声波团聚及联合其他方法脱除燃煤飞灰细颗粒的研究
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摘要
目前,悬浮细颗粒物特别是PM2.5已经成为我国各大城市主要的大气污染物,严重危害人体健康和大气环境,国际和国内越来越重视颗粒物控制问题,对PM2.5的排放浓度标准也越来越严格。传统的除尘技术虽然具有较高的总除尘效率,但是对细颗粒的除尘效率较低。利用团聚技术将细颗粒团聚粒径较大的颗粒,然后通过传统除尘设备就可以降低细颗粒的排放浓度,是一种有效的预处理方法。
声波团聚利用高能量密度的声场,促进颗粒在短时间内相互碰撞团聚,显著降低颗粒数目浓度降低,被认为是最具发展前景的团聚预处理方法之一,但该技术尚未完全发展成熟。研究开发基本处于实验室阶段,对各操作参数的影响情况缺乏全面的了解,而且团聚效率不高,一般低于50%。在理论研究方面尚未完全建立完整的团聚体系,计算模型过于简化。鉴于此,本文展开了相关实验和理论的研究。
在实验研究方面,设计和搭建了具有良好拓展性能的声波团聚实验台,燃煤飞灰和空气混合模拟燃煤电厂排放的含尘气溶胶,研究了以声波团聚为基础,同时联合其他方法的团聚效果。
首先对比研究了高低频声源对燃煤飞灰细颗粒的团聚效果。实验结果表明,20kHz的高频声源团聚效率不高,约为10%,而且能团聚粒径小于0.25μm的颗粒,且团聚后的颗粒仍处于PM2.5的范围。低频声源的团聚效果明显优于高频声源,团聚效率可达70%。利用正交试验研究了多因素、多水平的声波团聚过程,根据极差分析结果表明,频率是影响团聚效率最重要的参数,停留时间的影响较小。根据研究结果获得最佳操作参数为频率1400Hz,声压级150dB,停留时间4s。
其次研究了声波联合石灰种子颗粒的团聚过程。实验结果表明,添加种子颗粒能使团聚效率最大增幅达20%。分别采用单一因素分析和正交试验设计研究声波联合种子颗粒团聚过程中各因素对团聚效率的影响,研究结果表明,最佳操作参数为频率1400Hz,声压级150dB,停留时间4s,种子颗粒添加质量百分比30%,且粒径不宜过大。引入种子颗粒可拓宽声波团聚的“频率窗口”,在较低的声压级下发挥较好的团聚效果,降低了声波团聚的能耗。
然后研究了声波联合喷雾的团聚过程。实验结果表明,喷雾使声波团聚效率最高增幅达70%。喷雾同样可以拓展声波团聚的“频率窗口”,降低声波团聚能耗。同时在雾化溶液中加入SDS和Triton X-100两类表面活性剂,改善了燃煤飞灰细颗粒的润湿性,使团聚效率进一步提高,最大提高可达20%。其中SDS对环境无毒害而且更经济,因此工业应用中选择SDS作为润湿剂更合适。
在数值模拟方面,同时考虑了同向团聚、流体力学作用、声波尾流效应和布朗团聚四个机理,分别建立了相应的团聚模型。计算了各机理的声波团聚核函数,研究了包括频率、声压级、颗粒粒径、颗粒间距、温度等因素对团聚核函数和团聚过程的影响。对于低频声源团聚燃煤飞灰细颗粒,当其他条件均一致时,同向团聚核函数的值要远大于其他几种机理的团聚核函数值,即同向团聚是燃煤飞灰细颗粒声波团聚最主要的机理。
模拟结果表明低频声波团聚中存在最佳频率约为1500Hz,与实验结果非常接近。声压级越高,气溶胶初始浓度越高,颗粒的几何平均偏差越大,停留时间越长,团聚效率越高。温度升高,声波团聚效率略有上升,说明高温环境中声波可有效地团聚细颗粒。
The suspended fine particulate matter, especially PM2.5has become a major kind of air pollution in most cities of China, which has aroused ex-tensive concern because of its seriously injury to human health and atmospheric environment. The emission concentration standard of particulate matter has become stricter and stricter. The traditional particle filtering devices have high collect efficiency of total particulate matter, but the collect efficiency of fine particulate matter is much low. The agglomeration is an effective pretreatment technology, which agglomerates the fine particles to larger ones. Then through the traditional particle filtering devices the particulate emission will be reduced.
Acoustic agglomeration utilizes the high-intensity sound field to make the fine particles collide with each other and agglomerate to larger ones within a very short time, and the concentration of fine particles decreased significantly. It is considered as a promising pretreatment technology for fine particle agglomeration. However, the investigation on acoustic agglomeration is uncompleted. The experimental study is still in laboratory, the agglomeration efficiency is lower than50%, and the impacts of various operating parameters are deficient of comprehensive understanding and the acoustic agglomeration is inefficient. The theoretical research of acoustic agglomeration mechanism has not been completely established yet and the theoretical calculations were oversimplified. In view of these, an experimental and theoretical study is carried out in this paper.
