射线理论在地震动源和地球内部界面研究中的应用
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摘要
射线理论是地震学研究的基本工具,在内部连续结构层析成像、间断面特征、震源机制解、地震定位等方面研究中发挥着重要作用。近年来遍布世界各地的宽频带地震台网,提供了海量的高质量地震数据及背景噪声观测数据,为充分发挥射线理论在地震学中的作用提供了基础。基于射线理论,本文对激发背景噪声的各类力源进行了探讨,提出了地震精确定位的新算法,确定了内核顶部的S波速度,对射线理论中体波到时计算提出了新算法,试图证明即使在高性能计算时代,射线理论在现代地震学中仍然充满活力,在此基础上,探讨了射线理论的局限性,并展望了射线理论可能的发展趋势。
地球内部结构可以用间断面和三维连续结构两大特征进行描述,三个重要一阶间断面是地壳与地幔的分界面—莫霍面(Moho),地幔与地核的分界面—核慢边界(CMB),内核与外核分界面—内外核边界(ICB),其中内外核边界控制了外核对流的下边界,而且两侧的弹性参数跃变不仅反映了内核顶部的物质组成及缺陷状态,而且关系到内外核对流能量来源的产生。但是已有的地震学研究得到S波速度明显低于矿物学结果。基于在内核边界上反射的PKiKP的振幅对两侧波阻抗差的(主要是s波速度和密度跃变)的敏感性。我们利用IL台阵的高质量PKiKP观测,通过其与P波的振幅比,得到了内外核边界上S波速度估值范围(3.2km/s-4.0km/s),与近年来的矿物学研究结果更为接近。
连续地震图上除了偶尔的地震等事件性记录外,更多的是持续不断的背景噪声。背景噪声在层析成像技术和全球变化监测方面日益发挥着重要作用,越来越多的研究者开始关注激发背景噪声的力源。本文首先对广大海洋区域内产生的噪声信号进行了分析。背景噪声中最显著的是各种气旋,包括飓风、台风、温带气旋等激发的地脉动信号,结合风浪激发理论,对Katrina飓风激发的不同频段的地脉动信号进行了分析,发现最先产生的信号是风暴区附近产生的短周期第二类地脉动信号,但是影响范围有限(<15°)；随着风暴激发的涌浪传播到海岸,激发了长周期第二类地脉动信号和第一类地脉动信号；长周期第二类地脉动信号,可以在30°以内观测到；以面波形式传播的第一类地脉动信号则可以在全球台网上观测到。除了大规模的海洋风暴外,小范围内的气象事件也会引起局部的地脉动信号异常,以2011年4月28日墨西哥湾沿岸的地震台上0.2-0.4Hz的地脉动异常信号为例,通过地震波形反演得到的波浪传播过程与卫星观测的近海面风场演化比较吻合。最后利用冰岛地区高密度台网的波形数据,通过噪声互相关函数(Noise Cross-correlation Function)的非对称性,探讨了背景噪声源的季节变化,发现冬季和夏季激发源位置明显不同。地震背景噪声层析成像利用的近似格林函数(Estimated Green's Function),理论上要求噪声源为均匀分布,但是不仅海洋源的分布不均匀,而且存在持续定点局部噪声源,其中最显著的是26秒周期的地脉动信号。该信号常在全球范围内观测到,但是其位置与机制有所争议,尤其是不同台站的频谱结构存在差异,前人认为源位于几内亚湾,在其对折点Fiji地区存在镜像源。利用南太平洋和澳大利亚地区的台站间NCF,对其中的26秒信号进行精确定位,并且比较了其时变特性与几内亚湾源的不同,以及传播路径等影响因素,认为Fiji源是一个独立源,并且可能与附近活跃的火山活动有关。几内亚湾26秒噪声源的强度随时间变化很大,其中的爆发事件可以在除南美地区以外的全球台站的单台记录上观测到,我们利用GRFO、CCM、BFO间的NCF上的26秒信号到时,证实其爆发事件与背景事件源在同一位置,利用Wavewatch Ⅲ模式计算了爆发事件期间几内亚湾的海浪场,没有发现明显的海洋风暴;爆发事件的辐射花样呈现很强的非对称性,表明其产生机制不是海洋源,本文提出了新的双通道模型进行解释。
除了26秒背景噪声源信号是一个全球性的信号之外,在东亚GSN台站间的NCF中发现了能量主要集中在10秒附近的噪声信号,通过GSN台站和FNET台网数据对其进行定位,发现源区位于日本九州岛上,而且位置不随季节变化。利用NCF对其时变特性进行分析,没有发现显著的季节性和年度变化,因此可能不是由海浪运动激发。我们确定的源区邻近有丰富长周期事件(VLP)的ASO火山,且与其VLP信号频率接近,推断噪声信号可能是源自该火山内部岩浆活动,这个发现也表明利用互相关技术可以监测远弱于背景噪声的信号。
