不同氮源配比对小麦生长发育及籽粒产量和品质的调控研究
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摘要
本文以强筋小麦豫麦34为供试品种,2005-2008年先后采用根室、根箱和大田种植方式,在等养分条件下研究不同氮源配比对小麦根系生长与消亡、根系空间分布、土壤生物活性、冠层光分布特性、叶片光合特性、氮肥利用效率以及产量和品质的影响,以期为应用不同氮源配比调控专用小麦产量和蛋白质含量与组分提供理论和实践依据。
1、采用根系分析技术,研究了小麦根系参数在0-140cm土层中的分布状况,并利用大田随机区组设计研究了等养分条件下尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对小麦根系参数空间分布特性及地上部绿叶面积的影响。结果表明,小麦的根长密度,在0-60cm土层中随着距麦行位置的外移而逐渐减小,60-140cm的土层中,随着距麦行距离的增大,根长密度先降后升,在0-50cm土层中冬小麦的根长密度均随生育时期的后移而逐渐升高,50-140cm土层中,随生育时期的推进根长密度的变化趋势因土层不同而有差异;根直径均随土层的加深而呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,整个生育时期的根直径在80-90cm土层中出现一个峰值;根系生长量和死亡量均随土层的加深而呈逐渐下降的趋势;根系周期生长量周转和死亡量周转随土层深度的加大均先升高后降低。
不同氮源配比能增大小麦不同土层中的根长密度,并以尿素和鸡粪等量配施处理最大且均显著高于其它处理;不同氮源配比有利于小麦根系直径的增粗;不同氮源等量配施处理下根系生长量与死亡量均较对照和尿素处理显著增大;不同氮源等量配施处理还显著提高周期平均根长密度、生长量和死亡量周转。
2、采用根箱方法,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其等量配施(50∶50)对小麦根系生长与衰老进程及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,施用鸡粪能显著提高小麦的根重密度和根体积密度,各处理的根重密度和根体积密度在麦行内与麦行间均表现出随土层的加深而显著降低,随生育时期的后移先增大后减小,并于开花期达最大;随施用鸡粪比例的增加,根条数先升高后降低,多以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高;根系活力在孕穗期达到最大值,并均随土层的加深而逐渐降低,处理之间相比多以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高;各土层中根系SOD活性在整个生育时期均表现为:鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理＞鸡粪处理＞尿素处理;根系MDA含量在整个生育时期均表现为:尿素处理＞鸡粪处理＞鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理。
土壤硝态氮含量在0-20cm土层中以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理最高,鸡粪处理次之,尿素处理最小,在20-60cm土层中,鸡粪处理及配施处理在冬前均比尿素处理高,从孕穗期开始,鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理在20-60cm土层中的硝态氮含量均低于尿素处理和鸡粪处理,特别是在40-60cm的土层中均显著或极显著地低于尿素处理和鸡粪处理。
3、通过大田随机区组试验,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对麦田土壤呼吸速率及根际土壤生物活性的影响。结果表明,随鸡粪施用比例的增加,土壤呼吸速率在冬前和返青期逐渐升高,以鸡粪处理最大,拔节至成熟期土壤呼吸速率先升高后降低,并以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高,在开花至成熟期,鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理均较对照和尿素处理呈差异显著性增加;土壤含水量和土壤温度均随鸡粪施用比例的增大呈先升后降趋势,且以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高;真菌数量在冬前与返青期以鸡粪与尿素配施比例为75∶25的处理最大,孕穗至成熟期均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施最高;在拔节、灌浆和成熟期,鸡粪与尿素等量配施的细菌数量均极显著地高于其它处理;放线菌数量随鸡粪施用比例的增加在冬前与返青期逐渐增大,拔节至成熟均先升后降;土壤脲酶活性在冬前至拔节期鸡粪与尿素按75∶25配施处理呈极显著增强,孕穗至成熟期均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理最高;转化酶活性冬前至孕穗期和灌浆期均以鸡粪与尿素配施比例为75∶25的处理最高,且与其它处理间差异极显著;多酚氧化酶活性除开花期以鸡粪与尿素按75∶25配施的处理最强外,其它时期均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理最高;土壤呼吸强度与其它土壤指标之间的相关分析结果显示,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的相关性最强,在各处理下均达显著或极显著正相关关系,而施肥处理下土壤呼吸速率与土壤放线菌数量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。
4、采用大田试验,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对小麦氮效率的影响。结果表明,随着鸡粪施用比例的增加,小麦植株氮及籽粒氮含量均呈先升后降的趋势,均以鸡粪与尿素按25∶75配施的处理在冬前最高,其它生育时期,以鸡粪与尿素等量配施(50∶50)最高;不同氮源配比能提高氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学利用率,却不利于提高氮素生产效率;不同氮源配比能显著提高开花期植株氮积累量和成熟期秸秆氮积累量,并显著提高氮转运效率,且均以A_3处理为最大。
5、为揭示不同氮源配比对豫麦34冠层光分布特征、产量和蛋白质含量的影响。本文采用大田切片法,研究了尿素、鸡粪及鸡粪和尿素配施方式下,豫麦34的冠层结构、产量构成及籽粒蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明:施用鸡粪有利于提高豫麦34旗叶的叶绿素含量(SPAD值),促进群体光合有效辐射(PAR)的提高,增大小麦群体的平均叶倾角(MLA),降低群体的冠层开度(DIFN),提高光能利用效率和小麦群体的叶面积指数(LAI),有利于经济系数和籽粒蛋白质含量的改善。
