不同电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马神经营养因子及谷氨酸代谢相关蛋白的影响
摘要
抑郁症是精神科最常见的自杀率最高的疾病之一,其发病率逐年升高、就诊率治疗率低,抑郁症导致的自杀及自残给家庭带来痛苦,给社会带来沉重负担。
抑郁症发病的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚,主要治疗药物以单胺类神经递质为调控靶点,但疗效不甚理想,无法缓解所有症状,且存在各种副作用。
针灸治疗抑郁症疗效确切,无毒副作用,而且是整体调节,多靶点治疗。近年来针灸治疗抑郁症是研究热点之一,大量研究表明针灸能从多个角度,多靶点、多通道起到抗抑郁作用。
关于星形胶质细胞、谷氨酸代谢、谷氨酸转运体及受体,与抑郁症的关系属于研究初步阶段,神经营养因子前体蛋白的研究也不多见,本实验选取脉冲电针和音乐电针干预慢性应激抑郁大鼠,对上述研究领域相关指标进行初筛,以期发现电针抗抑郁的新靶点,并比较两种电针疗效的异同点。
研究方法与结果
1.应用慢性应激刺激结合孤养造成抑郁大鼠模型,采用开野实验、体质量测量、糖水偏好实验来评价抑郁模型复制是否成功。造模完成后,模型对照组大鼠开野试验的水平运动次数、垂直运动次数、体质量增加量、糖水偏好比例均显著低于空白对照组(P<0.01)说明造模成功；与模型对照组相比,氟西汀组、脉冲电针组、音乐电针组均明显升高(P<0.05)；在糖水偏好实验及体质量测定中,音乐电针组大鼠优于脉冲电针组。
2.采用尼氏海马神经元染色来评价抑郁模型复制是否成功,并且评价三种干预方法的疗效。模型对照组海马CA1区尼氏神经元数量明显低于空白对照组,说明造模成功。氟西汀、脉冲电针、音乐电针均可改善慢性应激刺激及孤养对大鼠海马神经元的损害作用,对海马神经元细胞有一定的保护作用。其中音乐电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马CA1区神经元的保护作用优于脉冲电针,且有优干氟西汀的趋势,但无显著性差异。
3.用免疫组化法检测海马BDNF阳性神经元的平均光密度,Elisa法检测血清中BDNF、t-PA及PAI-1的含量。慢性应激刺激结合孤养能造成大鼠海马CA1区及血清中BDNF含量降低,氟西汀、脉冲电针及音乐电针均能逆转这种变化,并且在改善脑内BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀及脉冲电针,在改善血清中BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀,与脉冲电针疗效相当。与空白对照组比较,模型对照组大鼠血清t-PA/PAI-1明显降低(P<0.01),表示mBDNF比例降低。与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组、脉冲电针组和音乐电针组大鼠血清t-PA/PAI-1明显上升(P<0.05),且音乐电针组明显高于脉)中电针组(P<0.05),表明mBDNF比例较高,有较好的神经元保护作用。
4.用免疫组化法检测GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度,RT-PCR法检测海马GFAP、EAAT1及EAAT2mRNA含量。与空白对照组比较,模型对照组GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度明显降低(P<0.01)；与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组、脉冲电针组、音乐电针组GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度明显增加(P<0.05)。音乐电针组GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度高于脉冲电针组但无统计学意义(P>0.05),高于氟西汀组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。慢性应激抑郁模型组海马EAAT1mRNA的表达明显降低,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)；与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组有升高趋势但无显著性差异(P=0.059)；与模型对照组比较,脉冲电针组、音乐电针组EAAT1mRNA表达明显上升,结果有显著性差异(P<0.05)。慢性应激抑郁模型组海马EAAT2mRNA的表达明显降低,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)；与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组有升高趋势但无显著性差异(P>0.05)；与模型对照组比较,脉冲电针组、音乐电针组EAAT2mRNA表达明显上升,结果有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
5.高效液相色谱法检测海马Glu含量,RT-PCR法检测海马G1uR1、G1uR2、NR1及NR2B mRNA含量。慢性应激抑郁模型对照组海马Glu含量明显上升,G1uR1、G1uR2mRNA表达明显降低,NR1、NR2B mRNA表达明显升高,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。氟西汀可升高G1uR2mRNA的表达并降低NR1、NR2B mRNA的表达(P<0.05),对G1uR1mRNA表达的影响没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。脉冲电针和音乐电针可显著升高G1uR1、G1uR2mRNA的表达并降低NR1、NR2B mRNA的表达(P<0.05)。音乐电针在改善G1uR1、G1uR2、NR1mRNA表达方面优于氟西汀及脉冲电针(P<0.05)。
结论
1行为学实验结果提示本实验慢性应激刺激结合孤养造模成功。氟西汀及两种电针干预均可改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学表现。其中音乐电针在改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠自主活动、探究性方面有优于氟西汀及脉冲电针的趋势,但无统计学意义。在改善大鼠体质量增加减缓、快感缺失和奖励机制敏感性方面音乐电针明显优于脉冲电针。
2氟西汀、脉冲电针、音乐电针均可改善慢性应激刺激及孤养对大鼠海马神经元的损害作用,对海马神经元细胞有一定的保护作用。其中音乐电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马CA1区神经元的保护作用优于脉冲电针,且有优于氟西汀的趋势,但无显著性差异。
3在改善慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马内BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀及脉冲电针,在改善血清中BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀,与脉冲电针疗效相当。在提高t-PA/PAI-1比值,进而提高plasmin活性、促进pro-BDNF水解为mBDNF方面音乐电针优于脉冲电针
4三种干预方法均可显著改善慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马内GFAP蛋白及mRNA的表达,从而起到改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学的作用,其中脉冲电针及音乐电针在提高GFAP蛋白及mRNA方面均优于氟西汀,两种电针之间疗效相当。在提高EAAT1、EAAT2mRNA表达方面,脉冲电针、音乐电针有显著作用且效果相当,氟西汀组有上升趋势但无统计学差异。因此,在改善GFAP及EAAT1、EAAT2mRNA表达方面,脉冲电针、音乐电针优于氟西汀。
5慢性应激刺激结合孤养能使大鼠海马内Glu含量倍增,GluRl、G1uR2mRNA表达降低,NR1、NR2B mRNA表达升高,氟西汀、脉冲电针、音乐电针能逆转这种改变,降低谷氨酸浓度,从而保护神经元,其中音乐电针在改善Glu及GluR1、GluR2、NR1mRNA表达方面优于氟西汀及脉冲电针。
Objective
Depression is one of the most common diseases in psychiatric apartment, which has the highest suicide rate. The incidence increased year by year. But the attendance rate is quite low. Suicide and self-inflicted caused by Depression give lots of pain to the families. And it is a large burden for the society. The pathophysiology of depression is not fully understood. The medicines are mainly focused on monoamine neurotransmitter, but it not goes well. Acupuncture is the most popular treatment for the depression for the past few years. A lot of researches proved it can'treat depression in several ways. In our study, the treatment methods are the pulse electro-acupuncture and music electro-acupuncture. The rat is chronic unpredictable mild stress model. In order to find a new target for antidepressant, compare the two kinds of electro acupuncture efficacy.
Method and Result
1Using open field test, weight test, sugar preference evaluate the model of depression. The open cross, open rear, weight gain, sugar preferences in model group, which are lower than blank control group (P<0.01). This also shows the model of depression is made successfully. The treatment groups are higher than model group (P<0.05). In sugar preferences, the Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture.
2Using nissl body test evaluate the effect of three treatments. Model control group is lower than blank control group, Three treatments all can protect the neure in the hippocampus. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture.
3Using immunohistochemical methods show the BDNF, and Elisa method show the BDNF, t-PA and PAI-1. Three treatments can stop the reducing of BDNF. Music electro acupuncture is better than Fluoxetine in hippocampus. Three treatments can raise the t-PA/PAI-1, and music elector acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture.
4Using immunohistochemical methods show the GFAP, and RT-PCR show the CFAP, EAAT1and EAAT2mRNA. Three treatments all can raise the GFAP, and music electro acupuncture is better than Fluoxetine (P<0.05). Three treatments raise the EAAT1mRNA and EAAT2mRNA (P<0.05).
5Using HPLC methods show the Glu, and RT-PCR show the G1uR1, G1uR2, NR1and NR2B mRNA. Fluoxetine raise G1uR2mRNA and reduce NR1, NR2B mRNA (P<0.05). Music electro acupuncture and pules acupuncture can raise GluR1,GluR2mRNA, reduce NR1, NR2B mRNA. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture in GluR1, GluR2and NR1mRNA.
Conclusion
1Behavior results suggest the successful modeling. Fluoxetine and two kinds of electro-acupuncture can improve behavioral performance. Music electro acupuncture is better than the other two treatments in autonomous and exploratory movements. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture in weight gain, pleasant sensation and reward mechanism.
2The music electro acupuncture for the protective effect of chronic stress depression hippocampal CA1neurons, compared with pules electro-acupuncture, but no significant difference to fluoxetine.
3Chronic stress stimulation combined the singly housed cause hippocampal CA1region and serum BDNF levels decreased, fluoxetine, pulse electro-acupuncture and music EA able to reverse the changes. In improving the brain BDNF content, Music electro-acupuncture is superior to fluoxetine and pulse electro-acupuncture. In improving the BDNF levels, music electro-acupuncture is superior to fluoxetine, and pulse electro-acupuncture treatment.
4Three treatments can change the GFAP and mRNA in hippocampus. In Improving GFAP and EAAT1, EAAT2mRNA, pulse electro acupuncture and music EA are superior to fluoxetine.
5The three intervention can reduce the contents of Glu increased GluR1GluR mRNA reduce NR1and NR2B mRNA. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture and fluoxetine in Glu, GluR1, GluR2, NR1mRNA.