在计算NCF时,为了压制地震等事件性信号和减少持续性局部噪声源的影响,引入了时间域和频率域的归一化处理,但是这些非线性处理放弃了绝对振幅信息。我们分析了长时间内未经归一化处理的NCF叠加得到的EGF,发现其与归一化处理得到的结果相似。新的处理方式不仅减少了计算成本,而且最大可能地保留了振幅信息,可以更有效地研究噪声源和地球内部的衰减等。26秒持续定点集中源和ASO火山源为监测地球介质随时间变化和评估地震观测时间系统提供了可能性。
利用地震仪间NCF得到的EGF进行面波层析成像时,受限于地震仪的频带,难于得到研究深部结构所需的长周期EGF(>100秒)。本文通过计算超导重力仪与地震仪间的NCF,得到了更宽频带的EGF,并且在短周期段与地震仪间NCF的进行比较,验证了其正确性,可以用于研究地球深部结构。
利用震中附近的台站和远处台站间的NCF提供的面波传播信息,可以克服三维速度结构的对地震定位的影响,提高定位精度。我们提出了基于群到时的校正算法,并以1995年张北地震和2005年Klannie (?)地震为例,与InSAR定位结果对比,误差不超过3km和lkm。因此表明新算法将震中精度提高到了GT5以内。
传统的地震定位方法,受限于地震波波长,难于分辨距离在一个波长内的地震群。为此Snieder等提出利用尾波通过干涉技术进行相对定位,但是该算法的有效性尚需独立方法的验证。本文提出在互易性定理基础上,利用密集台阵对其可行性进行了分析,发现在不到一个波长时出现了与数值实验中类似的截断现象,小距离内则具有有一定的线性关系。
地震波走时计算在地球内部结构研究、地震定位等方面都是关键性的任务,已有的地震波走时算法大多难于处理起伏界面情形。基于有限差分求解程函方程可以快速求得全波场初至波到时,采用非正交网格,提高了有起伏界面情况下的计算效率,通过计算有起伏的660千米界面模型中远震P波到时,发现界面起伏对地震波到时有显著影响。
然而建立在高频近似的假设基础上的射线理论在较低频率时可能失效。以PKPPcP为例,比较了Normal Mode Summation、全波理论(Full Wave Theory)和几何射线理论计算得到的PKPPcP振幅,发现几何射线理论在隧道效应显著情形下失效。在此情形下,前人错误地使用几何射线理论,误判了非洲下地幔存在间断面。因此准确理解射线理论的局限性对于正确研究地球内部结构具有重要意义。
The ray theory plays key roles in seismological studies includingtomographic imaging, discontinuity study, source mechanism as well as earthquake locations.The modern seismic broadband stations deployed around the world produce abundant high quality earthquake and ambient noise records, and present unprecedented opportunites for detailed seismological studies. With the ray theory as the vital tool, this paper includes studies on various micoseismic sources, a new calibration location method, resolving the shear velocity Vs at the top of inner core and a new traveltime calculation method. Since the ray theory help to understand many issuses, we will discuss the limitation and future development of ray theory in the end.