6、在大田条件下,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对小麦不同叶位叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,施肥能显著提高小麦各生育时期单株绿叶面积、SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和水分利用率,降低胞间CO_2的浓度,并随鸡粪施用比例的增加,除胞间CO_2浓度呈先降低后升高以外,其它指标均呈先升后降的趋势,多以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高。
7、通过大田试验,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对籽粒产量与品质的影响。结果表明,与不施肥处理和尿素处理分别相比,不同氮源配比能显著提高小麦的根条数、有效分蘖数、穗粒数、穗粒重、经济产量、经济系数和蛋白质含量,且经济产量、经济系数、谷/醇蛋白比及清蛋白与谷蛋白含量均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理(A_3)为最高,多显著或极显著高于对照与尿素处理。综合考虑小麦产量、经济系数、蛋白组分等因素,各种施肥处理以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理(A_3)最佳,配施处理的小麦籽粒产量最高,蛋白组分合理,品质最好。
Improving grain yield and quality of wheat cultivars is now one of the key subjects. Applying organic manure has the dual role in improving soil structure and providing nutrients to plant and has been one of important methods to regulate the growth and development of crop. Thus, root room experiments, root box experiments and field experiments were completed on a sandy loam at Henan Agricultural University Experimental Station during 2005-2008, respectively. A strong gluten wheat cultivar-Yumai 34 was used in experiments. Equal amounts of nutrient in different fertilizer types were urea, chicken manure or in mixed forms where the ratio of urea to chicken manure was 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, respectively. Effects were studied of different(or mixed) types of fertilizer on the growth and demise of wheat root, root spacial distribution, on rhizospheric microbial population and activity of soil enzymes, on light distribution characteristics of the canopy and leaf photosynthetic characteristics, on nitrogen utilization efficiency, on the grain yield and quality, in the hopes of providing academic and practical basis for application of different ratios of nitrogen source in controlling wheat yield, protein content and the composition of grain protein. Details are as follows:
1, In use of the minirhizotron root monitor system, root parameters(root length density, root increment, root mortality and turnover) were studied in 0-140 cm soil layers, under different fertilizer treatments(urea, chicken manure, and their applying ratio 75:25, 50:50, 25:75). The result showed that root length density decreased gradually with the out shift of the location relative to wheat row, but in 0-60cm soil layers root length density declined firstly and ascended afterwards in 60-140cm layers, and in 0-50cm soil layers, the root length density gradually increased with the advance of growth stage, but in 50-140cm soil layers, root length density changes varied with the advance of Growing stages; root diameter showed an increasing trend with the decrease of the soil depth, and reached a peak value in the entire reproductive period in 80-90cm soil layer; root increment and mortality showed a trend of gradual decrease with the increase of the soil depth; the root periodic turnover of both increment and mortality became lower firstly and then increased with the increase of soil depth.