抑郁症发病的病理生理机制尚不完全清楚,主要治疗药物以单胺类神经递质为调控靶点,但疗效不甚理想,无法缓解所有症状,且存在各种副作用。
针灸治疗抑郁症疗效确切,无毒副作用,而且是整体调节,多靶点治疗。近年来针灸治疗抑郁症是研究热点之一,大量研究表明针灸能从多个角度,多靶点、多通道起到抗抑郁作用。
关于星形胶质细胞、谷氨酸代谢、谷氨酸转运体及受体,与抑郁症的关系属于研究初步阶段,神经营养因子前体蛋白的研究也不多见,本实验选取脉冲电针和音乐电针干预慢性应激抑郁大鼠,对上述研究领域相关指标进行初筛,以期发现电针抗抑郁的新靶点,并比较两种电针疗效的异同点。
研究方法与结果
1.应用慢性应激刺激结合孤养造成抑郁大鼠模型,采用开野实验、体质量测量、糖水偏好实验来评价抑郁模型复制是否成功。造模完成后,模型对照组大鼠开野试验的水平运动次数、垂直运动次数、体质量增加量、糖水偏好比例均显著低于空白对照组(P<0.01)说明造模成功；与模型对照组相比,氟西汀组、脉冲电针组、音乐电针组均明显升高(P<0.05)；在糖水偏好实验及体质量测定中,音乐电针组大鼠优于脉冲电针组。
2.采用尼氏海马神经元染色来评价抑郁模型复制是否成功,并且评价三种干预方法的疗效。模型对照组海马CA1区尼氏神经元数量明显低于空白对照组,说明造模成功。氟西汀、脉冲电针、音乐电针均可改善慢性应激刺激及孤养对大鼠海马神经元的损害作用,对海马神经元细胞有一定的保护作用。其中音乐电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马CA1区神经元的保护作用优于脉冲电针,且有优干氟西汀的趋势,但无显著性差异。
3.用免疫组化法检测海马BDNF阳性神经元的平均光密度,Elisa法检测血清中BDNF、t-PA及PAI-1的含量。慢性应激刺激结合孤养能造成大鼠海马CA1区及血清中BDNF含量降低,氟西汀、脉冲电针及音乐电针均能逆转这种变化,并且在改善脑内BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀及脉冲电针,在改善血清中BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀,与脉冲电针疗效相当。与空白对照组比较,模型对照组大鼠血清t-PA/PAI-1明显降低(P<0.01),表示mBDNF比例降低。与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组、脉冲电针组和音乐电针组大鼠血清t-PA/PAI-1明显上升(P<0.05),且音乐电针组明显高于脉)中电针组(P<0.05),表明mBDNF比例较高,有较好的神经元保护作用。
4.用免疫组化法检测GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度,RT-PCR法检测海马GFAP、EAAT1及EAAT2mRNA含量。与空白对照组比较,模型对照组GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度明显降低(P<0.01)；与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组、脉冲电针组、音乐电针组GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度明显增加(P<0.05)。音乐电针组GFAP阳性细胞平均光密度高于脉冲电针组但无统计学意义(P>0.05),高于氟西汀组有显著性差异(P<0.05)。慢性应激抑郁模型组海马EAAT1mRNA的表达明显降低,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)；与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组有升高趋势但无显著性差异(P=0.059)；与模型对照组比较,脉冲电针组、音乐电针组EAAT1mRNA表达明显上升,结果有显著性差异(P<0.05)。慢性应激抑郁模型组海马EAAT2mRNA的表达明显降低,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.01)；与模型对照组比较,氟西汀组有升高趋势但无显著性差异(P>0.05)；与模型对照组比较,脉冲电针组、音乐电针组EAAT2mRNA表达明显上升,结果有显著性差异(P<0.05)。
5.高效液相色谱法检测海马Glu含量,RT-PCR法检测海马G1uR1、G1uR2、NR1及NR2B mRNA含量。慢性应激抑郁模型对照组海马Glu含量明显上升,G1uR1、G1uR2mRNA表达明显降低,NR1、NR2B mRNA表达明显升高,与空白对照组比较有显著性差异(P<0.05)。氟西汀可升高G1uR2mRNA的表达并降低NR1、NR2B mRNA的表达(P<0.05),对G1uR1mRNA表达的影响没有统计学意义(P>0.05)。脉冲电针和音乐电针可显著升高G1uR1、G1uR2mRNA的表达并降低NR1、NR2B mRNA的表达(P<0.05)。音乐电针在改善G1uR1、G1uR2、NR1mRNA表达方面优于氟西汀及脉冲电针(P<0.05)。
结论
1行为学实验结果提示本实验慢性应激刺激结合孤养造模成功。氟西汀及两种电针干预均可改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学表现。其中音乐电针在改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠自主活动、探究性方面有优于氟西汀及脉冲电针的趋势,但无统计学意义。在改善大鼠体质量增加减缓、快感缺失和奖励机制敏感性方面音乐电针明显优于脉冲电针。
2氟西汀、脉冲电针、音乐电针均可改善慢性应激刺激及孤养对大鼠海马神经元的损害作用,对海马神经元细胞有一定的保护作用。其中音乐电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马CA1区神经元的保护作用优于脉冲电针,且有优于氟西汀的趋势,但无显著性差异。
3在改善慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马内BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀及脉冲电针,在改善血清中BDNF含量方面,音乐电针优于氟西汀,与脉冲电针疗效相当。在提高t-PA/PAI-1比值,进而提高plasmin活性、促进pro-BDNF水解为mBDNF方面音乐电针优于脉冲电针
4三种干预方法均可显著改善慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠海马内GFAP蛋白及mRNA的表达,从而起到改善慢性应激抑郁大鼠行为学的作用,其中脉冲电针及音乐电针在提高GFAP蛋白及mRNA方面均优于氟西汀,两种电针之间疗效相当。在提高EAAT1、EAAT2mRNA表达方面,脉冲电针、音乐电针有显著作用且效果相当,氟西汀组有上升趋势但无统计学差异。因此,在改善GFAP及EAAT1、EAAT2mRNA表达方面,脉冲电针、音乐电针优于氟西汀。
5慢性应激刺激结合孤养能使大鼠海马内Glu含量倍增,GluRl、G1uR2mRNA表达降低,NR1、NR2B mRNA表达升高,氟西汀、脉冲电针、音乐电针能逆转这种改变,降低谷氨酸浓度,从而保护神经元,其中音乐电针在改善Glu及GluR1、GluR2、NR1mRNA表达方面优于氟西汀及脉冲电针。
Objective
Depression is one of the most common diseases in psychiatric apartment, which has the highest suicide rate. The incidence increased year by year. But the attendance rate is quite low. Suicide and self-inflicted caused by Depression give lots of pain to the families. And it is a large burden for the society. The pathophysiology of depression is not fully understood. The medicines are mainly focused on monoamine neurotransmitter, but it not goes well. Acupuncture is the most popular treatment for the depression for the past few years. A lot of researches proved it can'treat depression in several ways. In our study, the treatment methods are the pulse electro-acupuncture and music electro-acupuncture. The rat is chronic unpredictable mild stress model. In order to find a new target for antidepressant, compare the two kinds of electro acupuncture efficacy.
Method and Result
1Using open field test, weight test, sugar preference evaluate the model of depression. The open cross, open rear, weight gain, sugar preferences in model group, which are lower than blank control group (P<0.01). This also shows the model of depression is made successfully. The treatment groups are higher than model group (P<0.05). In sugar preferences, the Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture.
2Using nissl body test evaluate the effect of three treatments. Model control group is lower than blank control group, Three treatments all can protect the neure in the hippocampus. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture.
3Using immunohistochemical methods show the BDNF, and Elisa method show the BDNF, t-PA and PAI-1. Three treatments can stop the reducing of BDNF. Music electro acupuncture is better than Fluoxetine in hippocampus. Three treatments can raise the t-PA/PAI-1, and music elector acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture.
4Using immunohistochemical methods show the GFAP, and RT-PCR show the CFAP, EAAT1and EAAT2mRNA. Three treatments all can raise the GFAP, and music electro acupuncture is better than Fluoxetine (P<0.05). Three treatments raise the EAAT1mRNA and EAAT2mRNA (P<0.05).
5Using HPLC methods show the Glu, and RT-PCR show the G1uR1, G1uR2, NR1and NR2B mRNA. Fluoxetine raise G1uR2mRNA and reduce NR1, NR2B mRNA (P<0.05). Music electro acupuncture and pules acupuncture can raise GluR1,GluR2mRNA, reduce NR1, NR2B mRNA. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture in GluR1, GluR2and NR1mRNA.
Conclusion
1Behavior results suggest the successful modeling. Fluoxetine and two kinds of electro-acupuncture can improve behavioral performance. Music electro acupuncture is better than the other two treatments in autonomous and exploratory movements. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture in weight gain, pleasant sensation and reward mechanism.
2The music electro acupuncture for the protective effect of chronic stress depression hippocampal CA1neurons, compared with pules electro-acupuncture, but no significant difference to fluoxetine.
3Chronic stress stimulation combined the singly housed cause hippocampal CA1region and serum BDNF levels decreased, fluoxetine, pulse electro-acupuncture and music EA able to reverse the changes. In improving the brain BDNF content, Music electro-acupuncture is superior to fluoxetine and pulse electro-acupuncture. In improving the BDNF levels, music electro-acupuncture is superior to fluoxetine, and pulse electro-acupuncture treatment.
4Three treatments can change the GFAP and mRNA in hippocampus. In Improving GFAP and EAAT1, EAAT2mRNA, pulse electro acupuncture and music EA are superior to fluoxetine.
5The three intervention can reduce the contents of Glu increased GluR1GluR mRNA reduce NR1and NR2B mRNA. Music electro acupuncture is better than pules acupuncture and fluoxetine in Glu, GluR1, GluR2, NR1mRNA.
引文
1中华医学会精神科分会.中国精神障碍分类与诊断标准第三版[M].济南：山东科学技术出版社,2001,87-89,28-35.
2 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision) [M]. American Psychiatric Association,2000, 20-80.
3George. L Engel. The Need for a New Medical Model:A Challenge for Biomedicine[J]. Science,1977,4286(196):129-134.
4周脉更.从医学模式的演变看现代医学模式的哲学基础[J].中国校外教育,2009,15(8)：15-16.
5范志雄,谢和辉.抑郁症的药物治疗进展[J].药学实践杂志,2012,30(3)：178.
6许海燕,黄希庭.人际心理治疗的发展[J].心理科学进展,2007,15(6)：923-929.
7唐锴,叶庆红,等.心理治疗联合文拉法辛缓释片治疗抑郁症疗效观察[J].精神医学杂志2012,25(2)：135-137.
8叶其群,田伟.无抽搐电休克疗法治疗难治性抑郁疗效观察[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2013,12(3)：197-198.
9张咏梅,胡斌.重复经颅磁刺激治疗抑郁症的临床研究进展[J].国际精神病学杂志,2011,38(1)：52-54.
10 Mukherjee, Knisely A, Jacobson J. Partial glucocorticoid agonist like effects of imipramine on hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical adrenocorticalactivity, thymus weight, and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors in male C57BL/6 mice[J]. Endocrinology,2004,145(9):4185-4191.
11张瑜,王亚军,田永萍,等.针药结合治疗对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响.中国中医药科技,2011,18(3)：179-181.
12 Young EA, Lopez JF, Murphy Weinberg V, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor functions in major depression [J]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry,2003,60(1):24.
13 Muller M.B, Holsboer F, Keck M. E, et al. Genetic modification of corticosteroid receptor signalling:novel insights into pathophysiology and treatment strategies of human affective disorders[J]. Neuropeptides,2002,36 (2-3):117.
14李丽萍,兰敬昀,华金双,等.针刺百会、太冲穴对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响[J].中医药学报,2006,34(2)：52-55.
15 Jackson I.M. The thyroid axis and depression[J]. Thyroid,1998,8(4): 951-956.
16 Blagosklonny MV, Pardee AB. The restriction point of the cell cycle [J]. Cell Cycle,2002,1(2):103-110.
17吴旻,王淑颖.不同程度缺氧与甲状腺激素水平的关系[J].实用医学杂志,2006,22(15)：1742-1744.
18顾群英.探讨甲状腺激素与抑郁症发病的关系[J].实用医学杂志,2010,26(4)： 625.
19李强,尚翠侠,马现仑,等.抑郁症患者的性激素分析[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,1999,25(5)：271-273.
20 House A, Dennis M, Moridge L, et al. Mood disorders in the year after first stroke[J]. Br J psychiatry,1991,158:83-96.
21 Casper RC, Redmond E, Katz MM, Schaffer CB, Davis JM, Koslow SH. Somatic symptoms in primary affective disorders:presence and relationship to the classification of depression [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,1985,42(10):98-104.
22汪广剑.雌激素与情感障碍的相关研究[J].国外医学.精神病学分册,1999,26(4)：226-229.
23 Zemlan FP, Garver DL. Depression and antidepressant therapy:receptor dynamic [J]. Prog Neuro sychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,1990,14 (4):503.
24周东丰.抑郁“假想”.抑郁症的神经生物学基础[J].中国处方药,2003,4(4)：12.
25代英杰,范骏,孟昭义.抑郁症的神经生化特征及进展[J].中国临床康复,2003,7 (30)：41246.
26 Lotrich FE, Pollock BG. Meta2analysis of serotonin transporter polymorphisms and affective disorders[J]. Psychiatr Genet,2004,14 (3):121-129.
27 Chotai J, Serretti A, Lorenzi C. Interaction between the tryp tophan hydroxylase gene and the serotonin transporter gene in schizophrenia but not in bipolar or unipolar affective disorders[J]. Neuro psychobiology,2005,51 (1):3-9.
28王医成,王连生.5-羟色胺递质相关基因多态性对抗精神病药物作用影响的研究进展[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2010,24(2)：150-154.