The discontinuity and lateral heterogeneity are the two complementing features of the earth seismic structure. The interior of earth is divided into four layers with first order discontinuities:the Moho (crust-mantle), the CMB (core-mantle), and the ICB(inner-outer core). The elasticicity contrast across the ICB reflects the material composition and dislocation properties of the upper most inner core which provides information about the lower boundary of outer core convection. The Vs obtained from most previous seismologic studies are obviously less than mineralogical experiments and numerical simulations. The amplitude ratio of PKiKP to P is dominated by the contrast of Vs and density across the ICB. We analyzed more than400observations of PKiKP recorded at the IL array. Taking the differential effects of inelastic attenuation between PKiKP and P into consideration, a new estimation of Vs and density are obtained. The Vs (3.2-4.0km/s) is much closer to the recent mineralogical results.
Besides the earthquake signals, the seismometer also continuously record the ambient noise. The ambient noise tomography (ANT) is one of the important seismological innovations in last decade and it has been broadly applied in studies at different scales. Recently, more and more evidences indicate the impact of climate change on seismic records. The location and mechanism of ambient seismic noise source play key role in these studies. We first focused on the oceanic noise in chapter three. The wind waves are excited by wind near the sea surface(especially cyclones), and swells form after wind waves propagates further away. The strong microseismic excited by the Hurricane Katrina is observed at global seismic networks. We analyzed the signals in three frequency bands which are generated in different region. The0.2-0.45Hz SPDF is earliest observed at local stations (<15degree) and the source region is proposed to be near the eye of the hurricane. After the swell reaches the coastal area, the SF is efficiently excited in shallow water and propagates as surface wave showing up on stations around the world (<70degree). Due to strong scattering and inelastic attenuation, the LPDF correlated with the SF is only observed in regional stations (<30degree). Besides the ocean storms, the small climate event also generate ambient noise. We analyzed an anomalous microseism in Gulf of Mexico on April28th,2011. The synthetic seismograms with a wide area of wind wave as source explain both amplitude and traveltime features on the observations. This source model also agrees with the sea surface wind field revealed by satellite data. In the end of chapter3, we used the data provided by dense array in Iceland to calculate the NCR The asymmetry of NCF shows clear seasonal variation of oceanic noise.
Besides the oceanic noise sources, there are several monochromatic peaks in spectrum of seismic record. These signals are considered to be excited by persistent localized sources which compromise the validity of EGF. The26s microseism signal are reported in observations at global seismic network except in South America. Previous studies located the source in the gulf of guinea, and a mirror source is situated in north Fiji basin. Based on the NCFs of station-pairs in southern Pacific and Australia, we relocate the Fiji source with a grid search location method and apply calibration from earthquake record. The new location result is outside the antipodal area of Gulf of Guinea and the temporal variation pattern is also different from the source in Gulf of Guinea. Both the earthquake record and NCFs supports the theory that there is an independent26s signal source in FIJI basin.
The26s signal source in the Gulf of Guinea shows strong temporal variation in amplitude and the strongest ones could be observed on single station records without much processing. According to the constant arrivals on NCFs, we confirmed the identical locations of26s during burst event and calm days. The ocean wave height during burst event is calculated with WAVEWATCH III and no anomalos wave is detected, thus arguing against the oceanic generation mechanism. The radiation patterns of the burst events are obtained with global seismic records and shows stable azimuthal asymmetry which may be explained with two horizontal source with π/2phase difference.
Very strong10s signals are present on one-month NCFs of FNET stations and on many years NCFs of GSN stations in the East Asia. Locationresults from methods of energy stacking and traveltime indicate that the source is situated on Kyushu Island, Japan. It does not show strong seasonal variation in location and amplitude which are expected for common characteristics of oceanic source. Therefore we propose that it is not an oceanic source and may be related to the magma activity of a nearby volcano ASO. Both the26s micorseismic sources and the Kyushu source could be used to monitor the temporal variation of Earth and to assess performance of timing systems in seismograph systems.
