生物法处理低浓度甲醛污染物的研究
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摘要
甲醛是一种无色、具有刺激性且易溶于水、醇和醚的气体,在化学工业中是一种很常见的化学成分,同时也是一种具有较高毒性的物质。
近年来,国内外已经开展了采用生物法处理甲醛污染物的研究。国内外成功经验表明,生物法净化甲醛污染物是一种行之有效的方法。
本研究首先通过培养活性污泥,驯化出能够降解甲醛污染物的微生物,然后对生物膜填料塔进行挂膜。以低浓度甲醛气体为研究对象,对生物膜填料塔净化甲醛废气进行了研究,考察了入口气体甲醛的浓度、进气总流量、循环喷淋液的流量各因素对甲醛净化率和生化去除量的影响。结果显示,在低浓度甲醛范围内,生物膜填料塔的净化效率很高,基本上能够接近100%,改变各因素对低浓度甲醛的净化效率影响不大。这是由于甲醛废气在水中的溶解度高达4×10~5mg/L,因此甲醛废气的处理可以通过将废气转化到液相中进行降解。在本研究中采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,考察了曝气时间、进水甲醛浓度、进水pH和水温对微生物净化低浓度含甲醛废水的影响。结果表明,随着曝气时间的延长,活性污泥对甲醛的去除率增大。进水甲醛浓度在40～120mg/L范围内,随着浓度升高甲醛污泥负荷增加,微生物对甲醛的降解速率增加,但对甲醛的去除率降低。活性污泥在pH为5～7的中性和弱酸性环境中对甲醛的降解速率较高。在15～35℃范围内,温度越高越有利于甲醛的降解,但随着时间的延长,温度越高,降解速率越低。同时对活性污泥降解甲醛污染物的动力学模型进行了分析,结果显示,活性污泥降解甲醛污染物符合零级反应动力学方程,速率常数κ_0也受到温度、进水Ph值和甲醛初始浓度的影响。
Formaldehyde is a kind of transparent and irritant organic gas and widely used in chemical industry.It can be easily dissolved in either water or alcohol and ether.However due to the high toxicity of formaldehyde,it becomes a main source of air and water pollution.
Recent years a technique of using biological method for removing formaldehyde from gas and water has been widely studied.The results show that it is an effective method of purifying formaldehyde in both gas and liquid phases.
In this study a biological method of inoculating bio-film onto packed tower to purify gas and water containing trace formaldehyde has been conducted.The activated sludge was first prepared and domesticated the microorganism which can be used for removing formaldehyde pollutions. As the solubility of formaldehyde in water is up to 4×10~5mg / L,the degradation of formaldehyde can be processed in water phase.In this study,a sequencing batch reactor(SBR) was employed to purify the water containing low concentration of formaldehyde.The aerating time, formaldehyde concentration in water,pH and temperature on the effect of degradation were investigated.The result shows that as the aerating time was increased the fraction of degradation of formaldehyde was increased. It was found that when the concentration range of formaldehyde was between 40-120mg/L was investigated,the load of the sludge and degradation rate increased with the formaldehyde concentration, nevertheless the fraction of degradation decreased at high concentration. The degradation rate of formaldehyde reaches a peak when the water pH is between 5-7.In the temperature range of 15-35℃,the increasing of temperature conduces to the degradation of formaldehyde,however as the time duration getting longer,the degradation rate becomes lower.In this study,the kinetics of removal of formaldehyde from wasterwater by activated sludge is analysed.The degradation og formaldehyde from wastewater by activated sludge in line with the zero-order kinetic equation.Kinetic k_0 of the effects of constant temperature、pH and the initial concentration of formaldehyde.
近年来,国内外已经开展了采用生物法处理甲醛污染物的研究。国内外成功经验表明,生物法净化甲醛污染物是一种行之有效的方法。
本研究首先通过培养活性污泥,驯化出能够降解甲醛污染物的微生物,然后对生物膜填料塔进行挂膜。以低浓度甲醛气体为研究对象,对生物膜填料塔净化甲醛废气进行了研究,考察了入口气体甲醛的浓度、进气总流量、循环喷淋液的流量各因素对甲醛净化率和生化去除量的影响。结果显示,在低浓度甲醛范围内,生物膜填料塔的净化效率很高,基本上能够接近100%,改变各因素对低浓度甲醛的净化效率影响不大。这是由于甲醛废气在水中的溶解度高达4×10~5mg/L,因此甲醛废气的处理可以通过将废气转化到液相中进行降解。在本研究中采用序批式活性污泥法(SBR)工艺,考察了曝气时间、进水甲醛浓度、进水pH和水温对微生物净化低浓度含甲醛废水的影响。结果表明,随着曝气时间的延长,活性污泥对甲醛的去除率增大。进水甲醛浓度在40～120mg/L范围内,随着浓度升高甲醛污泥负荷增加,微生物对甲醛的降解速率增加,但对甲醛的去除率降低。活性污泥在pH为5～7的中性和弱酸性环境中对甲醛的降解速率较高。在15～35℃范围内,温度越高越有利于甲醛的降解,但随着时间的延长,温度越高,降解速率越低。同时对活性污泥降解甲醛污染物的动力学模型进行了分析,结果显示,活性污泥降解甲醛污染物符合零级反应动力学方程,速率常数κ_0也受到温度、进水Ph值和甲醛初始浓度的影响。
Formaldehyde is a kind of transparent and irritant organic gas and widely used in chemical industry.It can be easily dissolved in either water or alcohol and ether.However due to the high toxicity of formaldehyde,it becomes a main source of air and water pollution.