Different ratios of nitrogen source can increase root length density in different soil layers, and the effect of different nitrogen source equivalent ratio treatment was the largest and significantly higher than other treatments; different ratios of nitrogen source was conducive to the enlargement of the diameter of wheat root; comparing with the contrast(A_0) and urea treatment(A_1), the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source had a significant increase in root incement and mortality; equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source can also significantly increase the average root length density, and the turnover of root increment and mortality.
2, With root box method, we had studied the effects of urea and chicken manure, and their equivalent fertilization(50:50) on wheat root growth, the aging course and nitrate content of soil. The results showed that application of chicken manure significantly increased the density of wheat root weight and root volume density, the root weight density and root volume density both in row and between the rows decreased significantly with the deepening of the soil, but decreased after an increase with the out shift of birth period, and became the largest in anthesis stage; with the increase of the proportion of organic manure application, root number increased firstly and decreased afterwards, the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source was the largest; root activity reached maximum value in booting stage, and gradually decreased with the increase of the soil depth, equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source also produces the highest in comparison of other treatments; in different soil depth, changes of SOD activity of root in entire reproductive periods showed as follows: equivalent different ratios of nitrogen source > organic manure> urea; MDA content of root in the entire reproductive period showed as follows: urea > organic manure> equivalent different ratios of nitrogen source. Nitrate content of soil in the 0-20cm layers was the highest under the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source . In the 20-60cm soil layers, nitrate content was higher in the organic manure treatment or different ratios of nitrogen source treatments than urea treatment before winter. However, from the beginning of booting stage, nitrate-N content in the 20-60cm soil layers became lower in dealing with fertilization of equivalent different ratios of nitrogen source than urea treatment, especially significant lower in 40-60cm soil layers.
3, Through field experiments in randomized block design, the effects of urea, chicken manure and the different fertilizers proportion(the ratio of urea to chicken manure was75:25,50:50,25:75 respectively) on soil respiration rate in wheat field and biological activity of rhizosphere soil were studied in this paper. The results showed that soil respiration rate gradually increased with the ratio increase of organic fertilization in Before wintering and returning green stages, and highest uder organic fertilization treatment, but first rised and reduced afterwards from jointing period to mature period, highest under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source . From anthesis stage to mature stage, the soil respiration rate increased significantly under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source in comparison with urea treatment; soil moisture and soil temperature increased firstly and decreased afterwards with the proportion increase of the organic manure application, highest uder under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source ; the number of fungi was largest under the treatment of proportion of 75:25 Before wintering stage and during the period of returning green, and largest under under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source in the period from booting to mature stage; in jointing stage, grain filling and mature period, the number of bacteria wass significant larger under under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source than other treatments; the number of actinomycetes gradually increased with the increased application of organic manure in before wintering and returning green stages, increased firstly and then decreased from jointing period to maturity period; soil urease activity significantly increased under the treatment of 75:25(urea to organic manure) ratio and stronger than other treatments; Zymose activity was strongest under the treatment of 75:25(urea to organic manure) ratio from Before wintering to grain filling stages, and the difference with other treatment was significant; with the same portion of fertilization, polyphenol oxidase activity was strongest in anthesis stage, but in other periods, strongest polyphenol oxidase activity under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source ; results of correlation analysis between soil respiration rate and other soil indicators showed that the relation of soil respiration rate and soil temperature was the strongest, showing significant or highly significant positive correlation, and soil respiration rate was significantly and positively correlated with the number of actinomycetes.
4, In the use of field experiments, effects of urea, chicken manure and different ratios of urea to chicken manure (75:25,50:50,25:75) on nitrogen efficiency of wheat were studied in this paper. The results showed that grain nitrogen and nitrogen content increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer application, highest value appeared under the treatment of 75:25(urea to organic manure) ratio in Before wintering stage, in the other Growing stages, highest value appeared uder the treatment of equivalent proportion (50:50); different ratios of nitrogen source treatments can increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, but not conducive to improving nitrogen use efficiency; the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source can significantly increase nitrogen accumulation in the Stalk during the anthesis and mature stages, and significantly improve the efficiency of nitrogen transfer, and under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source , the nitrogen transfer efficiency was highest.