To suppress contamination for earthquakes and persistent microseism sources, the temporal and spectral normalization are usually adopted in the standard procedure of NCF computation. Both normalizations in time and frequency domains are nonlinear because the procedures abandon the amplitude information. We calculated NCF in long time span without normalizations and compared it with the one obtained from standard procedure. The NCFs of three station-pairs in different separation are similar. The new procedure reduced time cost and keep as much amplitude information as possible, thus it is helpful to studies of microseism source and attenuation tomography.
Most ANT studies focus on the crust structure. The mantle structure study with ANT requires longer period EGF which is limited by effective band of seismometer. The super-conduct gravimeter (SG) could record ultra long period acceleration signal. We analyze the NCF between SGs and seismometers which provide long period (>100s) EGFs. The feasibility was confirmed with both seismic and SG stations on different continents.
The velocity heterogeneity is one of major factors leading to earthquake mislocations. The NCF provides reliable travel time calibration with EGF between stations.We proposed a new NCF calibration method involving of group traveltime and applied it to location of1998Zhangbei earthquake and2005Klannie earthquake sequence. Our relocation achieves GT5accuracy as compared with location from InSAR data.
When the separation between two earthquakes is less than the wavelength of seismic wave, the traditional earthquake location methods are difficult to reolve their spatial interval. The coda wave interforemtry (CWI) proposed by Snieder is claimed to be able to fix this problem. With the reciprocity theorems, the records of same earthquakes in two close stations are used to assess performance of the CWI method. In small range (< The traveltime computation is a basic issue in earthquake location, exploration, and traveltime tomography etc.. Most traveltime calculation methods are difficult to handle the model with irregular interfaces. The methods using finite difference to solve eikonal equations could calculate traveltime filed rapidly. We adopted similar framework with new finite difference operators for irregular grids to improve the computation efficiency. The traveltime field in an Earth model with a rolling660km discontinuity is demonstrated to show that topography effect is substantial.
The precursors of PKPPKP (P'P') are used to constrain the depth and sharpness of discontinuity in mantle. The waves preceding P'P' is usually thought to be generated by corresponding mantle discontinuities, but the situation is not simple. The geometric ray theory predicts the PKPPcP will disappear beyond275degree, but the synthetic seismograms obtained from full wave theory and mode summation show that the PKPPcP is clear in low frequency band (<1Hz) even exceed280degree and the slowness is also close to the previous reported P'785P'. Therefore we infer that some P'P'precursors are actually PKPPcP and hence the785km discontinuity may not exist.
