G6PDH与MAPKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6在植物逆境耐受中调节机理的研究
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摘要
葡萄糖-6-磷酸脱氢酶(G6PDH)是戊糖磷酸途径的限速酶,为生物体内的生化反应提供NADPH还原力及调节细胞内的氧化还原状态。本论文研究内容分为两部分。第一部分以晋豆21(JD-21,干旱耐受型)和WDD00172(WDD-172,干旱敏感型)为材料,研究两种大豆幼苗对干旱胁迫的生理响应,并进一步探讨了G6PDH在大豆干旱适应性中的调节作用及其信号转导机制。主要获得了以下结果：
1.随着9%PEG6000胁迫时间的延长,晋豆21和WDD-172根中离子渗透率和H2O2含量急剧上升,其中WDD-172的上升幅度较大。与对照相比,两种大豆主根相对伸长率及侧根数目均随着PEG6000胁迫程度的加深而逐渐下降,且WDD-172中的变化更明显。说明晋豆21比WDD-172有更强的耐旱性。
2.9%PEG6000处理72h,晋豆2]和WDD-172根中抗氧化酶,包括抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)及Asc-GSH循环中的关键酶谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、双脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)的活性增加。与此同时,晋豆21根中抗氧化物质GSH和Asc的含量增加,WDD-172中GSH含量增加,而Asc含量变化不明显。另外,研究发现晋豆21中各种抗氧化酶活性和GSH、Asc含量均高于WDD-172。由此表明：干旱胁迫下,晋豆21保持较高的抗氧化酶活性以及抗氧化物质GSH、Asc含量是其比WDD-172具有较强的耐旱性的主要原因。
3.晋豆21和WDD-172根中G6PDH的活性能被PEG6000诱导。外源添加葡糖胺(Glucm, G6PDH的竞争性抑制剂)能抑制由PEG6000诱导的G6PDH活性的升高,也能抑制大豆主根伸长和侧根数目。另外,我们发现PEG6000+Glucm共处理能够显著抑制PEG6000引起的GSH和Asc含量以及GR、MDHAR和DHAR(?)舌性的升高,而且WDD-172中被抑制的更加明显。该结果说明G6PDH对维持细胞内的氧化还原平衡起重要作用。
4.DPI(质膜NADPH氧化酶的抑制剂)处理能抑制由PEG6000诱导的G6PDH活性的升高；降低GR、DHAR、MDHAR的活性；减少GSH和Asc的含量；同时缓解由PEG6000诱导的H2O2的积累。研究还发现PEG6000+Glucm+H2O2共处理后,两种大豆根中GR、DHAR和MDHAR的活性比PEG6000+Glucm处理时要高。以上结果显示干旱胁迫下H202参与了G6PDH活性的调节。
5. Western-blot分析结果表明,BSO(谷胱甘肽生物合成抑制剂)或PEG6000处理能够诱导G6PDH蛋白的表达,而Glucm、DPI或NAC (GSH前体)处理则能抑制PEG6000诱导的G6PDH蛋白的表达。由此显示,GSH和NADPH氧化酶对G6PDH在干旱胁迫中的调节作用起到了重要作用。
综上所述,干旱胁迫下,在晋豆21和WDD-172根中H2O2调节GR、DHAR和MDHAR活性的过程中,G6PDH发挥了重要的作用,通过维持GSH和Asc的高水平,从而维持氧化还原的平衡状态。
促分裂原活化蛋白激酶级联途经不仅在植物生长发育过程中发挥了重要的作用,同时也参与了植物生物及非生物胁迫下的生理响应。本文第二部分以野生型拟南芥(Col-0)和MAPKK9突变体(MKK9KR、MKK9DDD、MKK9DDmapk3、 MKK9DDmapk6和mkk7mkk9)的愈伤组织为材料,研究了拟南芥愈伤组织对盐胁迫的生理响应,并进一步探讨了在盐胁迫下拟南芥愈伤组织中抗氰交替途经的变化以及MAPKK7/MAPKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6级联途经在诱导抗氰交替途经中的生理功能及调控机制。主要结果如下：
1.10μM DEX能够诱导MKK9DD愈伤组织中总呼吸速率(Vt)、细胞色素主路途经容量(Vcyt)及抗氰交替途经容量(Valt)的升高,同时也能显著缓解NaCl对MKK9DD愈伤组织中Vt、Vcyt和Valt的抑制作用。这种现象未能在Col-0和MKK9KR愈伤组织中发现。盐胁迫下,DEX处理后显著增强了MKK9DD愈伤组织中AOX1a、AOX1d和AOX2基因的表达,同时也诱导了MKK9DD愈伤组织中AOX蛋白表达量的增加。说明盐胁迫下MAPKK9对MKK9DD愈伤组织中抗氰呼吸的调节可能是通过增加AOX转录和翻译水平来实现的。
2.DEX处理不能缓解盐胁迫对MKK9DDmapk3愈伤组织中呼吸作用的抑制；也不能诱导MKK9DDmapk3愈伤组织中AOX1a、AOX1d和AOX2基因的转录水平和AOX的蛋白表达量的上升。暗示MAPKK9对抗氰呼吸的调节有可能是通过下游的MAPK3来完成的。另外,盐胁迫下MAPKK7和乙烯也可能参与了MAPKK9对呼吸作用的调节。
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been implicated in supplying reduced nicotine amide cofactors for biochemical reactions and modulating the redox state in cells. The article includes two parts. In the first part of study, different cultivar soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Del Soy) of JINDOU21(JD-21, tolerance to drought stress) and WDD00172(WDD-172, sensitive to drought stress) were used as material to study their physiological responses to drought stress. And the regulative roles of G6PDH and the signal-transduction mechanism were further investigated. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. The relative electrolyte leakage and H2O2content increased with the time extension of PEG6000treatment in both JD-21and WDD-172. However, they were higher in WDD-172root. With the concentration and time of PEG6000treatment increased, the primary root length and the lateral root number were lower than control in both JD-21and WDD-172. And they were much more in JD-21than in WDD-172. These results suggested that JD-21had stronger drought tolerance.
2. Under9%PEG6000treatment for72h, JD-21showed higher tolerance than WDD-172not only in higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), but also in higher contents of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (Asc). These results indicated that the enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and higher GSH and Asc content might be responsible for the higher tolerance to drought stress in JD-21than WDD-172