5, The study was conducted to reveal the effects of different ratios of nitrogen source on canopy architecture of Yumai34. Field experiments with the conventional "Layer upon layer cut method" were carried out to study the dynamics of canopy architecture characters of Yumai34 after application of urea, urea and chicken manure mixed ,and chicken manure alone. The results showed that chlorophyll content (SPAD value) in flag leaves, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), mean leaf angle(MLA), and leaf area index( LAI) increased under chicken manure applied, while canopy openness(DIFN) behaved oppositely, and these were all helpful to improve the light utilizing efficiency. The mixed fertilizer treatment had a reasonable canopy architecture than others, which accounted for they had intercepted more solar radiation.
6, Field experiments were conducted to clearify the effects of urea, chicken manure and different ratios of urea to chicken manure (75:25,50:50,25:75) on photosynthetic characteristics of different wheat leaves.This study indicated fertilization can significantly improve the leaf area per plant, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, stomatal limitation value and water use efficiency in every reproductive period of wheat, and reduce intercellular CO_2 concentration, and with the increase of organic manure in application proportion, with the exception of intercellular CO_2 concentration which decreased firstly and then increased, other indicators all showed an inverse trend, and the effects of equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source was most significantly.
7, Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of urea, chicken manure and different ratios of urea to chicken manure (75:25,50:50,25:75) on wheat grain yield and quality. The results showed that in contrast to no fertilizer treatment and urea treatment respectively, different ratios of nitrogen source treatments can significantly increase the number of wheat root, the number of effective tillers, grains per spike, grain weight per spik, economic yield, Harvest index and protein content, furthermore, the economic yield, Harvest index, glutenin/gliadin ratio and albumin protein and glutenin content all reached the highest value under the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source , and more significantly or extremly significantly higher than treatments. Considering the general factors such as wheat grain yield, Harvest index, protein components, the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source was the best, and it had the highest wheat grain yield, a reasonable protein components and the best quality.
1、采用根系分析技术,研究了小麦根系参数在0-140cm土层中的分布状况,并利用大田随机区组设计研究了等养分条件下尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对小麦根系参数空间分布特性及地上部绿叶面积的影响。结果表明,小麦的根长密度,在0-60cm土层中随着距麦行位置的外移而逐渐减小,60-140cm的土层中,随着距麦行距离的增大,根长密度先降后升,在0-50cm土层中冬小麦的根长密度均随生育时期的后移而逐渐升高,50-140cm土层中,随生育时期的推进根长密度的变化趋势因土层不同而有差异;根直径均随土层的加深而呈现出先减小后增大的趋势,整个生育时期的根直径在80-90cm土层中出现一个峰值;根系生长量和死亡量均随土层的加深而呈逐渐下降的趋势;根系周期生长量周转和死亡量周转随土层深度的加大均先升高后降低。
不同氮源配比能增大小麦不同土层中的根长密度,并以尿素和鸡粪等量配施处理最大且均显著高于其它处理;不同氮源配比有利于小麦根系直径的增粗;不同氮源等量配施处理下根系生长量与死亡量均较对照和尿素处理显著增大;不同氮源等量配施处理还显著提高周期平均根长密度、生长量和死亡量周转。
2、采用根箱方法,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其等量配施(50∶50)对小麦根系生长与衰老进程及土壤硝态氮含量的影响。结果表明,施用鸡粪能显著提高小麦的根重密度和根体积密度,各处理的根重密度和根体积密度在麦行内与麦行间均表现出随土层的加深而显著降低,随生育时期的后移先增大后减小,并于开花期达最大;随施用鸡粪比例的增加,根条数先升高后降低,多以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高;根系活力在孕穗期达到最大值,并均随土层的加深而逐渐降低,处理之间相比多以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高;各土层中根系SOD活性在整个生育时期均表现为:鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理＞鸡粪处理＞尿素处理;根系MDA含量在整个生育时期均表现为:尿素处理＞鸡粪处理＞鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理。