地球内部结构可以用间断面和三维连续结构两大特征进行描述,三个重要一阶间断面是地壳与地幔的分界面—莫霍面(Moho),地幔与地核的分界面—核慢边界(CMB),内核与外核分界面—内外核边界(ICB),其中内外核边界控制了外核对流的下边界,而且两侧的弹性参数跃变不仅反映了内核顶部的物质组成及缺陷状态,而且关系到内外核对流能量来源的产生。但是已有的地震学研究得到S波速度明显低于矿物学结果。基于在内核边界上反射的PKiKP的振幅对两侧波阻抗差的(主要是s波速度和密度跃变)的敏感性。我们利用IL台阵的高质量PKiKP观测,通过其与P波的振幅比,得到了内外核边界上S波速度估值范围(3.2km/s-4.0km/s),与近年来的矿物学研究结果更为接近。
连续地震图上除了偶尔的地震等事件性记录外,更多的是持续不断的背景噪声。背景噪声在层析成像技术和全球变化监测方面日益发挥着重要作用,越来越多的研究者开始关注激发背景噪声的力源。本文首先对广大海洋区域内产生的噪声信号进行了分析。背景噪声中最显著的是各种气旋,包括飓风、台风、温带气旋等激发的地脉动信号,结合风浪激发理论,对Katrina飓风激发的不同频段的地脉动信号进行了分析,发现最先产生的信号是风暴区附近产生的短周期第二类地脉动信号,但是影响范围有限(<15°)；随着风暴激发的涌浪传播到海岸,激发了长周期第二类地脉动信号和第一类地脉动信号；长周期第二类地脉动信号,可以在30°以内观测到；以面波形式传播的第一类地脉动信号则可以在全球台网上观测到。除了大规模的海洋风暴外,小范围内的气象事件也会引起局部的地脉动信号异常,以2011年4月28日墨西哥湾沿岸的地震台上0.2-0.4Hz的地脉动异常信号为例,通过地震波形反演得到的波浪传播过程与卫星观测的近海面风场演化比较吻合。最后利用冰岛地区高密度台网的波形数据,通过噪声互相关函数(Noise Cross-correlation Function)的非对称性,探讨了背景噪声源的季节变化,发现冬季和夏季激发源位置明显不同。地震背景噪声层析成像利用的近似格林函数(Estimated Green's Function),理论上要求噪声源为均匀分布,但是不仅海洋源的分布不均匀,而且存在持续定点局部噪声源,其中最显著的是26秒周期的地脉动信号。该信号常在全球范围内观测到,但是其位置与机制有所争议,尤其是不同台站的频谱结构存在差异,前人认为源位于几内亚湾,在其对折点Fiji地区存在镜像源。利用南太平洋和澳大利亚地区的台站间NCF,对其中的26秒信号进行精确定位,并且比较了其时变特性与几内亚湾源的不同,以及传播路径等影响因素,认为Fiji源是一个独立源,并且可能与附近活跃的火山活动有关。几内亚湾26秒噪声源的强度随时间变化很大,其中的爆发事件可以在除南美地区以外的全球台站的单台记录上观测到,我们利用GRFO、CCM、BFO间的NCF上的26秒信号到时,证实其爆发事件与背景事件源在同一位置,利用Wavewatch Ⅲ模式计算了爆发事件期间几内亚湾的海浪场,没有发现明显的海洋风暴;爆发事件的辐射花样呈现很强的非对称性,表明其产生机制不是海洋源,本文提出了新的双通道模型进行解释。
除了26秒背景噪声源信号是一个全球性的信号之外,在东亚GSN台站间的NCF中发现了能量主要集中在10秒附近的噪声信号,通过GSN台站和FNET台网数据对其进行定位,发现源区位于日本九州岛上,而且位置不随季节变化。利用NCF对其时变特性进行分析,没有发现显著的季节性和年度变化,因此可能不是由海浪运动激发。我们确定的源区邻近有丰富长周期事件(VLP)的ASO火山,且与其VLP信号频率接近,推断噪声信号可能是源自该火山内部岩浆活动,这个发现也表明利用互相关技术可以监测远弱于背景噪声的信号。
在计算NCF时,为了压制地震等事件性信号和减少持续性局部噪声源的影响,引入了时间域和频率域的归一化处理,但是这些非线性处理放弃了绝对振幅信息。我们分析了长时间内未经归一化处理的NCF叠加得到的EGF,发现其与归一化处理得到的结果相似。新的处理方式不仅减少了计算成本,而且最大可能地保留了振幅信息,可以更有效地研究噪声源和地球内部的衰减等。26秒持续定点集中源和ASO火山源为监测地球介质随时间变化和评估地震观测时间系统提供了可能性。
利用地震仪间NCF得到的EGF进行面波层析成像时,受限于地震仪的频带,难于得到研究深部结构所需的长周期EGF(>100秒)。本文通过计算超导重力仪与地震仪间的NCF,得到了更宽频带的EGF,并且在短周期段与地震仪间NCF的进行比较,验证了其正确性,可以用于研究地球深部结构。
利用震中附近的台站和远处台站间的NCF提供的面波传播信息,可以克服三维速度结构的对地震定位的影响,提高定位精度。我们提出了基于群到时的校正算法,并以1995年张北地震和2005年Klannie (?)地震为例,与InSAR定位结果对比,误差不超过3km和lkm。因此表明新算法将震中精度提高到了GT5以内。
传统的地震定位方法,受限于地震波波长,难于分辨距离在一个波长内的地震群。为此Snieder等提出利用尾波通过干涉技术进行相对定位,但是该算法的有效性尚需独立方法的验证。本文提出在互易性定理基础上,利用密集台阵对其可行性进行了分析,发现在不到一个波长时出现了与数值实验中类似的截断现象,小距离内则具有有一定的线性关系。
地震波走时计算在地球内部结构研究、地震定位等方面都是关键性的任务,已有的地震波走时算法大多难于处理起伏界面情形。基于有限差分求解程函方程可以快速求得全波场初至波到时,采用非正交网格,提高了有起伏界面情况下的计算效率,通过计算有起伏的660千米界面模型中远震P波到时,发现界面起伏对地震波到时有显著影响。
然而建立在高频近似的假设基础上的射线理论在较低频率时可能失效。以PKPPcP为例,比较了Normal Mode Summation、全波理论(Full Wave Theory)和几何射线理论计算得到的PKPPcP振幅,发现几何射线理论在隧道效应显著情形下失效。在此情形下,前人错误地使用几何射线理论,误判了非洲下地幔存在间断面。因此准确理解射线理论的局限性对于正确研究地球内部结构具有重要意义。
The ray theory plays key roles in seismological studies includingtomographic imaging, discontinuity study, source mechanism as well as earthquake locations.The modern seismic broadband stations deployed around the world produce abundant high quality earthquake and ambient noise records, and present unprecedented opportunites for detailed seismological studies. With the ray theory as the vital tool, this paper includes studies on various micoseismic sources, a new calibration location method, resolving the shear velocity Vs at the top of inner core and a new traveltime calculation method. Since the ray theory help to understand many issuses, we will discuss the limitation and future development of ray theory in the end.
