作者首先采用低周疲劳加载方法,对红砂岩在由INSTRON电液伺服材料试验机和特制的水平静压加载装置组成的试验机上进行了一维和二维动静组合加载试验,研究了组合加载条件下红砂岩在不同水平静压和不同竖向静压下受不同频率和不同幅值动力扰动作用时的力学响应和破坏特征,为深部岩爆和矿柱等稳定性分析提供了理论与实验依据。
在机理研究方面,分析了一维静加载岩石在动载作用下的损伤破坏机理,并根据等效应变假设,建立了受一维静加载岩石在动载作用下的弹塑性损伤本构模型,并在此基础上,分析了岩石在不同静载下的损伤应变能释放率变化规律;将突变理论引入受一维静载岩石系统的稳定性分析之中,建立了受一维静载岩石系统在动力扰动下的非线性动力学模型;根据静力预加载结构的冲击屈曲突变理论,建立了静载岩石系统的冲击破坏模型,并对一维静加载岩石系统冲击破坏的突变模型进行了具体分析,发现可能发生突变系统的分叉集不仅是由力学系统本身的性质决定的,还与外部载荷作用有关。
在本构理论方面,采用组合模型研究方法,将统计损伤模型和粘弹性模型相结合,建立了一维和多维受静载荷作用的岩石在动载作用下的本构模型—动静组合加载本构模型。
在强度理论方面,用应变能密度定义了岩石在动静组合载荷作用下的破坏准则,在动静组合加载本构模型的基础上,提出了用机械模型来反映动静组合加载下岩石单元体弹性的劣化和非弹性变形的产
Many scholars engaging in research on rock mechanics have investigated the performances of rocks experiencing static load and dynamic load(including impact and disturbance loads, the same below), obtained many results, and made great progress on both rock mechanics theories and applications. However, those research results are mainly about cases that rock are only experienced static load or dynamic load. In fact, in engineering practice and nature, for example in deep mining, there are quite numbers of rock on the condition of high static stress or ground stress before they are experienced dynamic stress; but, there are few such research results. So, it is meaningful to investigate the characteristics of rock failure and fragmentation when static load and dynamic load are coupling applied on rock. According to the problem above, the author of this paper carried out the research deeply and systematically on the following failure/fragmentation characteristics of rock experiencing the static-dynamic coupling load on the basis of the experiment and theoretic analysis with the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.Firstly, by using of the Instron electro hydraulic and servo controlled material testing machine and adopting low-cycle-index fatigue loading method, the test of ID and 2D of red sandstone failure/fragmentation with medium strain rate under coupled static-dynamic loading is carried out to investigate the dynamic response and fragmentation characteristics, when red sandstone is experienced different horizontal stress and vertical stress on the condition of dynamic disturbance with different frequency and amplitude. The experimental and theoretical basis is provided for analyzing the pillar stability and rockburst in deep mining.Secondly, on the basis of the above experiment, mechanism on fragmentation and failure of rock is analyzed, and according to equivalent strain hypothesis, a new constitutive model of elastic - plastic damage is established, furthermore the law of releasing ratio of damage strain energy is discussed under the condition of different static stress. The stability of uniaxial static loading rock system are analyzed by the catastrophe theory, and the nonlinear dynamics model on uniaxial static loading rock system under dynamic disturbance is established. According to the catastrophe theory for impact buckling of static loading structures, a new catastrophe model for impact fragmentation of a rock system experiencing static loading has been established, it is found that the furcate collection denoting catastrophe maybe taking place is not only decided by mechanics of the system itself but also has something to do with exterior loading.Thirdly, by way of combining statistic damage model and
viscoelastic model, constitutive model of rock experiencing coupled static-dynamic loading are established for the first time.Fourthly, using strain energy density concept to define a failure/fragmentation criterion of coupling static-dynamic loaded rock is proposed. On the basis of constitutive model of rock experiencing coupled static-dynamic loading, using mechanical model to represent the reduction of elasticity, occurrence of inelasticity deformation and effect of loading rate , is also proposed. According to mechanical model, the critical value of strain energy density of statically loaded rock coupling with dynamic loading is derived. The catastrophe theory is applied to analyze the process of dynamic fracture of static loaded rock by adding dynamic disturbance, the double cusp catastrophe model is proposed for internal crack growth in static loaded rock under dynamic disturbance, a new criterion for dynamic fracture of static loaded rock is given, the complicated process on crack propagation is described from the macro geometric aspects.Finally, a catastrophe model displaying the rockburst of the underground chamber under laminated buckling has been established, the evolvement law on underground chamber rockburst under laminated buckling is found under the condition of quasi-static pressure. And, a nonlinear dynamics model for underground chamber rockburst under laminated spallation buckling stimulated by dynamic disturbance is established for the first time. In addition, according to uniaxial static-dynamic coupling loading experiment, energy transform and consumption in failure/fragmentation of rock experiencing coupled static-dynamic loading are analyzed. On the basis of analysis above, the average ejecting velocity of rock fragments in rockburst is determined approximately, whose calculation method may be referred to the support design of rockburst tendency tunnel in deep mining.In short, the research of this dissertation, which is based on the frontal of the subject, applying the newest mathematical and mechanical methods and means to investigate the characteristics of rock failure and fragmentation, and the problem in engineering application, under the condition of static-dynamic coupling loaded rock system, is useful for both theory and practice, and in special for the developing of researsh on characteristics of deep rockmass.