土壤硝态氮含量在0-20cm土层中以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理最高,鸡粪处理次之,尿素处理最小,在20-60cm土层中,鸡粪处理及配施处理在冬前均比尿素处理高,从孕穗期开始,鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理在20-60cm土层中的硝态氮含量均低于尿素处理和鸡粪处理,特别是在40-60cm的土层中均显著或极显著地低于尿素处理和鸡粪处理。
3、通过大田随机区组试验,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对麦田土壤呼吸速率及根际土壤生物活性的影响。结果表明,随鸡粪施用比例的增加,土壤呼吸速率在冬前和返青期逐渐升高,以鸡粪处理最大,拔节至成熟期土壤呼吸速率先升高后降低,并以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高,在开花至成熟期,鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理均较对照和尿素处理呈差异显著性增加;土壤含水量和土壤温度均随鸡粪施用比例的增大呈先升后降趋势,且以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高;真菌数量在冬前与返青期以鸡粪与尿素配施比例为75∶25的处理最大,孕穗至成熟期均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施最高;在拔节、灌浆和成熟期,鸡粪与尿素等量配施的细菌数量均极显著地高于其它处理;放线菌数量随鸡粪施用比例的增加在冬前与返青期逐渐增大,拔节至成熟均先升后降;土壤脲酶活性在冬前至拔节期鸡粪与尿素按75∶25配施处理呈极显著增强,孕穗至成熟期均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理最高;转化酶活性冬前至孕穗期和灌浆期均以鸡粪与尿素配施比例为75∶25的处理最高,且与其它处理间差异极显著;多酚氧化酶活性除开花期以鸡粪与尿素按75∶25配施的处理最强外,其它时期均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理最高;土壤呼吸强度与其它土壤指标之间的相关分析结果显示,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度的相关性最强,在各处理下均达显著或极显著正相关关系,而施肥处理下土壤呼吸速率与土壤放线菌数量之间均呈极显著正相关关系。
4、采用大田试验,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对小麦氮效率的影响。结果表明,随着鸡粪施用比例的增加,小麦植株氮及籽粒氮含量均呈先升后降的趋势,均以鸡粪与尿素按25∶75配施的处理在冬前最高,其它生育时期,以鸡粪与尿素等量配施(50∶50)最高;不同氮源配比能提高氮肥表观利用率和氮肥农学利用率,却不利于提高氮素生产效率;不同氮源配比能显著提高开花期植株氮积累量和成熟期秸秆氮积累量,并显著提高氮转运效率,且均以A_3处理为最大。
5、为揭示不同氮源配比对豫麦34冠层光分布特征、产量和蛋白质含量的影响。本文采用大田切片法,研究了尿素、鸡粪及鸡粪和尿素配施方式下,豫麦34的冠层结构、产量构成及籽粒蛋白质含量的变化。结果表明:施用鸡粪有利于提高豫麦34旗叶的叶绿素含量(SPAD值),促进群体光合有效辐射(PAR)的提高,增大小麦群体的平均叶倾角(MLA),降低群体的冠层开度(DIFN),提高光能利用效率和小麦群体的叶面积指数(LAI),有利于经济系数和籽粒蛋白质含量的改善。
6、在大田条件下,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对小麦不同叶位叶片光合特性的影响。结果表明,施肥能显著提高小麦各生育时期单株绿叶面积、SPAD值、净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、气孔限制值和水分利用率,降低胞间CO_2的浓度,并随鸡粪施用比例的增加,除胞间CO_2浓度呈先降低后升高以外,其它指标均呈先升后降的趋势,多以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理为最高。
7、通过大田试验,研究了尿素、鸡粪及其不同配施比例(75∶25,50∶50,25∶75)对籽粒产量与品质的影响。结果表明,与不施肥处理和尿素处理分别相比,不同氮源配比能显著提高小麦的根条数、有效分蘖数、穗粒数、穗粒重、经济产量、经济系数和蛋白质含量,且经济产量、经济系数、谷/醇蛋白比及清蛋白与谷蛋白含量均以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理(A_3)为最高,多显著或极显著高于对照与尿素处理。综合考虑小麦产量、经济系数、蛋白组分等因素,各种施肥处理以鸡粪与尿素等量配施处理(A_3)最佳,配施处理的小麦籽粒产量最高,蛋白组分合理,品质最好。
Improving grain yield and quality of wheat cultivars is now one of the key subjects. Applying organic manure has the dual role in improving soil structure and providing nutrients to plant and has been one of important methods to regulate the growth and development of crop. Thus, root room experiments, root box experiments and field experiments were completed on a sandy loam at Henan Agricultural University Experimental Station during 2005-2008, respectively. A strong gluten wheat cultivar-Yumai 34 was used in experiments. Equal amounts of nutrient in different fertilizer types were urea, chicken manure or in mixed forms where the ratio of urea to chicken manure was 75:25, 50:50, 25:75, respectively. Effects were studied of different(or mixed) types of fertilizer on the growth and demise of wheat root, root spacial distribution, on rhizospheric microbial population and activity of soil enzymes, on light distribution characteristics of the canopy and leaf photosynthetic characteristics, on nitrogen utilization efficiency, on the grain yield and quality, in the hopes of providing academic and practical basis for application of different ratios of nitrogen source in controlling wheat yield, protein content and the composition of grain protein. Details are as follows:
1, In use of the minirhizotron root monitor system, root parameters(root length density, root increment, root mortality and turnover) were studied in 0-140 cm soil layers, under different fertilizer treatments(urea, chicken manure, and their applying ratio 75:25, 50:50, 25:75). The result showed that root length density decreased gradually with the out shift of the location relative to wheat row, but in 0-60cm soil layers root length density declined firstly and ascended afterwards in 60-140cm layers, and in 0-50cm soil layers, the root length density gradually increased with the advance of growth stage, but in 50-140cm soil layers, root length density changes varied with the advance of Growing stages; root diameter showed an increasing trend with the decrease of the soil depth, and reached a peak value in the entire reproductive period in 80-90cm soil layer; root increment and mortality showed a trend of gradual decrease with the increase of the soil depth; the root periodic turnover of both increment and mortality became lower firstly and then increased with the increase of soil depth.
Different ratios of nitrogen source can increase root length density in different soil layers, and the effect of different nitrogen source equivalent ratio treatment was the largest and significantly higher than other treatments; different ratios of nitrogen source was conducive to the enlargement of the diameter of wheat root; comparing with the contrast(A_0) and urea treatment(A_1), the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source had a significant increase in root incement and mortality; equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source can also significantly increase the average root length density, and the turnover of root increment and mortality.
2, With root box method, we had studied the effects of urea and chicken manure, and their equivalent fertilization(50:50) on wheat root growth, the aging course and nitrate content of soil. The results showed that application of chicken manure significantly increased the density of wheat root weight and root volume density, the root weight density and root volume density both in row and between the rows decreased significantly with the deepening of the soil, but decreased after an increase with the out shift of birth period, and became the largest in anthesis stage; with the increase of the proportion of organic manure application, root number increased firstly and decreased afterwards, the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source was the largest; root activity reached maximum value in booting stage, and gradually decreased with the increase of the soil depth, equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source also produces the highest in comparison of other treatments; in different soil depth, changes of SOD activity of root in entire reproductive periods showed as follows: equivalent different ratios of nitrogen source > organic manure> urea; MDA content of root in the entire reproductive period showed as follows: urea > organic manure> equivalent different ratios of nitrogen source. Nitrate content of soil in the 0-20cm layers was the highest under the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source . In the 20-60cm soil layers, nitrate content was higher in the organic manure treatment or different ratios of nitrogen source treatments than urea treatment before winter. However, from the beginning of booting stage, nitrate-N content in the 20-60cm soil layers became lower in dealing with fertilization of equivalent different ratios of nitrogen source than urea treatment, especially significant lower in 40-60cm soil layers.