29 Blier P. Altered function of the serotonin A autoreceptor and the antidepressant response[J]. Neuron,2010,65(1):1-2.
30 Savita J, Lucki I, Drevets WC,5-HT (1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder[J]. Prog Neurobiol,2009,88(1):17-31.
31 Wissink S, Meijer 0, Pearce D, et al. Regulation of the rat serotonin-lA receptor gene by corticosteroids [J]. J Biol Cham,2000,275(2):1321-1326.
32 Cao JL, Covington HE, Friedman AK, et al. Mesolimbic Dopamine Neurons in the Brain Reward Circui t Mediate Susceptibility to Social Defeat and Antidepressant Action[J]. The Journal of Neuroscience,2010,30:16453-16458.
33 Krishnan V, Han MH, Graham DL, et al. Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeatin brain reward regions[J]. Cell, 2007,131:391-404.
34 Nowakowska E, Chodera A, Kus K, et al. Reversal of stress- induced memory changes by moclobemide:the role of neurotransmitters [J]. Pol J Pharmacol,2001, 53(3):227-233.
35 Almaguer Melian W, Rojas Reyes Y, Alvare A, et al. Long- term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in freely moving rats is reinforced by intravent ricular application of norepinephrine, but not oxotremorine [J]. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2005,83(1):72-78.
36 Garcia R. Stress, synaptic plasticity, and psychopathology [J]. Reviews in the Neurosciences,2002,13(3):195-208.
37 Hamer M, Stepton A. Association between physical fitness, parasympathetic control, and proinflammatory responses to mental stress[J]. Psychosomatic Medicine,2007,69(7):660-666.
38迟松,林文娟.抑郁症神经内分泌免疫学的研究进展及心理治疗的作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2003,11(1)：77-80.
39王东林,林文娟.细胞因子与抑郁症发病机制研究进展[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2007,33(9),572-574.
40林文娟,王东林,潘玉芹.抑郁症的心理神经免疫学研究：细胞因子的作用[J].心理科学进展,2008,16(3)：404-410.
41 Craft TKS, De Vries AC. Role of IL-1 in post-stroke depressive-like Behavior in mice[J]. Biological Psychiatry,2006,60(8):812-818.
42 Chourbaji S, Urani A, Inta I, et al. IL-6 knockout mice exhibit resistance to stress-induced development of depression-like behaviors [J]. Neurobiology of Disease,2006,23 (3):587-594.
43 Levine J, Barak Y, Chengappa K N, et al. Cerebrospinal cytokine levels in patients with acute depression [J]. Neuropsychobiology,1999,40 (4):171-176.
44 Myint A M, Leonard B E, Steinbusch H W M, et al. Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression [J]. Journal of Affective Disorders,2005,88 (2):167-173.
45 Huang T L, Lee C T. T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine imbalance and clinical phenotypes of acute-phase major depression [J]. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,2007,61(4):415-420.
46 Dranovsky A, Hen R. Hippocampal neurogenesis:regulation by stress and antidepressants[J]. Biol Psych,2006,59:1136-1143.
47 NeumeisterA, Wood S, BonneO, et al. Reduced hippocampal volume in unmedicated, remitted patientswith major depression versus control subjects [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2005,57 (8):935-937.
48李云峰,罗质璞.抑郁症：神经元损伤与神经元再生障碍[J].药学学报,2004,39(11)：949-953.
49 Duman RS, MonteggiaLM. A neurotrophicmodel for stress-relat-edmood disorders[J]. Bio.1 Psychiatry,2006,59(12):1116-1127.
50 Chen ZY. Genetic variantBDNF (Va166Met) polymorphism alters anxiety-related behavior [J]. Science,2006,314(5796):140-143.
51李则挚.脑源性神经营养因子在抑郁症发作病理机制中的作用[J].上海交通大学学 报(医学版),2010,30(6)：651-653.
Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels:implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression [J]. Neuropsychopharmaco,2008,11(8): 1169-1180.
53付秀全.心脑血管病危险因素与抑郁[J].职业卫生与病伤,2005,20(2)：97-99.
54曾刚.心脑血管病患者焦虑抑郁状况调查[J].中国公共卫生,2006,22(9)：1141-1143.
55 LewinGR, BardeYA. Physiology of the Neurotrophins [J]. AnnualReview of Neuroscience,1996,19(3):289-317.
56 Gray K, Ellis V. Activation of pro-BDNF by the pericellular serine protease plasmin[J]. FEBS Lett,2008,582(6):907-910.
57 Lu B, Pang PT, WooNH. The yin and yang of neurotrophin act ion [J]. NatRevNeurosc,2005,6(8):603-614.
58 He F, Sun Y E. Glial cells more than support cell [J]. J Biochem Cell Biol, 2007,39(4):61-65.
59 Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2000,48:861-873.
60张敬军.星形胶质细胞的研究[J].中国药理学通报,2006,22(7)：788-791.
61 Kimelberg H K. The role of hypotheses in current research, illustrated by hypotheses on the possible role of astrocytes in energy metabolism and cerebral blood flow:from Newton to now [J]. Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2004,24:1235-1239.
62 Koudinov A R, Koudinova N V. Cholesterol's role in synapse format ion[J]. Science,2002,295(5563):2213.
63 Miller G. Society for neuroscience meeting:neurons get connected via glia [J]. Science,2003,302:1323.
64 Song H J, Stevens C F, Gage.F H. Neural stem cells from adult hippocampus develop essential properties of functional CNS neurons[J]. Nat Neurosci,2002, 5(5):438-445.
65 VoutsinosB, Bonvento G, Tanaka K, et al. Glial glutamate transporters mediate a functional metabolic crosstalk between neurons and Astrocytes in the mouse developing cortex [J]. Neuron,2003,37 (2):275-286.
66 Emsley JG,Arlotta P,Macklis JD. Star-crossed neurons:Astrogenlial effects on neural repair in the adult mammalian CNS [J].Trends Neurosci,2004,27(5): 238-240.
67 Williams S M, Diaz C M, Macnab L T, et al. Immunocytochemical analysis of D-serine distribution in the mammalian brain reveals novel anatomical compartmentalizations in glia and neurons [J]. Glia,2006,53:401-411.
68 Verrall L, Walker M, Rawlings N, et al. D-amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain:normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia [J]. Eur J Neurosci,2007,26:1657-1669.
69戴建国,陈琳.基于星形胶质细胞靶点的抑郁症发病机制研究进展[J].中国药理学通报,2010,26(9)：1132-1135.
70 Cotter D, Mackay D, Chana G, et al. Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder [J]. Cereb Cortex,2002,12:386-394.
71 Gomes FC, Paulin D, Moura NV, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): modulation by growth factors and its implication in Astrocyte differentiation [J]. Braz J MedBiol Res,1999,32:619-631.
72 Banasr M, Duman R S. Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2008,64:863-70.
73 Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo J J,O'Dwyer G, et al. Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression [J]. Neuro psychopharmacology,2004,29:2088-2096.
74 Webster M J, O'Grady J, Kleinman J E, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the cingulate cortex of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia [J]. Neuroscience,2005,133:453-461.
75 Czeh B, Simon M, Schmelting B, et al. Astroglial plasticity in the hippocampus is affected by chronic psychosocial stress and concomitant fluoxetine treatment [J]. Neuro psychopharmacology,2006,31:1616-1626.
76 Banasr M, Chowdhury G M, Terwilliger R, et al. Glial pathology in an animal model of depression:reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole [J]. Mol Psychiatry,2010,5(5):501-511.
77陈红霞,黎明,张有志,等.胍丁胺对慢性应激大鼠海马神经元和星形胶质细胞的影响[J].中国药理学通报,2009,25(1)：21-25.
78 Younglim Lee, Denise Gaskins, Amit Anand, et al. Glia mechanisms in mood regulation:a novel model of mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl),2007, 191(1):55-65.
79 Mauri M C, Ferrara A, Boscati L, et al. Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment [J]. Neuro psychobiology,1998,37(3):124-129.
80原婷婷,乔卉,董素平,等.海马多巴胺D1受体激活抑制谷氨酸介导的大鼠慢性应激性抑郁[J].生理学报,2011,63(4)：333-341.
81杨辉,许丽娟.谷氨酸N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂的抗抑郁作用研究进展[J].中国新药与临床杂志,2011,30(12)：891-894.
82 AUER DP, PUTZ B, KRAFT B, et al. Reduced glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex in depression:an in vivoproton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study [J]. Bio Psychiatry,2000,47(4):305-313.
83陈奕晨,徐红波,胡子成,等.首发未用药抑郁症患者血浆氨基酸检测分析及其临 床意义[J].第三军医大学学报,2012,34(14)：1442-1445.
84 McBean GJ, Roberts PJ. Neurotoxicity of L-glutamate and D, L threo-3-hydroxyaspartate in the rat striatum[J]. J Neurochem,1985,44(1): 247-54.
85 Rothstein JD, Jin L, Dykes-Hoberg M, Kuncl RW. Chronic inhibit ion of glutamate uptake produces a model of slow neurotoxicity [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1993, 90(14):6591-6595.
86 Robison MB, Djali S, Buchhalter JR. Inhibition of glutamate up take with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate potentiates glutamate toxicity in primary hippocampal cultures[J]. J Neurochem,1993,61(6):2099-2103.
87 Zink M, Vollmayr B, Gebicke-Haerter P J, et al. Reduced expression of glutamate transporters vG1uT1, EAAT2 and EAAT4 in learned helpless rats, all animal model of depression [J]. Neuro-pharmacology,2010,58(2):465-473.
88 Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Waltzer R, Whittom AA, et al. Glial and glutamatergic markers in depression, alcoholism, and their comorbidity [J]. J Affect Disord. 2010,127(1-3):230-40.
89 Liu Y, Zhang J. Recent development in NMDA receptors [J]. Chin Med J,2000, 13(10):948-956.
90袁维秀,杨红菊.N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸-2B受体功能的研究进展[J].国外医学药学分册,2004,31(3)：146-149.
91 Petrenko A B, Yamakura T, Baba H, et al. The role of N-methyl-D-as partake (NMDA) receptors in pairxa review[J]. Anesth Analg 2003,97(4):1108-1116.
92 Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine:role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors [J].Biol Psychiatry, 2008,63(4):349-352.
93 Watanabe Y, Saito H, Abe K, et al. Tricyclic antidepressants block NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses and induction of longterm potentiation in rat hippocampal slices[J]. Neuropharmacology,1993,32(5):479-486.
94 Borza I, Bozo E, Barta-Szalai. G, et al. Selective NR1/2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists among indole-2-car-boxamides and benzimidazole-2-carboxamides[J]. J Med Chem,2007,50(5):901-914.
95 Tigaret CM, Thalhammer A, Rast GF, et al. Subunit dependencies of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-induced alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptorinter-nalization[J]. Mol Pharmacol,2006,69(4):1251-1259.
96 Preskorn SH, Baker B, Kolluri S, et al. An innovative design to establish proof of concept of the antidepressant effects of the NR2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, CP-101,606, in patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder[J]. J Clin Psychopharmacol,2008, 28(6):631-637.
97 Bredt DS, Niecoll RA. AMPA receptor trafficking at excitatory synapses [J]. Neuron,2003,40(2):361-379.
98 Whiteheart SW. Multiple binding proteins suggest diverse functions for the N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor [J]. Struct Biol,2004,146(1):32-43.
99 Gardner SM. Calcium-permeable AMPA receptor plasticity is mediated by subunit-specific interactions with PICK1 and NSF [J]. Neuron,2005,45(6): 903-915.
100 Chourbaji S, Vogt MA, Fumagalli F, et al. AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluR-A) knockout mice model the glutamate hypothesis of depression [J]. Faseb J,2008, 22(9):3129-3134.
101 Hashimoto K, Sawa A, Iyo M. Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2007,62(11):1310-1316.
102 Barbon A, Caracciolo L, Orlandi C, et al. Chronic antidepressant treatments induce a time-dependent up-regulation of AMPA receptor subunit protein levels [J]. Neurochem Int,2011,56 (6):896-905.