In the experimental study, the acoustic agglomeration experimental facility with good expanded performance is designed and built. Coal-fired fly ash is mixed with clean air to simulated dust emission of coal-fired power plant. The combined acoustic agglomerations with other means are investigated to improve the agglomeration efficiency.
Comparative studies between high-frequency and low-frequency sound sources are carried out. The results show that the agglomeration efficiency of20kHz high-frequency sound source is just about10%. Only the particles within the size smaller than0.25μm adhere together to agglomerate and the agglomerated particles are smaller than2.5μm. The application of low-frequency sound source is proved as an advised pretreatment with much better agglomeration efficiency of70%. Orthogonal design is introduced to determine the optimum acoustic agglomeration condition. The results reveal that frequency is the dominant factor and the impact of residence time is much lower. The optimum parameters are with frequency1400Hz, SPL150dB, residence time4s.
The combined acoustic agglomeration with the addition of the lime seed particles is studied to remove of the coal-fired fly ash particles as the first mode. The bimodal acoustic agglomeration can improve agglomeration efficiency significantly and the increase of agglomeration efficiency is up to20%. The difference and variance analyses of orthogonal design reveal that frequency is the dominant factor and the optimum conditions are with frequency1400Hz, SPL140dB, residence time4s, mass percentage of lime seed particle30%. The combination of seed particles can enlarge the frequency window and reduce the energy consumption of acoustic agglomeration.
The combined acoustic agglomeration with spray is studied and the increase of agglomeration efficiency is up to70%. Two kinds of surfactant solution, SDS and Triton X-100are investigated to improve the wettability of coal-fired fly ash and the acoustic efficiency increases further20%. As SDS is non-toxicity in the environment, more economical and better wettability, it is more appropriate as a wetting solvent.
The numerical simulation is investigated based on orthokinetic agglomeration, hydrodynamic interaction, acoustic wake effect and Brown agglomeration. The effect of parameters for kernel functions is investigated. For low.frequency acoustic agglomerate the coal-fired fly ash, the contrast of kernel functions reveals that orthokinetic agglomeration is the main mechanism of acoustic agglomeration of coal-fired fly ash.
The simulation results show that the optimum frequency is about1500Hz. Larger SPL, higher concentration of initial aerosol and longer residence time are more favorable to the agglomeration efficiency. Higher temperature increases acoustic agglomeration efficiency slightly, which means acoustic agglomeration still work in high temperature environment to agglomerate the fine particulate matter.
声波团聚利用高能量密度的声场,促进颗粒在短时间内相互碰撞团聚,显著降低颗粒数目浓度降低,被认为是最具发展前景的团聚预处理方法之一,但该技术尚未完全发展成熟。研究开发基本处于实验室阶段,对各操作参数的影响情况缺乏全面的了解,而且团聚效率不高,一般低于50%。在理论研究方面尚未完全建立完整的团聚体系,计算模型过于简化。鉴于此,本文展开了相关实验和理论的研究。
在实验研究方面,设计和搭建了具有良好拓展性能的声波团聚实验台,燃煤飞灰和空气混合模拟燃煤电厂排放的含尘气溶胶,研究了以声波团聚为基础,同时联合其他方法的团聚效果。
首先对比研究了高低频声源对燃煤飞灰细颗粒的团聚效果。实验结果表明,20kHz的高频声源团聚效率不高,约为10%,而且能团聚粒径小于0.25μm的颗粒,且团聚后的颗粒仍处于PM2.5的范围。低频声源的团聚效果明显优于高频声源,团聚效率可达70%。利用正交试验研究了多因素、多水平的声波团聚过程,根据极差分析结果表明,频率是影响团聚效率最重要的参数,停留时间的影响较小。根据研究结果获得最佳操作参数为频率1400Hz,声压级150dB,停留时间4s。
其次研究了声波联合石灰种子颗粒的团聚过程。实验结果表明,添加种子颗粒能使团聚效率最大增幅达20%。分别采用单一因素分析和正交试验设计研究声波联合种子颗粒团聚过程中各因素对团聚效率的影响,研究结果表明,最佳操作参数为频率1400Hz,声压级150dB,停留时间4s,种子颗粒添加质量百分比30%,且粒径不宜过大。引入种子颗粒可拓宽声波团聚的“频率窗口”,在较低的声压级下发挥较好的团聚效果,降低了声波团聚的能耗。
然后研究了声波联合喷雾的团聚过程。实验结果表明,喷雾使声波团聚效率最高增幅达70%。喷雾同样可以拓展声波团聚的“频率窗口”,降低声波团聚能耗。同时在雾化溶液中加入SDS和Triton X-100两类表面活性剂,改善了燃煤飞灰细颗粒的润湿性,使团聚效率进一步提高,最大提高可达20%。其中SDS对环境无毒害而且更经济,因此工业应用中选择SDS作为润湿剂更合适。
在数值模拟方面,同时考虑了同向团聚、流体力学作用、声波尾流效应和布朗团聚四个机理,分别建立了相应的团聚模型。计算了各机理的声波团聚核函数,研究了包括频率、声压级、颗粒粒径、颗粒间距、温度等因素对团聚核函数和团聚过程的影响。对于低频声源团聚燃煤飞灰细颗粒,当其他条件均一致时,同向团聚核函数的值要远大于其他几种机理的团聚核函数值,即同向团聚是燃煤飞灰细颗粒声波团聚最主要的机理。
模拟结果表明低频声波团聚中存在最佳频率约为1500Hz,与实验结果非常接近。声压级越高,气溶胶初始浓度越高,颗粒的几何平均偏差越大,停留时间越长,团聚效率越高。温度升高,声波团聚效率略有上升,说明高温环境中声波可有效地团聚细颗粒。