Recent years a technique of using biological method for removing formaldehyde from gas and water has been widely studied.The results show that it is an effective method of purifying formaldehyde in both gas and liquid phases.
In this study a biological method of inoculating bio-film onto packed tower to purify gas and water containing trace formaldehyde has been conducted.The activated sludge was first prepared and domesticated the microorganism which can be used for removing formaldehyde pollutions. As the solubility of formaldehyde in water is up to 4×10~5mg / L,the degradation of formaldehyde can be processed in water phase.In this study,a sequencing batch reactor(SBR) was employed to purify the water containing low concentration of formaldehyde.The aerating time, formaldehyde concentration in water,pH and temperature on the effect of degradation were investigated.The result shows that as the aerating time was increased the fraction of degradation of formaldehyde was increased. It was found that when the concentration range of formaldehyde was between 40-120mg/L was investigated,the load of the sludge and degradation rate increased with the formaldehyde concentration, nevertheless the fraction of degradation decreased at high concentration. The degradation rate of formaldehyde reaches a peak when the water pH is between 5-7.In the temperature range of 15-35℃,the increasing of temperature conduces to the degradation of formaldehyde,however as the time duration getting longer,the degradation rate becomes lower.In this study,the kinetics of removal of formaldehyde from wasterwater by activated sludge is analysed.The degradation og formaldehyde from wastewater by activated sludge in line with the zero-order kinetic equation.Kinetic k_0 of the effects of constant temperature、pH and the initial concentration of formaldehyde.
引文
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[2]黄安民,刘渝,张求慧等.国外人造板甲醛释放的测定方法[J].木材加工机械,2002,(4):28-30
[3]陆军,张吉先,柴文森,人造板的甲醛释放及其控制措施的研究进展[J].林产工业,2003,30(6):13-15
[4]刘晓红,周定国.板式家具释放机理及其控制初探[J].科学技术,2003,(4):13-18
[5]李广林,何树文.甲醛及其生产方法[J].小氮肥设计技术,2003,24(4):46-48
[6]况宗华.甲醛生产技术综述[J].化工设计通讯,2001,27(3):5-7
[7]李晓林,戴清文.甲醛生产技术[J].化工之友,1998,(4):26-27
[8]刘鸿元.空气过量法甲醛生产工艺[J].甲醛与甲醇,2004,(2):1-4
[9]刘小蘋译.美国甲醛工业现状及预测[J].甲醛与甲醇,2004,(1):19-33
[10]冷松海,彭立等.甲醛生产、应用及下游产品开发[J].甲醛与甲醇,2001,(2):9-12
[1I]何燕.国内外甲醛生产、消费状况及市场前景[J].化工中间体,2004,(7/8)10-16
[12]宫箐,刘敏.甲醛污染对人体健康影响及控制[J].环境与健康杂志,2001,18(6):414-415
[13]王维,李学庆等.接触甲醛的职业危害及对嗅觉功能的影响[J].中国公共卫生,1999,15(9):787-788
[14]郝国祯,刘丽华,武景珍.急性甲醛吸入中毒临床分析[J].河北医学,1998,4(6):58
[15]杨振洲,蔡同建.室内甲醛的危害及其预防[J].中国公共卫生,2003,19(6):765-768
[16]于立群.甲醛的健康效应.国外医学卫生学分册,2004,31(2):84-87
[17]刘金玲,崔毅,贾崇奇等.甲醛职业暴露与胃癌关系的回顾性队列研究[J].中国慢性病预防与控制,1998,6(4):775-776
[18]RumehevKB,etal.[J].EurresPirJ,2002,20(2):403-408
[19]闫金萍.甲醛及对人体健康的危害[J].化学世界,2004,(10):558-559
[20]靳超.甲醛危害及其清除技术.新技术新产品
[21]Platt,D.Perner,and H.W.Platt.Simultaneous measurements of atmospheric CH_2O_3 and NO_2 by differential optical absorption.J.Geophys.Res.84(1999),6329-6335
[22]孙瑶毅.甲醛有害气体治理的研究进展[J].化工科技市场,2004,(4):17-19
[23]丁震,林萍等.室内空气甲醛污染的净化与控制[J].中国公共卫生,2003,19(8):998-100
[24]尹维东,刘来红,乔蕙贤等.室内空气污染物的净化[J].环境污染物治理技术与设备,2002,3(2):53-55
[25]蔡健,胡将军,张燕.改性活性炭纤维对甲醛吸附性能的研究[J].环境科学与技术,2004,27(4):16-19
[26]Taiyo Kaken K K.Eliminating basic malodorous componentsf rom a gas.France Patent,2411625.1979-07-13
[27]陈新凤,赵继军,张重杰等.霍加拉特剂吸附甲醛性能的研究[J].中国环保产业,2002,(10):26-27
[28]景作亮,邓启良,王建清.复合纳米TiO_2/ZrO_2对甲醛吸附性能的研究[J].职业与健康,2004,20(12):13-16
[29]U.Platt,Differential optical absorption spectroseopy(DOAS).Air monitoting by Spectroscopic Techniques.John Wiley & Sons,Inc.1994,pp.784
[30]汪耀珠,唐明德,易义珍等.低浓度臭氧净化空气中甲醛效果的实验性研究[J].实用预防医学,2002,9(1)28-29
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