103 Gerald Gartlehner, Richard A, Hansen, et al.Drug Class Review on Second Generation Antidepressants [M]. Oregon Health & Science University,2006:4-5.
104 Kennedy, SidneyH. A review of antidepressant treatments today [J]. European Neuro psychopharmacology,2006,16:S619-S624.
105 Savino M, Versiani M, Cassano G, et al. Reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic disorder[J]. J Clin Psychiat,2002,63(1):31-37.
106蒋陆平.米氮平治疗抑郁症的临床研究[J].中国健康心理学,2008,16(7)：792-793.
107 ZARATE CA, QUIROZ J, PAYNE J, et al. Modulators of the glutamatergic system: implication for the development of improved therapeutics in mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacol, Bull,2003,36(4):35-83.
108 ZARATE CA, SINGH JB, QUIROZ JA, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled study of memantine in major depression[J]. Am J Psychiatry,2006,163(1): 153-155.
109 ZARATE CA, SINGH JB, CARLSON PJ, et al. A randomized trial of an NMDA antagonist in treatment-resistantmajor depression [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,2006, 63(8):856-864.
110 Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients [J]. Biological Psychi-atry,2000,47 (4):351-354.
111 MARENCO, STEFANO, WEIBURGER, et al. Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA receptormodulators in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders[J]. CNS Drugs, 2006,20(3):173-185.
112 CHAPPELL AS, GONZALES C, W ILLIAMS J, et al. AMPA potentiator treatment of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer disease[J]. Neurology,2007,68(13):1008-1012.
113 THOMAS R, LAURENT B, OLIVIER B, et al. First dualNKl antagonists-serotonin reuptake inhibitors:synthesis and SAR of a new class of potential antidepressants [J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2002,12(2):261-264.
114 MARIUSZ P, ANNICK V, CONRAD G. The NK1-receptor antagonist NKP 608 has an antidepressant-like effect in the chronic mild stress model of depression in rats[J]. Behav Brain Res,2000,115(1):19-23.
115 MICALE V, TAMBURELLA A, LEGGIO GM, et al. Behavioral effects of saredutant, a tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist, in experimental models of mood disorders under basal and stress-related conditions[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav,2008, 90(3):463-469.
116 DABLEH LJ, YASHPAL K, ROCHFORAD J, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of neurokinin receptor antagonists in the forced swim test in the rat[J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2005,507(1-3):99-105.
117 TRINGALIG, LISIL, SIMONEMLD, et al. Effects of olanzapine and quetiapine on corticotropin releasing hormone release in the rat brain[J]. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol BiolPsychiatry,2009,33(6):1017-1021.
118 Woelk H. Comparison of St John's wort and imipramine for treating depression: randomized controlled trial [J]. Br Med,2000,7260 (321):536.
119王美娟,胡君,赵路平,等.路优泰与氟西汀治疗抑郁症对照研究[J].临床精神医学杂志,2005,15(5)：287-289.
120张晓阳,王哲伟,蔡庆旗.路优泰与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症临床对照研究[J].临床精神医学杂志,2006,16(3)：173-176.
121崔永璐,张颖路.优泰与瑞美隆治疗抑郁症的对照研究[J].航空航天医药,2007,18(3)：165-167.
122唐锴,叶庆红,刘树娇,等.路优泰与舍曲林治疗老年抑郁症的疗效对照观察[J].中医药导报,2012,18(2)：40-42.
123王东平,李予春,卢爱莲,等.路优泰与万拉法新治疗轻中度抑郁症60例对照研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2006,14(5)：545-546.
124王长奇,米氮平与路优泰治疗抑郁症对照研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2012,20(4)：507-509.
125王永炎,张伯礼.中医脑病学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2007：243-344.
126周仲瑛.中医内科学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2007：373-380.
127钟志廷.中国音乐治疗的发展与展望[J].中国冶金工业医学杂志,2005,22(4)：395-397.
128陈奇猷.吕氏春秋校释.上海：学林出版社,1984：284.
129罗和春.电针治疗情感性精神病疗效观察[J].中国针灸,1984,4：1-3.
130 Luo HC. A comparative study of depression by electroacupuncture and amitriptyline Acupunture [J]. Scientific International Journal,1990,1(2): 20-28.
131 Luo HC. Electro-acupuncture vs Amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive state[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1985,5(1):3-6.
132罗文政,张清仲,赖新生.解郁调神针刺法治疗失眠伴抑郁障碍疗效观察[J].中国针灸,2011,30(11)：899-903.
133杨佃会,朱蓬燕,韩晶,等.疏肝调神针刺法对紧张型头痛患者伴随焦虑和抑郁症状的疗效观察[J].上海针灸杂志,2011,30(2)：87-89.
134樊莉,符文彬,蒙昌荣.应用汉密顿抑郁量表评估正穴位与非穴位针刺治疗抑郁 性神经症的疗效[J].中国临床康复,2005,28(9)：14-16.
135刘正芳,张建泉,邵淑娟.针刺治疗卒中后抑郁的疗效评价[J].四川中医,2013,31(2)：111-113.
136姜莉,赵仓焕.音乐电针疗法浅探[J].陕西中医,2007,28(11)：1573-1575.
137罗和春,沈渔邮,贾云奎,等.电针治疗133例抑郁症患者临床疗效观察[J].中西医结合杂志,1988,3：77-81.
138庄子齐,王敦建.电针智三针治疗中风后抑郁症疗效评价及对生存质量的影响[J].辽宁中医杂志,2009,36(8)：1400-1402.
139黄芳,曹铁军,曹锐.电针内关、建里治疗抑郁症的临床研究[J].北京中医药大学学报(中医临床版),2008,15(2)：25-27.
140张春平,黄远光,陈志兴.电针与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症的临床对照研究[J].实用医学杂志,2007,23(18)：2949-2950.
141穆敬平,刘莉,程建明.电针治疗吸毒者脱毒后焦虑抑郁情绪临床观察[J].上海针灸杂志,2008,27(10)：1-3.
142项春雁,郭全,廖娟.中医五行音乐结合音乐电针疗法对恶性肿瘤患者抑郁状态的影响[J].中华护理杂志,2006,41(11)：969-972.
143张洪,曾征,邓鸿.音乐电针治疗焦虑症157例[J].上海针灸杂志,2002,21(1)：22-23.
144刘桂珍,胡淑霞.音乐电针治疗更年期综合征50例临床观察[J].康复与疗养杂志,1993,8(3)：122-123.
145刘瑶.灸百会治疗抑郁症250例的疗效观察[J].医药世界,2006,6：72-73.
146骆彤,汪武生.艾灸治疗中风后抑郁症的临床研究[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2011,9(8)：140-141.
147雷丽芳,包庆惠.情志调护结合艾灸四花穴预防脑卒中后抑郁症临床观察[J].新中医,2009,41(12)：88-90.
148刘兰英,王玲玲,吕梅.电针结合SSRI类药物对抑郁症患者HAMD量表的影响[J].四川中医,2005,23(7)：96-98.
149白伟杰,张志,谭吉林.电针颞三针治疗抑郁性神经症30例临床观察[J].新中医,2008,40(1)：64-65.
150姜劲峰,徐蕾,林燕红,等.基于SSRIs药物治疗的针、灸抗抑郁效应研究[J].中国针灸,2012,32(3)：219-223.
151史榕荇,秦丽娜,吴茜,等.电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学及海马谷氨酸含量影响的研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2007,30(3)：177-180.
152王亚军,张瑜,田永萍,等.针药结合治疗对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学的影响[J].中医研究,2008,21(11)：12-15.
153邱艳明,时宇静,图娅.电针印堂、百会对获得性无助大鼠不同脑区内单胺类神经递质的影响[J].北京中医药大学学报,2002,25(6)：54-56.
154韩毳,李晓泓,郭顺根,等.电针对抑郁大鼠中枢及外周单胺类抻经递质的影响[J].中医药学刊,2004,22(1)：185-186,188.
155罗和春,周东丰,贾云贵,等.电针治疗抑郁症临床观察与实验研究[J].北京医科大学学报,1987,19(1)：45-47.
156贾宝辉,李志刚,时宇静,等.电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学及HPA轴相关激素的影响[J].针刺研究,2004,29(4)：252-256.
157孙冬玮,王珑.针刺对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响[J].上海针灸杂志,2007,26(2)： 32.
158史榕荇,吴茜,秦丽娜,等.电针百会、印堂对慢性应激模型大鼠体重及HPA轴影响的研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2007,23(1)：50-53.
159唐胜修,徐祖豪,唐萍.电针对抑郁症患者血清甲状腺激素水平的影响[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2004,4(2)：2007.
160徐世芬,庄礼兴,唐纯志.针刺对抑郁大鼠行为学及神经内分泌的影响[J].时珍国医国药,2009,20(12)：3137-3138.
161时宇静,卢峻,费宇彤,等.电针对抑郁状态模型大鼠性行为及血清睾酮、黄体生成素水平的影响[J].北京中医药大学学报,2006,29(5)：318-320.
162卢金花,姜劲峰,王玲玲,等.电针治疗抑郁模型大鼠快速起效海马区BDNF-TrkB机制研究[J].针灸临床杂志.2011,27(5)：51-54.
163李文迅.电针对抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(2)：33-35.
164韩焱晶,李文迅,贾宝辉,等.电针对抑郁模型大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子基因表达的影响[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2011,17(9)：1004-1006.
165沈鲁平,金光亮,范建华,等.抗抑郁处理对慢性应激大鼠海马鸟苷酸结合蛋白表达的影响[J].中华精神科杂志,2002,35(1)：25-27.
166李海燕,周东丰,宋煜青,等.电针和氟西汀治疗抑郁症对血小板蛋白激酶C的影响[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(10)：668-691.
167卢峻,时宇静,费宇彤,等.电针对抑郁症模型大鼠脑磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白表达的影响[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2006,12(5)：380-382.
168戴巍,李卫东,卢峻,等.电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马神经元凋亡及JNK信号转导通路的影响[J].2010,(5).330-334.
1段冬梅,图娅,陈利平,等.电针对抑郁症患者不同脑区的影响：磁共振研究[J].中国针灸,2009,9(2)：139-144.
2李云峰,罗质璞. 抑郁症发病机制及治疗药物[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004：1-20.
3 Hayley S, Poulter M 0. The pathogenesis of clinical depression:stressor and cytokine-induced alterations of neuroplasticity [J]. Neuroscience,2005,135:659-678.
4 Yong-Ku Kim, Heung-Pyo Lee, Sung-Doo Won, et al. Low plasma BDNF is associated with suicidal behavior in major depression [J].Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry,2007, (31):78-85.
5 Camphbell S, Marriott M, Nahmias C, et al. Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression:ameta-analysis[J]. Am J Psychiatry,2004,161(4): 598-607.
6 He F, Sun Y E. Glial cells more than support cells [J]. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2007,39(4):661-665.
7 Dimitris K, VAsileios B, VAsiliki M P, Stamatina K, et al. Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of persistent behaviour in the reinforced spatial alternation model of obsessive-compulsive disorder [J]. Psychopharmacology, 2008,4:597-610.
8 Younglim Lee, Denise Gaskins, Amit Anand, et al. Glia mechanisms in mood regulation:a novel model of mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl),2007, 191(1):55-65.
9 Mauri M C, Ferrara A, Boscati L,et al. Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment[J]. Neuropsychobiology,1998,37(3):124-129.
10 World Health Organization. The World Health Report 1999. Geneva:WHO, 2000:98-109
11 Murray C JL, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease:A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 [J]. Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, 1996,1:564-566.
12王远征.电针抗抑郁疗效作用特点分析[J].北京中医药大学学报,2010,33(3)：210-212.
13米希塔梁·淑沙尼克,图娅.电针与百优解对照治疗抑郁症的临床观察[J].针刺研究,2006,31(4)：242-243.