3. The G6PDH activity markedly induced during PEG6000treatments in both JD-21and WDD-172root. After G6PDH activity in both soybeans was inhibited by Glucosamine (Glucm, a G6PDH inhibitor) under PEG6000treatment, the primary root length and the lateral root number were markedly reduced in both JD-21and WDD-172. And the activities of GR, DHAR and MDHAR were decreased much more in WDD-172than in JD-21by Glucm and PEG6000 treatment compared to PEG6000treatment alone. These results demonstrated that G6PDH might play an important role to maintain the dynamic balance of oxidation-reduction under drought stress.
4. DPI (a plasma membrane NADPH oxidase inhibitor) could counteract PEG6000-induced H2O2accumulation and decrease the enzyme activities of G6PDH, GR, DHAR and MDHAR as well as GSH and Asc contents. Furthermore, exogenous application of H2O2increased the activities of GR, DHAR and MDHAR that were decreased by Glucm under drought stress in both soybeans. These results showed that H2O2might involve in regulation of G6PDH under drought stress.
5. Western-blot analysis showed that the G6PDH expression was stimulated by PEG6000and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis), and blocked by Glucm, DPI and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, a GSH precursor) in both soybeans. These results demonstrated that GSH and NADPH oxidase maybe involved in the regulation of G6PDH in tolerance of soybean to drought stress.
Taken together, our evidence indicates that G6PDH plays a central role in the process of H2O2regulated GR, DHAR and MDHAR activities to maintain higher levels of GSH and Asc under drought stress.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to various environmental stimuli. In the part two of study, we used the calli from wild-type Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana, Col-0) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase9(MAPKK9) mutants (MKK9KR, MKK9DD, MKK9DDmapk3, MKK9DDmapk6and mkk7mkk9) to study their physiological responses to salt stress, and further investigated the possible regulation and physiological function of alternative pathway (AP) and MAPKK7/MAPKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6cascades under salt stress. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. The total respiration rate (Vt), the capacity of alternative pathway (Valt) and cytochrome pathway (Vcyt) in MKK9DD callus was induced and relieved the inhibition of NaCl to Vt、Vcyt and Valt in MKK9DD callus by10μM dexamethasone (DEX). However,the same phenomenon was not observed in calli of Col and MKKPKR. The application of DEX could induce the expression of AOX1a, AOX1d and AOX2genes and the increase of AOX protein expression in MKK9DD callus under salt stress. These results suggested that the regulation of MAPKK9to alternative pathway in MKK9DD callus under NaCl stress might by increasing the expression of AOX in both transcriptional and translational level.
2. There was no release the reduction of Vt, Vcyt and Valt which were induced by NaCl in MKK9DD mapk3callus under DEX treatment. Meanwhile, the expressions of AOX1α, AOX1d and AOX2genes and AOX protein were not induced by DEX under salt stress in MKK9DD mapk3callus. These results demonstrated that MAPKK9-MAPK3cascade might participate in the regulation of alternative pathway and might be an important role in the stress responses of Arabidopsis calli. Moreover, MAPKK7and ethylene might be involved in regulation of respiration in Arabidopsis calli under salt stress.
