增压柴油机可变配气正时的数值标定
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摘要
柴油机由于其较高的热效率已经广泛的应用于人类生活中的各行各业,然而随着能源危机和环境恶化两大问题的日趋严重,人类对柴油机的要求也越来越严格。可变配气正时技术作为内燃机中一种提高内燃机综合性能的有效手段,已经广泛的应用于车用汽油机中,而柴油机中用的较少,但是配气正时对柴油机的动力性、经济性、排放性有不可忽视的影响；如何得到不同工况下的最优配气正时角主要是靠实验标定的方法,但是实验的方法常常要消耗比较大的人力和物力,且不能用于研发中的机型；近年来随着数值模拟方法的成熟,已经开始用数值模拟的方法研究内燃机的工作过程,因此,本文试图用数值模拟的方法来标定不同运转工况下柴油机的最优配气正时角。
以某增压柴油机为模型,利用内燃机数值模拟的方法计算该柴油机整机工作过程,分析不同的配气正时角对柴油机动力性、经济性、排放性的影响,据此来确定综合考虑了动力性、经济性、排放性的最优配气正时角；并且用这种数值模拟的方法确定不同工况下综合考虑了柴油机整机性能的最优配气正时角,得到不同工况下最优配气正时角的MAP,为柴油机可变配气正时角的标定提供一种可行的方案。计算结果表明,进气门滞后关闭角和排气门提前开启角对功率和油耗的影响比较显著,而气门重叠主要影响着柴油机的排放性；高速高负荷需要较大的进气门滞后关闭角和排气门提前开启角以保证柴油机的动力性,同时较大的气门重叠能够降低排放,低速低负荷需要适当的进气门滞后关闭角和排气门提前开启角以保证柴油机正常运行。
在整机工作过程计算的基础上,采用三维仿真的方法模拟该柴油机在不同配气正时角下的缸内工作过程,得到了不同配气正时角下缸内瞬态场及其变化过程,同时比较了不同配气相位方案下的柴油机的整机性能,并与整机工作过程计算进行比较。研究表明,整机工作过程和缸内工作过程计算的结果稍有差异,但在趋势上两者一致。
The diesel engine has been widely used in people's life for its high thermal. However, it still needs some technology to improve the diesel engine considering the energy crisis and environment pollution. Variable valve timing technology as the effective and popular measures to solve the problems which can affect the engine's power performance, fuel consumption and emission performance has been widely used in automotive gasoline engine. But rarely seen in diesel engine, And to gain the optimal valve timing value is still mainly rely on experimental calibration which costly and time-consuming and could not used in the diesel engine still design; In recent years, the method of numerical simulation becomes more popular. Therefore, this paper presents the study on application of variable valve timing technology in the diesel engine with the numerical simulation method.
In order to determine the optimal valve timing value, we can use the engine simulation analysis methods to analysis it's influence in some kind of diesel engine's power performance, fuel consumption and emission performance. At the same time, this numerical simulation method could also get the optimal valve timing value's MAP under different working conditions, which provides a feasible reference for experimental calibration. The result indicates that, intake delay angle and exhaust advance angle have a big effect on power performance and fuel consumption, valve overlap has a big effect on emission performance. High speed high and load need larger intake delay angle and exhaust advance angle to ensure power performance, at the same time, the larger valve overlap can reduce emissions. Low speed low and load need proper intake delay angle and exhaust advance angle to ensure the normal operation of diesel engine.
On the basis of the engine working process calculation, we can calculate the diesel engine's working cycle under different valve timing value and obtain transient field and its changing process in cylinder by the three-dimension simulation methods. Comparing the engine performance under the different valve timing between the engine working process calculation and the cylinder working process, we can see the similar trends even though they have some difference.