14段冬梅,图娅,陈利平.电针与百优解对伴躯体症状抑郁症有效性的评价[J].中国针灸,2008,28(3)：167-170.
15罗和春.电针与氟西汀治疗抑郁症疗效的对照研究[J].中华精神科杂,2003,36(4)：215-217.
16游言文.电针对抑郁大鼠模型行为学的影响[J].中医研究,2010,23(1)：24-26.
17张建斌.针刺对抑郁症模型大鼠行为学的影响[J].南京中医药大学学报,2005,21(1)：36-38.
18李文迅.电针对抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(2)：33-35.
19 Wong ML, Licinio J. From monoamines to genomic targets:a paradigm shift for drug discovery in depression [J]. Nature Review. Drug Discovery,2004, (3):136-151.
20 Banasr M, Duman R S. Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive like behaviors [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2008,64:863-70.
21 Deussing JM. Animal models of depression [J]. Drug Discov Today Dis Models, 2006; 3(4):375-383.
22 Luckil. The forced swimming test as a mod el for core and component behaviorl effects of antidepressant drugs [J]. Behav Pharmacol,1997,8:523-532.
23 Katz R, Roth K, Carroll B. Acute and chronic stress effects on open-field activity in the rat:implications for a moddel of depression [J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,1981,5:247.
24 Willner P. A animal models as simulations of depression. TIPS,1991, 12:131-137.
25贾守梅,路正仪,胡雁,等.社区老年抑郁症防治[J].中国全科医药,2005,8：203-205.
26贾宝辉,李志刚,卢峻,等.电针抗抑郁研究的模型探讨[J].针刺研究,2005,30(1)：22-25.
27 Solmaz M, Kavuk I, Sayar K. Psychological factors in the irritable bowel syndrome [J]. Eur J Med Res,2003,8(12):549-556.
28 Hempstead BL. Dissecting the diverse actions of pro-and mature neurotrophins [J]. CurrAlzheimerRes,2006,3(1):19-24.
29 Teng HK, Teng KK, Lee R, et al. ProBDNF induces neuronal apoptosis via activation of a receptor complex of p75NTR and sortilin [J]. J Neurosci,2005, 25 (22):5455-5463.
30 Pang PT, Teng HK, Zaitsev E, et al. Cleavage of proBDNF by tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity [J]. Science,2004,306(5695): 487-491.
31 Koshimizu H, Hazama S, Hara T, et al. Distinct signaling pathways of precursor BDNF and mature BDNF in cultured cerebellar granule neurons [J]. Neulet,2010, 473(3):229-232.
32 Vincze I, Perroud N, Buresi C, et al. Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and a severe form of bipolar disorder, but no interaction with the serotonin transporter gene [J]. BipolarDisord,2008; 10(5) 580-591.
33郭江红,冯惠芳,陈小平.心血管住院病人伴发焦虑抑郁症状的调查研究[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂,2013,11(2)：237-238.
34 Nancy FS, Francois L, Marrio T. Depression following myocardialinfarction. Impact on 6-months Survival [J]. JAMA,1993,270:1819-1825.
35 Hippisley-Cox J, Fielding K, Pringle M. Depression as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in men:population based case-control study [J]. BMJ, 1998,316:1714-1719.
36 Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, et al. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men:the precursors study [J]. Arch Intern Med,1998,158: 1422-1426.
37张敬军.星形胶质细胞的研究[J].中国药理学通报,2006,22(7)：788-791.
38 Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2000,48:861-873.
39 Tekkok S B, Brown A M, Westenbrock R, et al. Transfer of glyco gen-derived lactate from astrocytes to axons via specific monocar boxylate transporters supports mouse optic nerve activity [J]. J Neurosci Res,2005,81:644-652.
40 Murai K K, Nguye L N, Irie F, et al. Control of hippocampal dendritic spine morphology through ephrin-A3/EphA4 signaling[J]. Nat Neurosci,2002,6: 153-160.
41 Williams S M, Diaz C M, Macnab L T, et al. Immunocytochemical analysis of D-serine distribution in the mammalian brain reveals novel anatomical compartmentalizations in glia and neurons [J]. Glia,2006,53:401-411.
42 Ozawa S. Role of glutamate transporters in excitatory synapses in cerebella Parkinje cells [J]. Brain Nerve,2007,59:669-676.
43 Zink M, Vollmayr B, Gebicke-Haerter P J, Henn F A. Reduced expression of glutamate transporters vG1uT1,EAAT2 and EAAT4 in learned helpless rats, an animal model of depression [J]. Neuropharmacology,2010,58(2):465-473.
44 Dimitris K, VAsileios B, VAsiliki M P, Stamatina K, et al. Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of persistent behaviour in the reinforced spatial alternation model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. [J]. Psychopharmacology, 2008,4:597-610.
45 Ozawa S. Role of glutamate transporters in excitatory synapses in cerebellar parkinje cells [J]. Brain Nerve,2007,59,669-676.
46 ZARATE CA Jr, DU J, QUIROZ J, et al. Regulat ion of cellular plasticity cascades in the pathophysiology and treatmentofmood disorders:role of the glutamatergic system [J]. Ann NY Acad Sci,2003,1003:273-291.
47 SKOLNICK P. Antidepressants for the new mil lennium[J]. Eur J Pharmaco,1999, 375(123):31-40.
48 Lee Y L, Gaskins D, Anand A. Glia mechanisms in mood regulation:a novel model of mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2007,191 (1):55-65.
49 Moghaddam B, Bolinao ML, Stein-Behrens B, Sapolsky R. Glucocort icoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate [J]. Brain Res 1994; 655(1-2):251-254.
50 BERKM, PLEINH, FERREIRA D. Plateletglutamate receptor supersensitivity inmajor depressive disorder [J]. Clin Neuropharmacol,2001,24 (3):129-132.
51 Reznikov LR, Grillo CA, Piroli GG, et al. Acute stress mediated increases in extracellular glutamate levels in the rat amygdala:differ-entai1 effects of antidepressant treatment. Eur J Neurosci.2007; 25:3109-3114.
52 Wu T, Wang C. Research progress of NMDA receptor subunits. Med Recapitulate 2009; 15(6):819-820.
53 Fang XQ, Xu J, Feng S, Groveman BR, Lin SX, Yu XM. The NMDA receptor NR1 subuni t is critically involved in the regulation of NMDA receptor activity by C-terminal Srckinase (Csk). Neurochem Res 2010; 36(2):319-326.
54 Preskorn SH, Baker B, Kolluri S, et al. An innovative design toestablish proof of concept of the antidepressant effects of the NR2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, CP-101,606, in patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder [J]. J Cl in Psychopharmacol,2008, 28(6):631-637.
55 Borza I, Bozo E, Barta-Szalai G, et al. Selective NR1/2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists among indole-2-car-boxamides and benzimidazole-2-carboxamides [J]. J Med Chem,2007,50(5):901-914.
56 Hashimoto K, Sawa A, Iyo M. Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2007,62(11):1310-1316.
57 Chourba ji S, Vogt MA, Fumagalli F, et al. AMPA receptor sub-unit 1 (GluR-A) knockout mice model the glutamate hypothesis of depression [J]. Faseb J,2008, 22(9):3129-3134.
58 Legutko B, Li X, Skolnick P. Regulation of BDNF expression in primary neuron culture by LY392098, a novel AMPA receptor potentiator[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2001,40(8):1019-1027.
59 Cotter D, Mackay D, Chana G, et al. Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder [J]. Cereb Cortex,2002,12:386-394.
60 Liu Y, Zhang J. Recent development in NMDA receptors [J]. Chin Med J,2000, 13(10):948-956.
61 Jean YY, Lercher LD, Dreyfus CF. Glutamate el ici ts release of BDNF from basal forebrain astrocytes in a process dependent on metabotropic receptors and the PLC pathway [J]. Neuron Glia Biol,2008,4:35-42.
62 Carvalho AL, Caldeira MV, Santos SD, et al. Role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor at glutamatergic synapses [J]. Br J Pharmacol,2008,153: S310-S324.
2 American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders DSM-IV-TR (Text Revision) [M]. American Psychiatric Association,2000, 20-80.
3George. L Engel. The Need for a New Medical Model:A Challenge for Biomedicine[J]. Science,1977,4286(196):129-134.
4周脉更.从医学模式的演变看现代医学模式的哲学基础[J].中国校外教育,2009,15(8)：15-16.
5范志雄,谢和辉.抑郁症的药物治疗进展[J].药学实践杂志,2012,30(3)：178.
6许海燕,黄希庭.人际心理治疗的发展[J].心理科学进展,2007,15(6)：923-929.
7唐锴,叶庆红,等.心理治疗联合文拉法辛缓释片治疗抑郁症疗效观察[J].精神医学杂志2012,25(2)：135-137.
8叶其群,田伟.无抽搐电休克疗法治疗难治性抑郁疗效观察[J].临床和实验医学杂志,2013,12(3)：197-198.
9张咏梅,胡斌.重复经颅磁刺激治疗抑郁症的临床研究进展[J].国际精神病学杂志,2011,38(1)：52-54.
10 Mukherjee, Knisely A, Jacobson J. Partial glucocorticoid agonist like effects of imipramine on hypothalamic pituitary adrenocortical adrenocorticalactivity, thymus weight, and hippocampal glucocorticoid receptors in male C57BL/6 mice[J]. Endocrinology,2004,145(9):4185-4191.
11张瑜,王亚军,田永萍,等.针药结合治疗对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响.中国中医药科技,2011,18(3)：179-181.
12 Young EA, Lopez JF, Murphy Weinberg V, et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor functions in major depression [J]. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry,2003,60(1):24.
13 Muller M.B, Holsboer F, Keck M. E, et al. Genetic modification of corticosteroid receptor signalling:novel insights into pathophysiology and treatment strategies of human affective disorders[J]. Neuropeptides,2002,36 (2-3):117.
14李丽萍,兰敬昀,华金双,等.针刺百会、太冲穴对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响[J].中医药学报,2006,34(2)：52-55.
15 Jackson I.M. The thyroid axis and depression[J]. Thyroid,1998,8(4): 951-956.
16 Blagosklonny MV, Pardee AB. The restriction point of the cell cycle [J]. Cell Cycle,2002,1(2):103-110.
17吴旻,王淑颖.不同程度缺氧与甲状腺激素水平的关系[J].实用医学杂志,2006,22(15)：1742-1744.
18顾群英.探讨甲状腺激素与抑郁症发病的关系[J].实用医学杂志,2010,26(4)： 625.
19李强,尚翠侠,马现仑,等.抑郁症患者的性激素分析[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,1999,25(5)：271-273.
20 House A, Dennis M, Moridge L, et al. Mood disorders in the year after first stroke[J]. Br J psychiatry,1991,158:83-96.
21 Casper RC, Redmond E, Katz MM, Schaffer CB, Davis JM, Koslow SH. Somatic symptoms in primary affective disorders:presence and relationship to the classification of depression [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,1985,42(10):98-104.
22汪广剑.雌激素与情感障碍的相关研究[J].国外医学.精神病学分册,1999,26(4)：226-229.
23 Zemlan FP, Garver DL. Depression and antidepressant therapy:receptor dynamic [J]. Prog Neuro sychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry,1990,14 (4):503.
24周东丰.抑郁“假想”.抑郁症的神经生物学基础[J].中国处方药,2003,4(4)：12.
25代英杰,范骏,孟昭义.抑郁症的神经生化特征及进展[J].中国临床康复,2003,7 (30)：41246.
26 Lotrich FE, Pollock BG. Meta2analysis of serotonin transporter polymorphisms and affective disorders[J]. Psychiatr Genet,2004,14 (3):121-129.
27 Chotai J, Serretti A, Lorenzi C. Interaction between the tryp tophan hydroxylase gene and the serotonin transporter gene in schizophrenia but not in bipolar or unipolar affective disorders[J]. Neuro psychobiology,2005,51 (1):3-9.