The discontinuity and lateral heterogeneity are the two complementing features of the earth seismic structure. The interior of earth is divided into four layers with first order discontinuities:the Moho (crust-mantle), the CMB (core-mantle), and the ICB(inner-outer core). The elasticicity contrast across the ICB reflects the material composition and dislocation properties of the upper most inner core which provides information about the lower boundary of outer core convection. The Vs obtained from most previous seismologic studies are obviously less than mineralogical experiments and numerical simulations. The amplitude ratio of PKiKP to P is dominated by the contrast of Vs and density across the ICB. We analyzed more than400observations of PKiKP recorded at the IL array. Taking the differential effects of inelastic attenuation between PKiKP and P into consideration, a new estimation of Vs and density are obtained. The Vs (3.2-4.0km/s) is much closer to the recent mineralogical results.
Besides the earthquake signals, the seismometer also continuously record the ambient noise. The ambient noise tomography (ANT) is one of the important seismological innovations in last decade and it has been broadly applied in studies at different scales. Recently, more and more evidences indicate the impact of climate change on seismic records. The location and mechanism of ambient seismic noise source play key role in these studies. We first focused on the oceanic noise in chapter three. The wind waves are excited by wind near the sea surface(especially cyclones), and swells form after wind waves propagates further away. The strong microseismic excited by the Hurricane Katrina is observed at global seismic networks. We analyzed the signals in three frequency bands which are generated in different region. The0.2-0.45Hz SPDF is earliest observed at local stations (<15degree) and the source region is proposed to be near the eye of the hurricane. After the swell reaches the coastal area, the SF is efficiently excited in shallow water and propagates as surface wave showing up on stations around the world (<70degree). Due to strong scattering and inelastic attenuation, the LPDF correlated with the SF is only observed in regional stations (<30degree). Besides the ocean storms, the small climate event also generate ambient noise. We analyzed an anomalous microseism in Gulf of Mexico on April28th,2011. The synthetic seismograms with a wide area of wind wave as source explain both amplitude and traveltime features on the observations. This source model also agrees with the sea surface wind field revealed by satellite data. In the end of chapter3, we used the data provided by dense array in Iceland to calculate the NCR The asymmetry of NCF shows clear seasonal variation of oceanic noise.