论文作者首先采用低周疲劳加载方法,对红砂岩在由INSTRON电液伺服材料试验机和特制的水平静压加载装置组成的试验机上进行了一维和二维动静组合加载试验,研究了组合加载条件下红砂岩在不同水平静压和不同竖向静压下受不同频率和不同幅值动力扰动作用时的力学响应和破坏特征,为深部岩爆和矿柱等稳定性分析提供了理论与实验依据。
在机理研究方面,分析了一维静加载岩石在动载作用下的损伤破坏机理,并根据等效应变假设,建立了受一维静加载岩石在动载作用下的弹塑性损伤本构模型,并在此基础上,分析了岩石在不同静载下的损伤应变能释放率变化规律;将突变理论引入受一维静载岩石系统的稳定性分析之中,建立了受一维静载岩石系统在动力扰动下的非线性动力学模型;根据静力预加载结构的冲击屈曲突变理论,建立了静载岩石系统的冲击破坏模型,并对一维静加载岩石系统冲击破坏的突变模型进行了具体分析,发现可能发生突变系统的分叉集不仅是由力学系统本身的性质决定的,还与外部载荷作用有关。
在本构理论方面,采用组合模型研究方法,将统计损伤模型和粘弹性模型相结合,建立了一维和多维受静载荷作用的岩石在动载作用下的本构模型—动静组合加载本构模型。
在强度理论方面,用应变能密度定义了岩石在动静组合载荷作用下的破坏准则,在动静组合加载本构模型的基础上,提出了用机械模型来反映动静组合加载下岩石单元体弹性的劣化和非弹性变形的产
Many scholars engaging in research on rock mechanics have investigated the performances of rocks experiencing static load and dynamic load(including impact and disturbance loads, the same below), obtained many results, and made great progress on both rock mechanics theories and applications. However, those research results are mainly about cases that rock are only experienced static load or dynamic load. In fact, in engineering practice and nature, for example in deep mining, there are quite numbers of rock on the condition of high static stress or ground stress before they are experienced dynamic stress; but, there are few such research results. So, it is meaningful to investigate the characteristics of rock failure and fragmentation when static load and dynamic load are coupling applied on rock. According to the problem above, the author of this paper carried out the research deeply and systematically on the following failure/fragmentation characteristics of rock experiencing the static-dynamic coupling load on the basis of the experiment and theoretic analysis with the support of the National Natural Science Foundation of China.Firstly, by using of the Instron electro hydraulic and servo controlled material testing machine and adopting low-cycle-index fatigue loading method, the test of ID and 2D of red sandstone failure/fragmentation with medium strain rate under coupled static-dynamic loading is carried out to investigate the dynamic response and fragmentation characteristics, when red sandstone is experienced different horizontal stress and vertical stress on the condition of dynamic disturbance with different frequency and amplitude. The experimental and theoretical basis is provided for analyzing the pillar stability and rockburst in deep mining.Secondly, on the basis of the above experiment, mechanism on fragmentation and failure of rock is analyzed, and according to equivalent strain hypothesis, a new constitutive model of elastic - plastic damage is established, furthermore the law of releasing ratio of damage strain energy is discussed under the condition of different static stress. The stability of uniaxial static loading rock system are analyzed by the catastrophe theory, and the nonlinear dynamics model on uniaxial static loading rock system under dynamic disturbance is established. According to the catastrophe theory for impact buckling of static loading structures, a new catastrophe model for impact fragmentation of a rock system experiencing static loading has been established, it is found that the furcate collection denoting catastrophe maybe taking place is not only decided by mechanics of the system itself but also has something to do with exterior loading.Thirdly, by way of combining statistic damage model and
viscoelastic model, constitutive model of rock experiencing coupled static-dynamic loading are established for the first time.Fourthly, using strain energy density concept to define a failure/fragmentation criterion of coupling static-dynamic loaded rock is proposed. On the basis of constitutive model of rock experiencing coupled static-dynamic loading, using mechanical model to represent the reduction of elasticity, occurrence of inelasticity deformation and effect of loading rate , is also proposed. According to mechanical model, the critical value of strain energy density of statically loaded rock coupling with dynamic loading is derived. The catastrophe theory is applied to analyze the process of dynamic fracture of static loaded rock by adding dynamic disturbance, the double cusp catastrophe model is proposed for internal crack growth in static loaded rock under dynamic disturbance, a new criterion for dynamic fracture of static loaded rock is given, the complicated process on crack propagation is described from the macro geometric aspects.Finally, a catastrophe model displaying the rockburst of the underground chamber under laminated buckling has been established, the evolvement law on underground chamber rockburst under laminated buckling is found under the condition of quasi-static pressure. And, a nonlinear dynamics model for underground chamber rockburst under laminated spallation buckling stimulated by dynamic disturbance is established for the first time. In addition, according to uniaxial static-dynamic coupling loading experiment, energy transform and consumption in failure/fragmentation of rock experiencing coupled static-dynamic loading are analyzed. On the basis of analysis above, the average ejecting velocity of rock fragments in rockburst is determined approximately, whose calculation method may be referred to the support design of rockburst tendency tunnel in deep mining.In short, the research of this dissertation, which is based on the frontal of the subject, applying the newest mathematical and mechanical methods and means to investigate the characteristics of rock failure and fragmentation, and the problem in engineering application, under the condition of static-dynamic coupling loaded rock system, is useful for both theory and practice, and in special for the developing of researsh on characteristics of deep rockmass.
引文
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