28王医成,王连生.5-羟色胺递质相关基因多态性对抗精神病药物作用影响的研究进展[J].中国药理学与毒理学杂志,2010,24(2)：150-154.
29 Blier P. Altered function of the serotonin A autoreceptor and the antidepressant response[J]. Neuron,2010,65(1):1-2.
30 Savita J, Lucki I, Drevets WC,5-HT (1A) receptor function in major depressive disorder[J]. Prog Neurobiol,2009,88(1):17-31.
31 Wissink S, Meijer 0, Pearce D, et al. Regulation of the rat serotonin-lA receptor gene by corticosteroids [J]. J Biol Cham,2000,275(2):1321-1326.
32 Cao JL, Covington HE, Friedman AK, et al. Mesolimbic Dopamine Neurons in the Brain Reward Circui t Mediate Susceptibility to Social Defeat and Antidepressant Action[J]. The Journal of Neuroscience,2010,30:16453-16458.
33 Krishnan V, Han MH, Graham DL, et al. Molecular adaptations underlying susceptibility and resistance to social defeatin brain reward regions[J]. Cell, 2007,131:391-404.
34 Nowakowska E, Chodera A, Kus K, et al. Reversal of stress- induced memory changes by moclobemide:the role of neurotransmitters [J]. Pol J Pharmacol,2001, 53(3):227-233.
35 Almaguer Melian W, Rojas Reyes Y, Alvare A, et al. Long- term potentiation in the dentate gyrus in freely moving rats is reinforced by intravent ricular application of norepinephrine, but not oxotremorine [J]. Neurobiol Learn Mem, 2005,83(1):72-78.
36 Garcia R. Stress, synaptic plasticity, and psychopathology [J]. Reviews in the Neurosciences,2002,13(3):195-208.
37 Hamer M, Stepton A. Association between physical fitness, parasympathetic control, and proinflammatory responses to mental stress[J]. Psychosomatic Medicine,2007,69(7):660-666.
38迟松,林文娟.抑郁症神经内分泌免疫学的研究进展及心理治疗的作用[J].中国临床心理学杂志,2003,11(1)：77-80.
39王东林,林文娟.细胞因子与抑郁症发病机制研究进展[J].中国神经精神疾病杂志,2007,33(9),572-574.
40林文娟,王东林,潘玉芹.抑郁症的心理神经免疫学研究：细胞因子的作用[J].心理科学进展,2008,16(3)：404-410.
41 Craft TKS, De Vries AC. Role of IL-1 in post-stroke depressive-like Behavior in mice[J]. Biological Psychiatry,2006,60(8):812-818.
42 Chourbaji S, Urani A, Inta I, et al. IL-6 knockout mice exhibit resistance to stress-induced development of depression-like behaviors [J]. Neurobiology of Disease,2006,23 (3):587-594.
43 Levine J, Barak Y, Chengappa K N, et al. Cerebrospinal cytokine levels in patients with acute depression [J]. Neuropsychobiology,1999,40 (4):171-176.
44 Myint A M, Leonard B E, Steinbusch H W M, et al. Th1, Th2, and Th3 cytokine alterations in major depression [J]. Journal of Affective Disorders,2005,88 (2):167-173.
45 Huang T L, Lee C T. T-helper 1/T-helper 2 cytokine imbalance and clinical phenotypes of acute-phase major depression [J]. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences,2007,61(4):415-420.
46 Dranovsky A, Hen R. Hippocampal neurogenesis:regulation by stress and antidepressants[J]. Biol Psych,2006,59:1136-1143.
47 NeumeisterA, Wood S, BonneO, et al. Reduced hippocampal volume in unmedicated, remitted patientswith major depression versus control subjects [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2005,57 (8):935-937.
48李云峰,罗质璞.抑郁症：神经元损伤与神经元再生障碍[J].药学学报,2004,39(11)：949-953.
49 Duman RS, MonteggiaLM. A neurotrophicmodel for stress-relat-edmood disorders[J]. Bio.1 Psychiatry,2006,59(12):1116-1127.
50 Chen ZY. Genetic variantBDNF (Va166Met) polymorphism alters anxiety-related behavior [J]. Science,2006,314(5796):140-143.
51李则挚.脑源性神经营养因子在抑郁症发作病理机制中的作用[J].上海交通大学学 报(医学版),2010,30(6)：651-653.
Brunoni AR, Lopes M, Fregni F. A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies on major depression and BDNF levels:implications for the role of neuroplasticity in depression [J]. Neuropsychopharmaco,2008,11(8): 1169-1180.
53付秀全.心脑血管病危险因素与抑郁[J].职业卫生与病伤,2005,20(2)：97-99.
54曾刚.心脑血管病患者焦虑抑郁状况调查[J].中国公共卫生,2006,22(9)：1141-1143.
55 LewinGR, BardeYA. Physiology of the Neurotrophins [J]. AnnualReview of Neuroscience,1996,19(3):289-317.
56 Gray K, Ellis V. Activation of pro-BDNF by the pericellular serine protease plasmin[J]. FEBS Lett,2008,582(6):907-910.
57 Lu B, Pang PT, WooNH. The yin and yang of neurotrophin act ion [J]. NatRevNeurosc,2005,6(8):603-614.
58 He F, Sun Y E. Glial cells more than support cell [J]. J Biochem Cell Biol, 2007,39(4):61-65.
59 Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2000,48:861-873.
60张敬军.星形胶质细胞的研究[J].中国药理学通报,2006,22(7)：788-791.
61 Kimelberg H K. The role of hypotheses in current research, illustrated by hypotheses on the possible role of astrocytes in energy metabolism and cerebral blood flow:from Newton to now [J]. Cereb Blood Flow Metab,2004,24:1235-1239.
62 Koudinov A R, Koudinova N V. Cholesterol's role in synapse format ion[J]. Science,2002,295(5563):2213.
63 Miller G. Society for neuroscience meeting:neurons get connected via glia [J]. Science,2003,302:1323.
64 Song H J, Stevens C F, Gage.F H. Neural stem cells from adult hippocampus develop essential properties of functional CNS neurons[J]. Nat Neurosci,2002, 5(5):438-445.
65 VoutsinosB, Bonvento G, Tanaka K, et al. Glial glutamate transporters mediate a functional metabolic crosstalk between neurons and Astrocytes in the mouse developing cortex [J]. Neuron,2003,37 (2):275-286.
66 Emsley JG,Arlotta P,Macklis JD. Star-crossed neurons:Astrogenlial effects on neural repair in the adult mammalian CNS [J].Trends Neurosci,2004,27(5): 238-240.
67 Williams S M, Diaz C M, Macnab L T, et al. Immunocytochemical analysis of D-serine distribution in the mammalian brain reveals novel anatomical compartmentalizations in glia and neurons [J]. Glia,2006,53:401-411.
68 Verrall L, Walker M, Rawlings N, et al. D-amino acid oxidase and serine racemase in human brain:normal distribution and altered expression in schizophrenia [J]. Eur J Neurosci,2007,26:1657-1669.
69戴建国,陈琳.基于星形胶质细胞靶点的抑郁症发病机制研究进展[J].中国药理学通报,2010,26(9)：1132-1135.
70 Cotter D, Mackay D, Chana G, et al. Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder [J]. Cereb Cortex,2002,12:386-394.
71 Gomes FC, Paulin D, Moura NV, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP): modulation by growth factors and its implication in Astrocyte differentiation [J]. Braz J MedBiol Res,1999,32:619-631.
72 Banasr M, Duman R S. Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive-like behaviors [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2008,64:863-70.
73 Si X, Miguel-Hidalgo J J,O'Dwyer G, et al. Age-dependent reductions in the level of glial fibrillary acidic protein in the prefrontal cortex in major depression [J]. Neuro psychopharmacology,2004,29:2088-2096.
74 Webster M J, O'Grady J, Kleinman J E, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein mRNA levels in the cingulate cortex of individuals with depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia [J]. Neuroscience,2005,133:453-461.
75 Czeh B, Simon M, Schmelting B, et al. Astroglial plasticity in the hippocampus is affected by chronic psychosocial stress and concomitant fluoxetine treatment [J]. Neuro psychopharmacology,2006,31:1616-1626.
76 Banasr M, Chowdhury G M, Terwilliger R, et al. Glial pathology in an animal model of depression:reversal of stress-induced cellular, metabolic and behavioral deficits by the glutamate-modulating drug riluzole [J]. Mol Psychiatry,2010,5(5):501-511.
77陈红霞,黎明,张有志,等.胍丁胺对慢性应激大鼠海马神经元和星形胶质细胞的影响[J].中国药理学通报,2009,25(1)：21-25.
78 Younglim Lee, Denise Gaskins, Amit Anand, et al. Glia mechanisms in mood regulation:a novel model of mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl),2007, 191(1):55-65.
79 Mauri M C, Ferrara A, Boscati L, et al. Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment [J]. Neuro psychobiology,1998,37(3):124-129.
80原婷婷,乔卉,董素平,等.海马多巴胺D1受体激活抑制谷氨酸介导的大鼠慢性应激性抑郁[J].生理学报,2011,63(4)：333-341.
81杨辉,许丽娟.谷氨酸N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸受体拮抗剂的抗抑郁作用研究进展[J].中国新药与临床杂志,2011,30(12)：891-894.
82 AUER DP, PUTZ B, KRAFT B, et al. Reduced glutamate in the anterior cingulate cortex in depression:an in vivoproton magnetic resonance spectroscopy study [J]. Bio Psychiatry,2000,47(4):305-313.
83陈奕晨,徐红波,胡子成,等.首发未用药抑郁症患者血浆氨基酸检测分析及其临 床意义[J].第三军医大学学报,2012,34(14)：1442-1445.
84 McBean GJ, Roberts PJ. Neurotoxicity of L-glutamate and D, L threo-3-hydroxyaspartate in the rat striatum[J]. J Neurochem,1985,44(1): 247-54.
85 Rothstein JD, Jin L, Dykes-Hoberg M, Kuncl RW. Chronic inhibit ion of glutamate uptake produces a model of slow neurotoxicity [J]. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA,1993, 90(14):6591-6595.
86 Robison MB, Djali S, Buchhalter JR. Inhibition of glutamate up take with L-trans-pyrrolidine-2,4-dicarboxylate potentiates glutamate toxicity in primary hippocampal cultures[J]. J Neurochem,1993,61(6):2099-2103.
87 Zink M, Vollmayr B, Gebicke-Haerter P J, et al. Reduced expression of glutamate transporters vG1uT1, EAAT2 and EAAT4 in learned helpless rats, all animal model of depression [J]. Neuro-pharmacology,2010,58(2):465-473.
88 Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Waltzer R, Whittom AA, et al. Glial and glutamatergic markers in depression, alcoholism, and their comorbidity [J]. J Affect Disord. 2010,127(1-3):230-40.
89 Liu Y, Zhang J. Recent development in NMDA receptors [J]. Chin Med J,2000, 13(10):948-956.
90袁维秀,杨红菊.N-甲基-D-天冬氨酸-2B受体功能的研究进展[J].国外医学药学分册,2004,31(3)：146-149.
91 Petrenko A B, Yamakura T, Baba H, et al. The role of N-methyl-D-as partake (NMDA) receptors in pairxa review[J]. Anesth Analg 2003,97(4):1108-1116.
92 Maeng S, Zarate CA Jr, Du J, et al. Cellular mechanisms underlying the antidepressant effects of ketamine:role of alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid receptors [J].Biol Psychiatry, 2008,63(4):349-352.
93 Watanabe Y, Saito H, Abe K, et al. Tricyclic antidepressants block NMDA receptor-mediated synaptic responses and induction of longterm potentiation in rat hippocampal slices[J]. Neuropharmacology,1993,32(5):479-486.
94 Borza I, Bozo E, Barta-Szalai. G, et al. Selective NR1/2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists among indole-2-car-boxamides and benzimidazole-2-carboxamides[J]. J Med Chem,2007,50(5):901-914.