以某增压柴油机为模型,利用内燃机数值模拟的方法计算该柴油机整机工作过程,分析不同的配气正时角对柴油机动力性、经济性、排放性的影响,据此来确定综合考虑了动力性、经济性、排放性的最优配气正时角；并且用这种数值模拟的方法确定不同工况下综合考虑了柴油机整机性能的最优配气正时角,得到不同工况下最优配气正时角的MAP,为柴油机可变配气正时角的标定提供一种可行的方案。计算结果表明,进气门滞后关闭角和排气门提前开启角对功率和油耗的影响比较显著,而气门重叠主要影响着柴油机的排放性；高速高负荷需要较大的进气门滞后关闭角和排气门提前开启角以保证柴油机的动力性,同时较大的气门重叠能够降低排放,低速低负荷需要适当的进气门滞后关闭角和排气门提前开启角以保证柴油机正常运行。
在整机工作过程计算的基础上,采用三维仿真的方法模拟该柴油机在不同配气正时角下的缸内工作过程,得到了不同配气正时角下缸内瞬态场及其变化过程,同时比较了不同配气相位方案下的柴油机的整机性能,并与整机工作过程计算进行比较。研究表明,整机工作过程和缸内工作过程计算的结果稍有差异,但在趋势上两者一致。
The diesel engine has been widely used in people's life for its high thermal. However, it still needs some technology to improve the diesel engine considering the energy crisis and environment pollution. Variable valve timing technology as the effective and popular measures to solve the problems which can affect the engine's power performance, fuel consumption and emission performance has been widely used in automotive gasoline engine. But rarely seen in diesel engine, And to gain the optimal valve timing value is still mainly rely on experimental calibration which costly and time-consuming and could not used in the diesel engine still design; In recent years, the method of numerical simulation becomes more popular. Therefore, this paper presents the study on application of variable valve timing technology in the diesel engine with the numerical simulation method.
In order to determine the optimal valve timing value, we can use the engine simulation analysis methods to analysis it's influence in some kind of diesel engine's power performance, fuel consumption and emission performance. At the same time, this numerical simulation method could also get the optimal valve timing value's MAP under different working conditions, which provides a feasible reference for experimental calibration. The result indicates that, intake delay angle and exhaust advance angle have a big effect on power performance and fuel consumption, valve overlap has a big effect on emission performance. High speed high and load need larger intake delay angle and exhaust advance angle to ensure power performance, at the same time, the larger valve overlap can reduce emissions. Low speed low and load need proper intake delay angle and exhaust advance angle to ensure the normal operation of diesel engine.
On the basis of the engine working process calculation, we can calculate the diesel engine's working cycle under different valve timing value and obtain transient field and its changing process in cylinder by the three-dimension simulation methods. Comparing the engine performance under the different valve timing between the engine working process calculation and the cylinder working process, we can see the similar trends even though they have some difference.
引文
[1]周龙保.内燃机学[M].机械工业出版社.2003
[2]蒋德明.内燃机燃烧与排放学[M].西安交通大学出版社,2001
[3]蒋德明.高等内燃机原理[M].西安交通大学出版社,2002
[4]周松.内燃机工作过程仿真技术[M].北京航空航天大学出版社,2012
[5]龚金科.汽车排放及控制技术[M].人民交通出版社,2007
[6]John B. Heywood. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McCraw-Hill Company,1988
[7]Bernard Challen, Rodica Baranescu. Diesel Engine Reference Book. Second EditionReed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd,1999
[8]孙玉亮.可变配气系统对汽油机动力性及经济性能影响的研究[D].天津大学硕士论文,2008
[9]石来华.基于GT-POWER的车用汽油机动力性能优化[D].湖南大学硕士论文,2008
[10]解茂昭.内燃机计算燃烧学[M].大连理工大学出版社,2005
[11]李理光,苏岩,王云开,陶健武.车用高速汽油机电控可变配气相位系统[J].汽车工程.2001,23(4)：278-278
[12]蔡乐乐,王洪荣.单缸柴油机可变配气相位技术研究[J].机械电子.2009,17：54-55
[13]郭建,苏铁熊,王军.发动机可变配气机构的研究进展[J].内燃机与配件.2011,12：28-33
[14]李铁军.柴油机电控技术实用教程[M].机械工业出版社.2009
[15]肖敏,苏岩,等.可变配气相位对发动机性能的影响[J].汽车技术.2000,10：10-14
[16]韦超毅,周丛钜,谢美芝等.配气相位对柴油机动力性的影响[J].森林工程.2005,21(1)：18-19
[17]杨永涛,李人宪.用CFD方法研究内燃机配气正时[J].内燃机工程.2009,30(4)：53-56.