1.随着9%PEG6000胁迫时间的延长,晋豆21和WDD-172根中离子渗透率和H2O2含量急剧上升,其中WDD-172的上升幅度较大。与对照相比,两种大豆主根相对伸长率及侧根数目均随着PEG6000胁迫程度的加深而逐渐下降,且WDD-172中的变化更明显。说明晋豆21比WDD-172有更强的耐旱性。
2.9%PEG6000处理72h,晋豆2]和WDD-172根中抗氧化酶,包括抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)及Asc-GSH循环中的关键酶谷胱甘肽还原酶(GR)、双脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)和单脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(MDHAR)的活性增加。与此同时,晋豆21根中抗氧化物质GSH和Asc的含量增加,WDD-172中GSH含量增加,而Asc含量变化不明显。另外,研究发现晋豆21中各种抗氧化酶活性和GSH、Asc含量均高于WDD-172。由此表明：干旱胁迫下,晋豆21保持较高的抗氧化酶活性以及抗氧化物质GSH、Asc含量是其比WDD-172具有较强的耐旱性的主要原因。
3.晋豆21和WDD-172根中G6PDH的活性能被PEG6000诱导。外源添加葡糖胺(Glucm, G6PDH的竞争性抑制剂)能抑制由PEG6000诱导的G6PDH活性的升高,也能抑制大豆主根伸长和侧根数目。另外,我们发现PEG6000+Glucm共处理能够显著抑制PEG6000引起的GSH和Asc含量以及GR、MDHAR和DHAR(?)舌性的升高,而且WDD-172中被抑制的更加明显。该结果说明G6PDH对维持细胞内的氧化还原平衡起重要作用。
4.DPI(质膜NADPH氧化酶的抑制剂)处理能抑制由PEG6000诱导的G6PDH活性的升高；降低GR、DHAR、MDHAR的活性；减少GSH和Asc的含量；同时缓解由PEG6000诱导的H2O2的积累。研究还发现PEG6000+Glucm+H2O2共处理后,两种大豆根中GR、DHAR和MDHAR的活性比PEG6000+Glucm处理时要高。以上结果显示干旱胁迫下H202参与了G6PDH活性的调节。
5. Western-blot分析结果表明,BSO(谷胱甘肽生物合成抑制剂)或PEG6000处理能够诱导G6PDH蛋白的表达,而Glucm、DPI或NAC (GSH前体)处理则能抑制PEG6000诱导的G6PDH蛋白的表达。由此显示,GSH和NADPH氧化酶对G6PDH在干旱胁迫中的调节作用起到了重要作用。
综上所述,干旱胁迫下,在晋豆21和WDD-172根中H2O2调节GR、DHAR和MDHAR活性的过程中,G6PDH发挥了重要的作用,通过维持GSH和Asc的高水平,从而维持氧化还原的平衡状态。
促分裂原活化蛋白激酶级联途经不仅在植物生长发育过程中发挥了重要的作用,同时也参与了植物生物及非生物胁迫下的生理响应。本文第二部分以野生型拟南芥(Col-0)和MAPKK9突变体(MKK9KR、MKK9DDD、MKK9DDmapk3、 MKK9DDmapk6和mkk7mkk9)的愈伤组织为材料,研究了拟南芥愈伤组织对盐胁迫的生理响应,并进一步探讨了在盐胁迫下拟南芥愈伤组织中抗氰交替途经的变化以及MAPKK7/MAPKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6级联途经在诱导抗氰交替途经中的生理功能及调控机制。主要结果如下：
1.10μM DEX能够诱导MKK9DD愈伤组织中总呼吸速率(Vt)、细胞色素主路途经容量(Vcyt)及抗氰交替途经容量(Valt)的升高,同时也能显著缓解NaCl对MKK9DD愈伤组织中Vt、Vcyt和Valt的抑制作用。这种现象未能在Col-0和MKK9KR愈伤组织中发现。盐胁迫下,DEX处理后显著增强了MKK9DD愈伤组织中AOX1a、AOX1d和AOX2基因的表达,同时也诱导了MKK9DD愈伤组织中AOX蛋白表达量的增加。说明盐胁迫下MAPKK9对MKK9DD愈伤组织中抗氰呼吸的调节可能是通过增加AOX转录和翻译水平来实现的。
2.DEX处理不能缓解盐胁迫对MKK9DDmapk3愈伤组织中呼吸作用的抑制；也不能诱导MKK9DDmapk3愈伤组织中AOX1a、AOX1d和AOX2基因的转录水平和AOX的蛋白表达量的上升。暗示MAPKK9对抗氰呼吸的调节有可能是通过下游的MAPK3来完成的。另外,盐胁迫下MAPKK7和乙烯也可能参与了MAPKK9对呼吸作用的调节。
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) has been implicated in supplying reduced nicotine amide cofactors for biochemical reactions and modulating the redox state in cells. The article includes two parts. In the first part of study, different cultivar soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr. cv Del Soy) of JINDOU21(JD-21, tolerance to drought stress) and WDD00172(WDD-172, sensitive to drought stress) were used as material to study their physiological responses to drought stress. And the regulative roles of G6PDH and the signal-transduction mechanism were further investigated. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. The relative electrolyte leakage and H2O2content increased with the time extension of PEG6000treatment in both JD-21and WDD-172. However, they were higher in WDD-172root. With the concentration and time of PEG6000treatment increased, the primary root length and the lateral root number were lower than control in both JD-21and WDD-172. And they were much more in JD-21than in WDD-172. These results suggested that JD-21had stronger drought tolerance.