95 Tigaret CM, Thalhammer A, Rast GF, et al. Subunit dependencies of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-induced alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptorinter-nalization[J]. Mol Pharmacol,2006,69(4):1251-1259.
96 Preskorn SH, Baker B, Kolluri S, et al. An innovative design to establish proof of concept of the antidepressant effects of the NR2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, CP-101,606, in patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder[J]. J Clin Psychopharmacol,2008, 28(6):631-637.
97 Bredt DS, Niecoll RA. AMPA receptor trafficking at excitatory synapses [J]. Neuron,2003,40(2):361-379.
98 Whiteheart SW. Multiple binding proteins suggest diverse functions for the N-ethylmaleimide sensitive factor [J]. Struct Biol,2004,146(1):32-43.
99 Gardner SM. Calcium-permeable AMPA receptor plasticity is mediated by subunit-specific interactions with PICK1 and NSF [J]. Neuron,2005,45(6): 903-915.
100 Chourbaji S, Vogt MA, Fumagalli F, et al. AMPA receptor subunit 1 (GluR-A) knockout mice model the glutamate hypothesis of depression [J]. Faseb J,2008, 22(9):3129-3134.
101 Hashimoto K, Sawa A, Iyo M. Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2007,62(11):1310-1316.
102 Barbon A, Caracciolo L, Orlandi C, et al. Chronic antidepressant treatments induce a time-dependent up-regulation of AMPA receptor subunit protein levels [J]. Neurochem Int,2011,56 (6):896-905.
103 Gerald Gartlehner, Richard A, Hansen, et al.Drug Class Review on Second Generation Antidepressants [M]. Oregon Health & Science University,2006:4-5.
104 Kennedy, SidneyH. A review of antidepressant treatments today [J]. European Neuro psychopharmacology,2006,16:S619-S624.
105 Savino M, Versiani M, Cassano G, et al. Reboxetine, a selective norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor, is an effective and well-tolerated treatment for panic disorder[J]. J Clin Psychiat,2002,63(1):31-37.
106蒋陆平.米氮平治疗抑郁症的临床研究[J].中国健康心理学,2008,16(7)：792-793.
107 ZARATE CA, QUIROZ J, PAYNE J, et al. Modulators of the glutamatergic system: implication for the development of improved therapeutics in mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacol, Bull,2003,36(4):35-83.
108 ZARATE CA, SINGH JB, QUIROZ JA, et al. A double-blind placebo controlled study of memantine in major depression[J]. Am J Psychiatry,2006,163(1): 153-155.
109 ZARATE CA, SINGH JB, CARLSON PJ, et al. A randomized trial of an NMDA antagonist in treatment-resistantmajor depression [J]. Arch Gen Psychiatry,2006, 63(8):856-864.
110 Berman RM, Cappiello A, Anand A, et al. Antidepressant effects of ketamine in depressed patients [J]. Biological Psychi-atry,2000,47 (4):351-354.
111 MARENCO, STEFANO, WEIBURGER, et al. Therapeutic potential of positive AMPA receptormodulators in the treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders[J]. CNS Drugs, 2006,20(3):173-185.
112 CHAPPELL AS, GONZALES C, W ILLIAMS J, et al. AMPA potentiator treatment of cognitive deficits in Alzheimer disease[J]. Neurology,2007,68(13):1008-1012.
113 THOMAS R, LAURENT B, OLIVIER B, et al. First dualNKl antagonists-serotonin reuptake inhibitors:synthesis and SAR of a new class of potential antidepressants [J]. Bioorg Med Chem Lett,2002,12(2):261-264.
114 MARIUSZ P, ANNICK V, CONRAD G. The NK1-receptor antagonist NKP 608 has an antidepressant-like effect in the chronic mild stress model of depression in rats[J]. Behav Brain Res,2000,115(1):19-23.
115 MICALE V, TAMBURELLA A, LEGGIO GM, et al. Behavioral effects of saredutant, a tachykinin NK2 receptor antagonist, in experimental models of mood disorders under basal and stress-related conditions[J]. Pharmacol Biochem Behav,2008, 90(3):463-469.
116 DABLEH LJ, YASHPAL K, ROCHFORAD J, et al. Antidepressant-like effects of neurokinin receptor antagonists in the forced swim test in the rat[J]. Eur J Pharmacol,2005,507(1-3):99-105.
117 TRINGALIG, LISIL, SIMONEMLD, et al. Effects of olanzapine and quetiapine on corticotropin releasing hormone release in the rat brain[J]. Prog Neuro-Psychopharmacol BiolPsychiatry,2009,33(6):1017-1021.
118 Woelk H. Comparison of St John's wort and imipramine for treating depression: randomized controlled trial [J]. Br Med,2000,7260 (321):536.
119王美娟,胡君,赵路平,等.路优泰与氟西汀治疗抑郁症对照研究[J].临床精神医学杂志,2005,15(5)：287-289.
120张晓阳,王哲伟,蔡庆旗.路优泰与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症临床对照研究[J].临床精神医学杂志,2006,16(3)：173-176.
121崔永璐,张颖路.优泰与瑞美隆治疗抑郁症的对照研究[J].航空航天医药,2007,18(3)：165-167.
122唐锴,叶庆红,刘树娇,等.路优泰与舍曲林治疗老年抑郁症的疗效对照观察[J].中医药导报,2012,18(2)：40-42.
123王东平,李予春,卢爱莲,等.路优泰与万拉法新治疗轻中度抑郁症60例对照研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2006,14(5)：545-546.
124王长奇,米氮平与路优泰治疗抑郁症对照研究[J].中国健康心理学杂志,2012,20(4)：507-509.
125王永炎,张伯礼.中医脑病学[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2007：243-344.
126周仲瑛.中医内科学[M].北京：中国中医药出版社,2007：373-380.
127钟志廷.中国音乐治疗的发展与展望[J].中国冶金工业医学杂志,2005,22(4)：395-397.
128陈奇猷.吕氏春秋校释.上海：学林出版社,1984：284.
129罗和春.电针治疗情感性精神病疗效观察[J].中国针灸,1984,4：1-3.
130 Luo HC. A comparative study of depression by electroacupuncture and amitriptyline Acupunture [J]. Scientific International Journal,1990,1(2): 20-28.
131 Luo HC. Electro-acupuncture vs Amitriptyline in the treatment of depressive state[J]. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine,1985,5(1):3-6.
132罗文政,张清仲,赖新生.解郁调神针刺法治疗失眠伴抑郁障碍疗效观察[J].中国针灸,2011,30(11)：899-903.
133杨佃会,朱蓬燕,韩晶,等.疏肝调神针刺法对紧张型头痛患者伴随焦虑和抑郁症状的疗效观察[J].上海针灸杂志,2011,30(2)：87-89.
134樊莉,符文彬,蒙昌荣.应用汉密顿抑郁量表评估正穴位与非穴位针刺治疗抑郁 性神经症的疗效[J].中国临床康复,2005,28(9)：14-16.
135刘正芳,张建泉,邵淑娟.针刺治疗卒中后抑郁的疗效评价[J].四川中医,2013,31(2)：111-113.
136姜莉,赵仓焕.音乐电针疗法浅探[J].陕西中医,2007,28(11)：1573-1575.
137罗和春,沈渔邮,贾云奎,等.电针治疗133例抑郁症患者临床疗效观察[J].中西医结合杂志,1988,3：77-81.
138庄子齐,王敦建.电针智三针治疗中风后抑郁症疗效评价及对生存质量的影响[J].辽宁中医杂志,2009,36(8)：1400-1402.
139黄芳,曹铁军,曹锐.电针内关、建里治疗抑郁症的临床研究[J].北京中医药大学学报(中医临床版),2008,15(2)：25-27.
140张春平,黄远光,陈志兴.电针与帕罗西汀治疗抑郁症的临床对照研究[J].实用医学杂志,2007,23(18)：2949-2950.
141穆敬平,刘莉,程建明.电针治疗吸毒者脱毒后焦虑抑郁情绪临床观察[J].上海针灸杂志,2008,27(10)：1-3.
142项春雁,郭全,廖娟.中医五行音乐结合音乐电针疗法对恶性肿瘤患者抑郁状态的影响[J].中华护理杂志,2006,41(11)：969-972.
143张洪,曾征,邓鸿.音乐电针治疗焦虑症157例[J].上海针灸杂志,2002,21(1)：22-23.
144刘桂珍,胡淑霞.音乐电针治疗更年期综合征50例临床观察[J].康复与疗养杂志,1993,8(3)：122-123.
145刘瑶.灸百会治疗抑郁症250例的疗效观察[J].医药世界,2006,6：72-73.
146骆彤,汪武生.艾灸治疗中风后抑郁症的临床研究[J].中国中医药现代远程教育,2011,9(8)：140-141.
147雷丽芳,包庆惠.情志调护结合艾灸四花穴预防脑卒中后抑郁症临床观察[J].新中医,2009,41(12)：88-90.
148刘兰英,王玲玲,吕梅.电针结合SSRI类药物对抑郁症患者HAMD量表的影响[J].四川中医,2005,23(7)：96-98.
149白伟杰,张志,谭吉林.电针颞三针治疗抑郁性神经症30例临床观察[J].新中医,2008,40(1)：64-65.
150姜劲峰,徐蕾,林燕红,等.基于SSRIs药物治疗的针、灸抗抑郁效应研究[J].中国针灸,2012,32(3)：219-223.
151史榕荇,秦丽娜,吴茜,等.电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学及海马谷氨酸含量影响的研究[J].北京中医药大学学报,2007,30(3)：177-180.
152王亚军,张瑜,田永萍,等.针药结合治疗对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠行为学的影响[J].中医研究,2008,21(11)：12-15.
153邱艳明,时宇静,图娅.电针印堂、百会对获得性无助大鼠不同脑区内单胺类神经递质的影响[J].北京中医药大学学报,2002,25(6)：54-56.
154韩毳,李晓泓,郭顺根,等.电针对抑郁大鼠中枢及外周单胺类抻经递质的影响[J].中医药学刊,2004,22(1)：185-186,188.
155罗和春,周东丰,贾云贵,等.电针治疗抑郁症临床观察与实验研究[J].北京医科大学学报,1987,19(1)：45-47.
156贾宝辉,李志刚,时宇静,等.电针对慢性应激模型大鼠行为学及HPA轴相关激素的影响[J].针刺研究,2004,29(4)：252-256.
157孙冬玮,王珑.针刺对慢性应激抑郁模型大鼠HPA轴的影响[J].上海针灸杂志,2007,26(2)： 32.
158史榕荇,吴茜,秦丽娜,等.电针百会、印堂对慢性应激模型大鼠体重及HPA轴影响的研究[J].针灸临床杂志,2007,23(1)：50-53.
159唐胜修,徐祖豪,唐萍.电针对抑郁症患者血清甲状腺激素水平的影响[J].中华实用中西医杂志,2004,4(2)：2007.
160徐世芬,庄礼兴,唐纯志.针刺对抑郁大鼠行为学及神经内分泌的影响[J].时珍国医国药,2009,20(12)：3137-3138.
161时宇静,卢峻,费宇彤,等.电针对抑郁状态模型大鼠性行为及血清睾酮、黄体生成素水平的影响[J].北京中医药大学学报,2006,29(5)：318-320.
162卢金花,姜劲峰,王玲玲,等.电针治疗抑郁模型大鼠快速起效海马区BDNF-TrkB机制研究[J].针灸临床杂志.2011,27(5)：51-54.
163李文迅.电针对抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(2)：33-35.
164韩焱晶,李文迅,贾宝辉,等.电针对抑郁模型大鼠海马脑源性神经营养因子基因表达的影响[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2011,17(9)：1004-1006.