[18]童号,尹琪,韩娜.基于遗传算法的柴油机配气与供油正时参数优化[J].农业机械报.2006,37(9)：44-46
[19]纪峻岭,汪伟.基于AVL BOOST发动机配气正时的优化设计[J].黑龙江工程学院学报.2010.24(1)：9-12
[20]Thomas Dresner and Philip Barkan. A Review and Classification of Variable Valve Timing Mechanisms. SAE890674
[21]Michae Grhon and Klaus Wolf. Variable Valve Timing in the new Mercedes-Benz Four-Valve Engines. SAE891990
[22]肖超胜,陆华忠.可变配气相位和升程电子控制系统[J].世界汽车,1997(10)
[23]Masato Matsuki, Kenji Nakano, Tohru Amemiya, Yuichiro Tanabe, Daisuke Shimizu, and Ichirou Ohmura. Development of a Lean Burn Engine with a Variable ValveTiming Mechanism. SAE960583
[24]赵雨东等.实现汽车发动机可变气门相位的新方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版).1994,34(2)
[25]LiGuang Li et al. Effects of Intake Valve Closing Timing on Gasol ine Engine Performance and Emissions. SAE Papper 2001-01-3564
[26]赵雨东等.电磁气门驱动设计及其电磁铁静吸力特性试验[J].内燃机学报.2002.20(4)
[27]严兆大等.电磁驱动气门机构系统模型[J].内燃机工程.2004,25(4)
[28]Gosman A D, Ahmed A M Y. Measurement and Multidimensional Prediction of Flow in an Axisysmmectric Port. Valve Assembly. SAE 870592,1987
[29]Wolf Bauer, John B Heywood. Flow Characteristics in Intake Port of SparkIgnition Engine Investigated by CFD and Transient Gas Temperature Measurement. SAE 961997,1996
[30]焦天民,周龙保.应用CFD优化设计柴油机配气正时[J].内燃机工程.2002,23(5)：34-37
[31]许元默,帅石金,王燕军等.发动机缸内数值模拟现状及发展方向[J].小型内燃机与摩托车.2002,31(5)：36-41
[32]高孝洪.内燃机工作过程数值计算[M].国防工业出版社.1986
[33]赵继维.可变涡流对高速柴油机性能影响的仿真研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2011
[34]王明明.高速柴油机最优配气正时的研究及应用[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2012
[35]张海艳.配气定时对柴油机性能影响的数值模拟分析[J].柴油机设计与制造.2006,14(4)：22-26
[36]刘杨等.增压柴油机配气相位的优化研究[J].北京汽车.2009,3：25-28
[37]杨永涛.柴油机工作过程三维数值模拟及配气相位优化研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2009
[38]王东,黄震等.四气门柴油机进气过程三维数值模拟[J].计算机辅助工程.2007,16(3)：74
[39]焦运景,张惠明,田远等.直喷式柴油机燃烧室几何形状对排放影响的多维数值模拟研究[J].内燃机工程.2007,28(4)：11
[40]涂南明,彭友德,李芳.柴油机配气相位的优化设计[J].汽车科技.2007,1(1)：35-37
[41]李蓝媚.柴油机喷油过程参数的数值标定方法研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2009
[42]刘峥,张扬军.内燃机一维非定常流动[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[43]李人宪.有限体积法基础(第2版)[M].国防工业出版社.2008
[44]朱仿君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化[M].国防工业出版社.1997
[45]刘永长.内燃机热力过程模拟[M].机械工业出版社.2000.12
[46]刘永长.内燃机工作过程模拟[M].华中理工大学出版社.1996.12
[47]黎志勤.内燃机工作过程与计算[M].吉林人民出版社.1984.6
[48]中北清.ディ-ゼルすす生成过程の多元ツミュレ-ツョン.机学论(B).1990(1)
[49]陈凯.高速直喷式柴油机新的准维多区燃烧模型[J].工程热物理学报.1993(2)
[50]苏石川.基于CFD的增压柴油机不同喷油提前角的排放影响分析[J].内燃机工程.2010,29(1)：38-42
[2]蒋德明.内燃机燃烧与排放学[M].西安交通大学出版社,2001
[3]蒋德明.高等内燃机原理[M].西安交通大学出版社,2002
[4]周松.内燃机工作过程仿真技术[M].北京航空航天大学出版社,2012
[5]龚金科.汽车排放及控制技术[M].人民交通出版社,2007
[6]John B. Heywood. Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. McCraw-Hill Company,1988
[7]Bernard Challen, Rodica Baranescu. Diesel Engine Reference Book. Second EditionReed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd,1999
[8]孙玉亮.可变配气系统对汽油机动力性及经济性能影响的研究[D].天津大学硕士论文,2008
[9]石来华.基于GT-POWER的车用汽油机动力性能优化[D].湖南大学硕士论文,2008
[10]解茂昭.内燃机计算燃烧学[M].大连理工大学出版社,2005
[11]李理光,苏岩,王云开,陶健武.车用高速汽油机电控可变配气相位系统[J].汽车工程.2001,23(4)：278-278
[12]蔡乐乐,王洪荣.单缸柴油机可变配气相位技术研究[J].机械电子.2009,17：54-55
[13]郭建,苏铁熊,王军.发动机可变配气机构的研究进展[J].内燃机与配件.2011,12：28-33
[14]李铁军.柴油机电控技术实用教程[M].机械工业出版社.2009
[15]肖敏,苏岩,等.可变配气相位对发动机性能的影响[J].汽车技术.2000,10：10-14
[16]韦超毅,周丛钜,谢美芝等.配气相位对柴油机动力性的影响[J].森林工程.2005,21(1)：18-19
[17]杨永涛,李人宪.用CFD方法研究内燃机配气正时[J].内燃机工程.2009,30(4)：53-56.