The suspended fine particulate matter, especially PM2.5has become a major kind of air pollution in most cities of China, which has aroused ex-tensive concern because of its seriously injury to human health and atmospheric environment. The emission concentration standard of particulate matter has become stricter and stricter. The traditional particle filtering devices have high collect efficiency of total particulate matter, but the collect efficiency of fine particulate matter is much low. The agglomeration is an effective pretreatment technology, which agglomerates the fine particles to larger ones. Then through the traditional particle filtering devices the particulate emission will be reduced.
Acoustic agglomeration utilizes the high-intensity sound field to make the fine particles collide with each other and agglomerate to larger ones within a very short time, and the concentration of fine particles decreased significantly. It is considered as a promising pretreatment technology for fine particle agglomeration. However, the investigation on acoustic agglomeration is uncompleted. The experimental study is still in laboratory, the agglomeration efficiency is lower than50%, and the impacts of various operating parameters are deficient of comprehensive understanding and the acoustic agglomeration is inefficient. The theoretical research of acoustic agglomeration mechanism has not been completely established yet and the theoretical calculations were oversimplified. In view of these, an experimental and theoretical study is carried out in this paper.
In the experimental study, the acoustic agglomeration experimental facility with good expanded performance is designed and built. Coal-fired fly ash is mixed with clean air to simulated dust emission of coal-fired power plant. The combined acoustic agglomerations with other means are investigated to improve the agglomeration efficiency.
Comparative studies between high-frequency and low-frequency sound sources are carried out. The results show that the agglomeration efficiency of20kHz high-frequency sound source is just about10%. Only the particles within the size smaller than0.25μm adhere together to agglomerate and the agglomerated particles are smaller than2.5μm. The application of low-frequency sound source is proved as an advised pretreatment with much better agglomeration efficiency of70%. Orthogonal design is introduced to determine the optimum acoustic agglomeration condition. The results reveal that frequency is the dominant factor and the impact of residence time is much lower. The optimum parameters are with frequency1400Hz, SPL150dB, residence time4s.
The combined acoustic agglomeration with the addition of the lime seed particles is studied to remove of the coal-fired fly ash particles as the first mode. The bimodal acoustic agglomeration can improve agglomeration efficiency significantly and the increase of agglomeration efficiency is up to20%. The difference and variance analyses of orthogonal design reveal that frequency is the dominant factor and the optimum conditions are with frequency1400Hz, SPL140dB, residence time4s, mass percentage of lime seed particle30%. The combination of seed particles can enlarge the frequency window and reduce the energy consumption of acoustic agglomeration.
The combined acoustic agglomeration with spray is studied and the increase of agglomeration efficiency is up to70%. Two kinds of surfactant solution, SDS and Triton X-100are investigated to improve the wettability of coal-fired fly ash and the acoustic efficiency increases further20%. As SDS is non-toxicity in the environment, more economical and better wettability, it is more appropriate as a wetting solvent.
The numerical simulation is investigated based on orthokinetic agglomeration, hydrodynamic interaction, acoustic wake effect and Brown agglomeration. The effect of parameters for kernel functions is investigated. For low.frequency acoustic agglomerate the coal-fired fly ash, the contrast of kernel functions reveals that orthokinetic agglomeration is the main mechanism of acoustic agglomeration of coal-fired fly ash.
The simulation results show that the optimum frequency is about1500Hz. Larger SPL, higher concentration of initial aerosol and longer residence time are more favorable to the agglomeration efficiency. Higher temperature increases acoustic agglomeration efficiency slightly, which means acoustic agglomeration still work in high temperature environment to agglomerate the fine particulate matter.
引文
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