2. Under9%PEG6000treatment for72h, JD-21showed higher tolerance than WDD-172not only in higher activities of ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POD), glutathione reductase (GR), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR) and monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), but also in higher contents of glutathione (GSH) and ascorbate (Asc). These results indicated that the enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities and higher GSH and Asc content might be responsible for the higher tolerance to drought stress in JD-21than WDD-172
3. The G6PDH activity markedly induced during PEG6000treatments in both JD-21and WDD-172root. After G6PDH activity in both soybeans was inhibited by Glucosamine (Glucm, a G6PDH inhibitor) under PEG6000treatment, the primary root length and the lateral root number were markedly reduced in both JD-21and WDD-172. And the activities of GR, DHAR and MDHAR were decreased much more in WDD-172than in JD-21by Glucm and PEG6000 treatment compared to PEG6000treatment alone. These results demonstrated that G6PDH might play an important role to maintain the dynamic balance of oxidation-reduction under drought stress.
4. DPI (a plasma membrane NADPH oxidase inhibitor) could counteract PEG6000-induced H2O2accumulation and decrease the enzyme activities of G6PDH, GR, DHAR and MDHAR as well as GSH and Asc contents. Furthermore, exogenous application of H2O2increased the activities of GR, DHAR and MDHAR that were decreased by Glucm under drought stress in both soybeans. These results showed that H2O2might involve in regulation of G6PDH under drought stress.
5. Western-blot analysis showed that the G6PDH expression was stimulated by PEG6000and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO, an inhibitor of glutathione biosynthesis), and blocked by Glucm, DPI and N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC, a GSH precursor) in both soybeans. These results demonstrated that GSH and NADPH oxidase maybe involved in the regulation of G6PDH in tolerance of soybean to drought stress.
Taken together, our evidence indicates that G6PDH plays a central role in the process of H2O2regulated GR, DHAR and MDHAR activities to maintain higher levels of GSH and Asc under drought stress.
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades play important roles in regulating plant growth, development, and responses to various environmental stimuli. In the part two of study, we used the calli from wild-type Arabidopsis(Arabidopsis thaliana, Col-0) and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase9(MAPKK9) mutants (MKK9KR, MKK9DD, MKK9DDmapk3, MKK9DDmapk6and mkk7mkk9) to study their physiological responses to salt stress, and further investigated the possible regulation and physiological function of alternative pathway (AP) and MAPKK7/MAPKK9-MAPK3/MAPK6cascades under salt stress. The main results were summarized as follows:
1. The total respiration rate (Vt), the capacity of alternative pathway (Valt) and cytochrome pathway (Vcyt) in MKK9DD callus was induced and relieved the inhibition of NaCl to Vt、Vcyt and Valt in MKK9DD callus by10μM dexamethasone (DEX). However,the same phenomenon was not observed in calli of Col and MKKPKR. The application of DEX could induce the expression of AOX1a, AOX1d and AOX2genes and the increase of AOX protein expression in MKK9DD callus under salt stress. These results suggested that the regulation of MAPKK9to alternative pathway in MKK9DD callus under NaCl stress might by increasing the expression of AOX in both transcriptional and translational level.
2. There was no release the reduction of Vt, Vcyt and Valt which were induced by NaCl in MKK9DD mapk3callus under DEX treatment. Meanwhile, the expressions of AOX1α, AOX1d and AOX2genes and AOX protein were not induced by DEX under salt stress in MKK9DD mapk3callus. These results demonstrated that MAPKK9-MAPK3cascade might participate in the regulation of alternative pathway and might be an important role in the stress responses of Arabidopsis calli. Moreover, MAPKK7and ethylene might be involved in regulation of respiration in Arabidopsis calli under salt stress.
引文
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