[18]童号,尹琪,韩娜.基于遗传算法的柴油机配气与供油正时参数优化[J].农业机械报.2006,37(9)：44-46
[19]纪峻岭,汪伟.基于AVL BOOST发动机配气正时的优化设计[J].黑龙江工程学院学报.2010.24(1)：9-12
[20]Thomas Dresner and Philip Barkan. A Review and Classification of Variable Valve Timing Mechanisms. SAE890674
[21]Michae Grhon and Klaus Wolf. Variable Valve Timing in the new Mercedes-Benz Four-Valve Engines. SAE891990
[22]肖超胜,陆华忠.可变配气相位和升程电子控制系统[J].世界汽车,1997(10)
[23]Masato Matsuki, Kenji Nakano, Tohru Amemiya, Yuichiro Tanabe, Daisuke Shimizu, and Ichirou Ohmura. Development of a Lean Burn Engine with a Variable ValveTiming Mechanism. SAE960583
[24]赵雨东等.实现汽车发动机可变气门相位的新方法[J].清华大学学报(自然科学版).1994,34(2)
[25]LiGuang Li et al. Effects of Intake Valve Closing Timing on Gasol ine Engine Performance and Emissions. SAE Papper 2001-01-3564
[26]赵雨东等.电磁气门驱动设计及其电磁铁静吸力特性试验[J].内燃机学报.2002.20(4)
[27]严兆大等.电磁驱动气门机构系统模型[J].内燃机工程.2004,25(4)
[28]Gosman A D, Ahmed A M Y. Measurement and Multidimensional Prediction of Flow in an Axisysmmectric Port. Valve Assembly. SAE 870592,1987
[29]Wolf Bauer, John B Heywood. Flow Characteristics in Intake Port of SparkIgnition Engine Investigated by CFD and Transient Gas Temperature Measurement. SAE 961997,1996
[30]焦天民,周龙保.应用CFD优化设计柴油机配气正时[J].内燃机工程.2002,23(5)：34-37
[31]许元默,帅石金,王燕军等.发动机缸内数值模拟现状及发展方向[J].小型内燃机与摩托车.2002,31(5)：36-41
[32]高孝洪.内燃机工作过程数值计算[M].国防工业出版社.1986
[33]赵继维.可变涡流对高速柴油机性能影响的仿真研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2011
[34]王明明.高速柴油机最优配气正时的研究及应用[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2012
[35]张海艳.配气定时对柴油机性能影响的数值模拟分析[J].柴油机设计与制造.2006,14(4)：22-26
[36]刘杨等.增压柴油机配气相位的优化研究[J].北京汽车.2009,3：25-28
[37]杨永涛.柴油机工作过程三维数值模拟及配气相位优化研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2009
[38]王东,黄震等.四气门柴油机进气过程三维数值模拟[J].计算机辅助工程.2007,16(3)：74
[39]焦运景,张惠明,田远等.直喷式柴油机燃烧室几何形状对排放影响的多维数值模拟研究[J].内燃机工程.2007,28(4)：11
[40]涂南明,彭友德,李芳.柴油机配气相位的优化设计[J].汽车科技.2007,1(1)：35-37
[41]李蓝媚.柴油机喷油过程参数的数值标定方法研究[D].西南交通大学硕士学位论文.2009
[42]刘峥,张扬军.内燃机一维非定常流动[M].北京：清华大学出版社,2007
[43]李人宪.有限体积法基础(第2版)[M].国防工业出版社.2008
[44]朱仿君,吴坚.内燃机工作过程数值计算及其优化[M].国防工业出版社.1997
[45]刘永长.内燃机热力过程模拟[M].机械工业出版社.2000.12
[46]刘永长.内燃机工作过程模拟[M].华中理工大学出版社.1996.12
[47]黎志勤.内燃机工作过程与计算[M].吉林人民出版社.1984.6
[48]中北清.ディ-ゼルすす生成过程の多元ツミュレ-ツョン.机学论(B).1990(1)
[49]陈凯.高速直喷式柴油机新的准维多区燃烧模型[J].工程热物理学报.1993(2)
[50]苏石川.基于CFD的增压柴油机不同喷油提前角的排放影响分析[J].内燃机工程.2010,29(1)：38-42