Besides the oceanic noise sources, there are several monochromatic peaks in spectrum of seismic record. These signals are considered to be excited by persistent localized sources which compromise the validity of EGF. The26s microseism signal are reported in observations at global seismic network except in South America. Previous studies located the source in the gulf of guinea, and a mirror source is situated in north Fiji basin. Based on the NCFs of station-pairs in southern Pacific and Australia, we relocate the Fiji source with a grid search location method and apply calibration from earthquake record. The new location result is outside the antipodal area of Gulf of Guinea and the temporal variation pattern is also different from the source in Gulf of Guinea. Both the earthquake record and NCFs supports the theory that there is an independent26s signal source in FIJI basin.
The26s signal source in the Gulf of Guinea shows strong temporal variation in amplitude and the strongest ones could be observed on single station records without much processing. According to the constant arrivals on NCFs, we confirmed the identical locations of26s during burst event and calm days. The ocean wave height during burst event is calculated with WAVEWATCH III and no anomalos wave is detected, thus arguing against the oceanic generation mechanism. The radiation patterns of the burst events are obtained with global seismic records and shows stable azimuthal asymmetry which may be explained with two horizontal source with π/2phase difference.
Very strong10s signals are present on one-month NCFs of FNET stations and on many years NCFs of GSN stations in the East Asia. Locationresults from methods of energy stacking and traveltime indicate that the source is situated on Kyushu Island, Japan. It does not show strong seasonal variation in location and amplitude which are expected for common characteristics of oceanic source. Therefore we propose that it is not an oceanic source and may be related to the magma activity of a nearby volcano ASO. Both the26s micorseismic sources and the Kyushu source could be used to monitor the temporal variation of Earth and to assess performance of timing systems in seismograph systems.
To suppress contamination for earthquakes and persistent microseism sources, the temporal and spectral normalization are usually adopted in the standard procedure of NCF computation. Both normalizations in time and frequency domains are nonlinear because the procedures abandon the amplitude information. We calculated NCF in long time span without normalizations and compared it with the one obtained from standard procedure. The NCFs of three station-pairs in different separation are similar. The new procedure reduced time cost and keep as much amplitude information as possible, thus it is helpful to studies of microseism source and attenuation tomography.
Most ANT studies focus on the crust structure. The mantle structure study with ANT requires longer period EGF which is limited by effective band of seismometer. The super-conduct gravimeter (SG) could record ultra long period acceleration signal. We analyze the NCF between SGs and seismometers which provide long period (>100s) EGFs. The feasibility was confirmed with both seismic and SG stations on different continents.
The velocity heterogeneity is one of major factors leading to earthquake mislocations. The NCF provides reliable travel time calibration with EGF between stations.We proposed a new NCF calibration method involving of group traveltime and applied it to location of1998Zhangbei earthquake and2005Klannie earthquake sequence. Our relocation achieves GT5accuracy as compared with location from InSAR data.
When the separation between two earthquakes is less than the wavelength of seismic wave, the traditional earthquake location methods are difficult to reolve their spatial interval. The coda wave interforemtry (CWI) proposed by Snieder is claimed to be able to fix this problem. With the reciprocity theorems, the records of same earthquakes in two close stations are used to assess performance of the CWI method. In small range (<
The precursors of PKPPKP (P'P') are used to constrain the depth and sharpness of discontinuity in mantle. The waves preceding P'P' is usually thought to be generated by corresponding mantle discontinuities, but the situation is not simple. The geometric ray theory predicts the PKPPcP will disappear beyond275degree, but the synthetic seismograms obtained from full wave theory and mode summation show that the PKPPcP is clear in low frequency band (<1Hz) even exceed280degree and the slowness is also close to the previous reported P'785P'. Therefore we infer that some P'P'precursors are actually PKPPcP and hence the785km discontinuity may not exist.
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