3, Through field experiments in randomized block design, the effects of urea, chicken manure and the different fertilizers proportion(the ratio of urea to chicken manure was75:25,50:50,25:75 respectively) on soil respiration rate in wheat field and biological activity of rhizosphere soil were studied in this paper. The results showed that soil respiration rate gradually increased with the ratio increase of organic fertilization in Before wintering and returning green stages, and highest uder organic fertilization treatment, but first rised and reduced afterwards from jointing period to mature period, highest under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source . From anthesis stage to mature stage, the soil respiration rate increased significantly under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source in comparison with urea treatment; soil moisture and soil temperature increased firstly and decreased afterwards with the proportion increase of the organic manure application, highest uder under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source ; the number of fungi was largest under the treatment of proportion of 75:25 Before wintering stage and during the period of returning green, and largest under under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source in the period from booting to mature stage; in jointing stage, grain filling and mature period, the number of bacteria wass significant larger under under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source than other treatments; the number of actinomycetes gradually increased with the increased application of organic manure in before wintering and returning green stages, increased firstly and then decreased from jointing period to maturity period; soil urease activity significantly increased under the treatment of 75:25(urea to organic manure) ratio and stronger than other treatments; Zymose activity was strongest under the treatment of 75:25(urea to organic manure) ratio from Before wintering to grain filling stages, and the difference with other treatment was significant; with the same portion of fertilization, polyphenol oxidase activity was strongest in anthesis stage, but in other periods, strongest polyphenol oxidase activity under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source ; results of correlation analysis between soil respiration rate and other soil indicators showed that the relation of soil respiration rate and soil temperature was the strongest, showing significant or highly significant positive correlation, and soil respiration rate was significantly and positively correlated with the number of actinomycetes.
4, In the use of field experiments, effects of urea, chicken manure and different ratios of urea to chicken manure (75:25,50:50,25:75) on nitrogen efficiency of wheat were studied in this paper. The results showed that grain nitrogen and nitrogen content increased firstly and then decreased with the increase of organic fertilizer application, highest value appeared under the treatment of 75:25(urea to organic manure) ratio in Before wintering stage, in the other Growing stages, highest value appeared uder the treatment of equivalent proportion (50:50); different ratios of nitrogen source treatments can increase nitrogen fertilizer use efficiency and agronomic nitrogen use efficiency, but not conducive to improving nitrogen use efficiency; the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source can significantly increase nitrogen accumulation in the Stalk during the anthesis and mature stages, and significantly improve the efficiency of nitrogen transfer, and under equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source , the nitrogen transfer efficiency was highest.
5, The study was conducted to reveal the effects of different ratios of nitrogen source on canopy architecture of Yumai34. Field experiments with the conventional "Layer upon layer cut method" were carried out to study the dynamics of canopy architecture characters of Yumai34 after application of urea, urea and chicken manure mixed ,and chicken manure alone. The results showed that chlorophyll content (SPAD value) in flag leaves, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), mean leaf angle(MLA), and leaf area index( LAI) increased under chicken manure applied, while canopy openness(DIFN) behaved oppositely, and these were all helpful to improve the light utilizing efficiency. The mixed fertilizer treatment had a reasonable canopy architecture than others, which accounted for they had intercepted more solar radiation.
6, Field experiments were conducted to clearify the effects of urea, chicken manure and different ratios of urea to chicken manure (75:25,50:50,25:75) on photosynthetic characteristics of different wheat leaves.This study indicated fertilization can significantly improve the leaf area per plant, SPAD value, net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, transpiration rate, stomatal limitation value and water use efficiency in every reproductive period of wheat, and reduce intercellular CO_2 concentration, and with the increase of organic manure in application proportion, with the exception of intercellular CO_2 concentration which decreased firstly and then increased, other indicators all showed an inverse trend, and the effects of equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source was most significantly.
7, Field experiments were conducted to study the effects of urea, chicken manure and different ratios of urea to chicken manure (75:25,50:50,25:75) on wheat grain yield and quality. The results showed that in contrast to no fertilizer treatment and urea treatment respectively, different ratios of nitrogen source treatments can significantly increase the number of wheat root, the number of effective tillers, grains per spike, grain weight per spik, economic yield, Harvest index and protein content, furthermore, the economic yield, Harvest index, glutenin/gliadin ratio and albumin protein and glutenin content all reached the highest value under the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source , and more significantly or extremly significantly higher than treatments. Considering the general factors such as wheat grain yield, Harvest index, protein components, the equivalent ratio treatment of different nitrogen source was the best, and it had the highest wheat grain yield, a reasonable protein components and the best quality.
引文
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