165沈鲁平,金光亮,范建华,等.抗抑郁处理对慢性应激大鼠海马鸟苷酸结合蛋白表达的影响[J].中华精神科杂志,2002,35(1)：25-27.
166李海燕,周东丰,宋煜青,等.电针和氟西汀治疗抑郁症对血小板蛋白激酶C的影响[J].中国心理卫生杂志,2004,18(10)：668-691.
167卢峻,时宇静,费宇彤,等.电针对抑郁症模型大鼠脑磷酸化cAMP反应元件结合蛋白表达的影响[J].中国中医基础医学杂志,2006,12(5)：380-382.
168戴巍,李卫东,卢峻,等.电针对慢性应激抑郁大鼠海马神经元凋亡及JNK信号转导通路的影响[J].2010,(5).330-334.
1段冬梅,图娅,陈利平,等.电针对抑郁症患者不同脑区的影响：磁共振研究[J].中国针灸,2009,9(2)：139-144.
2李云峰,罗质璞. 抑郁症发病机制及治疗药物[M].北京：人民卫生出版社,2004：1-20.
3 Hayley S, Poulter M 0. The pathogenesis of clinical depression:stressor and cytokine-induced alterations of neuroplasticity [J]. Neuroscience,2005,135:659-678.
4 Yong-Ku Kim, Heung-Pyo Lee, Sung-Doo Won, et al. Low plasma BDNF is associated with suicidal behavior in major depression [J].Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology & Biological Psychiatry,2007, (31):78-85.
5 Camphbell S, Marriott M, Nahmias C, et al. Lower hippocampal volume in patients suffering from depression:ameta-analysis[J]. Am J Psychiatry,2004,161(4): 598-607.
6 He F, Sun Y E. Glial cells more than support cells [J]. Int J Biochem Cell Biol, 2007,39(4):661-665.
7 Dimitris K, VAsileios B, VAsiliki M P, Stamatina K, et al. Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of persistent behaviour in the reinforced spatial alternation model of obsessive-compulsive disorder [J]. Psychopharmacology, 2008,4:597-610.
8 Younglim Lee, Denise Gaskins, Amit Anand, et al. Glia mechanisms in mood regulation:a novel model of mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl),2007, 191(1):55-65.
9 Mauri M C, Ferrara A, Boscati L,et al. Plasma and platelet amino acid concentrations in patients affected by major depression and under fluvoxamine treatment[J]. Neuropsychobiology,1998,37(3):124-129.
10 World Health Organization. The World Health Report 1999. Geneva:WHO, 2000:98-109
11 Murray C JL, Lopez AD. The Global Burden of Disease:A comprehensive assessment of mortality and disability from diseases, injuries, and risk factors in 1990 and projected to 2020 [J]. Global Burden of Disease and Injury Series, 1996,1:564-566.
12王远征.电针抗抑郁疗效作用特点分析[J].北京中医药大学学报,2010,33(3)：210-212.
13米希塔梁·淑沙尼克,图娅.电针与百优解对照治疗抑郁症的临床观察[J].针刺研究,2006,31(4)：242-243.
14段冬梅,图娅,陈利平.电针与百优解对伴躯体症状抑郁症有效性的评价[J].中国针灸,2008,28(3)：167-170.
15罗和春.电针与氟西汀治疗抑郁症疗效的对照研究[J].中华精神科杂,2003,36(4)：215-217.
16游言文.电针对抑郁大鼠模型行为学的影响[J].中医研究,2010,23(1)：24-26.
17张建斌.针刺对抑郁症模型大鼠行为学的影响[J].南京中医药大学学报,2005,21(1)：36-38.
18李文迅.电针对抑郁模型大鼠海马神经元凋亡的影响[J].中国中医药信息杂志,2005,12(2)：33-35.
19 Wong ML, Licinio J. From monoamines to genomic targets:a paradigm shift for drug discovery in depression [J]. Nature Review. Drug Discovery,2004, (3):136-151.
20 Banasr M, Duman R S. Glial loss in the prefrontal cortex is sufficient to induce depressive like behaviors [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2008,64:863-70.
21 Deussing JM. Animal models of depression [J]. Drug Discov Today Dis Models, 2006; 3(4):375-383.
22 Luckil. The forced swimming test as a mod el for core and component behaviorl effects of antidepressant drugs [J]. Behav Pharmacol,1997,8:523-532.
23 Katz R, Roth K, Carroll B. Acute and chronic stress effects on open-field activity in the rat:implications for a moddel of depression [J]. Neurosci Biobehav Rev,1981,5:247.
24 Willner P. A animal models as simulations of depression. TIPS,1991, 12:131-137.
25贾守梅,路正仪,胡雁,等.社区老年抑郁症防治[J].中国全科医药,2005,8：203-205.
26贾宝辉,李志刚,卢峻,等.电针抗抑郁研究的模型探讨[J].针刺研究,2005,30(1)：22-25.
27 Solmaz M, Kavuk I, Sayar K. Psychological factors in the irritable bowel syndrome [J]. Eur J Med Res,2003,8(12):549-556.
28 Hempstead BL. Dissecting the diverse actions of pro-and mature neurotrophins [J]. CurrAlzheimerRes,2006,3(1):19-24.
29 Teng HK, Teng KK, Lee R, et al. ProBDNF induces neuronal apoptosis via activation of a receptor complex of p75NTR and sortilin [J]. J Neurosci,2005, 25 (22):5455-5463.
30 Pang PT, Teng HK, Zaitsev E, et al. Cleavage of proBDNF by tPA/plasmin is essential for long-term hippocampal plasticity [J]. Science,2004,306(5695): 487-491.
31 Koshimizu H, Hazama S, Hara T, et al. Distinct signaling pathways of precursor BDNF and mature BDNF in cultured cerebellar granule neurons [J]. Neulet,2010, 473(3):229-232.
32 Vincze I, Perroud N, Buresi C, et al. Association between brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene and a severe form of bipolar disorder, but no interaction with the serotonin transporter gene [J]. BipolarDisord,2008; 10(5) 580-591.
33郭江红,冯惠芳,陈小平.心血管住院病人伴发焦虑抑郁症状的调查研究[J].中西医结合心脑血管病杂,2013,11(2)：237-238.
34 Nancy FS, Francois L, Marrio T. Depression following myocardialinfarction. Impact on 6-months Survival [J]. JAMA,1993,270:1819-1825.
35 Hippisley-Cox J, Fielding K, Pringle M. Depression as a risk factor for ischemic heart disease in men:population based case-control study [J]. BMJ, 1998,316:1714-1719.
36 Ford DE, Mead LA, Chang PP, et al. Depression is a risk factor for coronary artery disease in men:the precursors study [J]. Arch Intern Med,1998,158: 1422-1426.
37张敬军.星形胶质细胞的研究[J].中国药理学通报,2006,22(7)：788-791.
38 Miguel-Hidalgo JJ, Baucom C, Dilley G, et al. Glial fibrillary acidic protein immunoreactivity in the prefrontal cortex distinguishes younger from older adults in major depressive disorder [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2000,48:861-873.
39 Tekkok S B, Brown A M, Westenbrock R, et al. Transfer of glyco gen-derived lactate from astrocytes to axons via specific monocar boxylate transporters supports mouse optic nerve activity [J]. J Neurosci Res,2005,81:644-652.
40 Murai K K, Nguye L N, Irie F, et al. Control of hippocampal dendritic spine morphology through ephrin-A3/EphA4 signaling[J]. Nat Neurosci,2002,6: 153-160.
41 Williams S M, Diaz C M, Macnab L T, et al. Immunocytochemical analysis of D-serine distribution in the mammalian brain reveals novel anatomical compartmentalizations in glia and neurons [J]. Glia,2006,53:401-411.
42 Ozawa S. Role of glutamate transporters in excitatory synapses in cerebella Parkinje cells [J]. Brain Nerve,2007,59:669-676.
43 Zink M, Vollmayr B, Gebicke-Haerter P J, Henn F A. Reduced expression of glutamate transporters vG1uT1,EAAT2 and EAAT4 in learned helpless rats, an animal model of depression [J]. Neuropharmacology,2010,58(2):465-473.
44 Dimitris K, VAsileios B, VAsiliki M P, Stamatina K, et al. Dopaminergic and serotonergic modulation of persistent behaviour in the reinforced spatial alternation model of obsessive-compulsive disorder. [J]. Psychopharmacology, 2008,4:597-610.
45 Ozawa S. Role of glutamate transporters in excitatory synapses in cerebellar parkinje cells [J]. Brain Nerve,2007,59,669-676.
46 ZARATE CA Jr, DU J, QUIROZ J, et al. Regulat ion of cellular plasticity cascades in the pathophysiology and treatmentofmood disorders:role of the glutamatergic system [J]. Ann NY Acad Sci,2003,1003:273-291.
47 SKOLNICK P. Antidepressants for the new mil lennium[J]. Eur J Pharmaco,1999, 375(123):31-40.
48 Lee Y L, Gaskins D, Anand A. Glia mechanisms in mood regulation:a novel model of mood disorders [J]. Psychopharmacology (Berl).2007,191 (1):55-65.
49 Moghaddam B, Bolinao ML, Stein-Behrens B, Sapolsky R. Glucocort icoids mediate the stress-induced extracellular accumulation of glutamate [J]. Brain Res 1994; 655(1-2):251-254.
50 BERKM, PLEINH, FERREIRA D. Plateletglutamate receptor supersensitivity inmajor depressive disorder [J]. Clin Neuropharmacol,2001,24 (3):129-132.
51 Reznikov LR, Grillo CA, Piroli GG, et al. Acute stress mediated increases in extracellular glutamate levels in the rat amygdala:differ-entai1 effects of antidepressant treatment. Eur J Neurosci.2007; 25:3109-3114.
52 Wu T, Wang C. Research progress of NMDA receptor subunits. Med Recapitulate 2009; 15(6):819-820.
53 Fang XQ, Xu J, Feng S, Groveman BR, Lin SX, Yu XM. The NMDA receptor NR1 subuni t is critically involved in the regulation of NMDA receptor activity by C-terminal Srckinase (Csk). Neurochem Res 2010; 36(2):319-326.
54 Preskorn SH, Baker B, Kolluri S, et al. An innovative design toestablish proof of concept of the antidepressant effects of the NR2B subunit selective N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, CP-101,606, in patients with treatment-refractory major depressive disorder [J]. J Cl in Psychopharmacol,2008, 28(6):631-637.
55 Borza I, Bozo E, Barta-Szalai G, et al. Selective NR1/2B N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonists among indole-2-car-boxamides and benzimidazole-2-carboxamides [J]. J Med Chem,2007,50(5):901-914.
56 Hashimoto K, Sawa A, Iyo M. Increased levels of glutamate in brains from patients with mood disorders [J]. Biol Psychiatry,2007,62(11):1310-1316.
57 Chourba ji S, Vogt MA, Fumagalli F, et al. AMPA receptor sub-unit 1 (GluR-A) knockout mice model the glutamate hypothesis of depression [J]. Faseb J,2008, 22(9):3129-3134.
58 Legutko B, Li X, Skolnick P. Regulation of BDNF expression in primary neuron culture by LY392098, a novel AMPA receptor potentiator[J]. Neuropharmacology, 2001,40(8):1019-1027.
59 Cotter D, Mackay D, Chana G, et al. Reduced neuronal size and glial cell density in area 9 of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex in subjects with major depressive disorder [J]. Cereb Cortex,2002,12:386-394.
60 Liu Y, Zhang J. Recent development in NMDA receptors [J]. Chin Med J,2000, 13(10):948-956.
61 Jean YY, Lercher LD, Dreyfus CF. Glutamate el ici ts release of BDNF from basal forebrain astrocytes in a process dependent on metabotropic receptors and the PLC pathway [J]. Neuron Glia Biol,2008,4:35-42.
62 Carvalho AL, Caldeira MV, Santos SD, et al. Role of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor at glutamatergic synapses [J]. Br J Pharmacol,2008,153: S310-S324.