干旱区绿洲灌溉条件下轮台白杏丰栽培研究
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摘要
轮台白杏（Armeniaca vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing）是原产于新疆南疆盆地轮台县境内古老的地方优良品种，为制干、鲜食和开口杏核加工兼用品种。因其抗寒、抗旱、耐盐碱等优良的生物学特性，现已成为南疆盆地特色林果产业发展的杏主栽品种。在绿洲灌溉条件下，长期以来由于缺乏对轮台白杏生长发育树体营养需求和光能需求的系统研究，导致其产量普遍较低且不稳定、果实品质参差不齐。为此，本论文以干旱区绿洲灌溉条件下人工栽种的盛果期轮台白杏为研究对象，以轮台白杏生长发育过程中的树体营养和光能需求为出发点，采用田间试验与采样分析相结合的方法，从轮台白杏的根系时空分布、树体营养水平与诊断指标、光响应与光合作用日变化、高光效树冠结构、产量与品质调控以及间作巷道间作物冠层光合有效辐射水平等方面进行了研究，主要研究结果如下：
通过对干旱区绿洲灌溉条件下树龄5a、10a和15a轮台白杏根系的空间分布研究表明，轮台白杏的根系主要由细根（d≤1mm）构成，中粗根（1＜d≤2mm）和粗根（d＞2mm）所占比例较小，树龄5a、10a和15a轮台白杏细根长度分别占根系总长度的90.9%、88.4%和79.9%。随树龄的增长，根长密度增加，不同径级根长密度均为15a＞10a＞5a。在垂直方向上，轮台白杏的根长密度呈现出先增加后减小的分布趋势，且各土层根系生物量密度差异显著，树龄5a、10a、15a轮台白杏根系生物量密度分布较集中的区域分别为距离树干200cm以内的30～80cm、30～100cm和30～100cm深度土层。轮台白杏根系的水平分布特征为距离树干越远根系生物量密度越小，且距树干不同距离处的差异显著。
以轮台白杏地理标志产品保护产地轮台白杏生产园为总体，在对其土壤肥力综合评价的基础上，采用DRIS方法，研究建立了轮台白杏DRIS叶营养诊断指标体系。与此同时，基于光谱分析，研究构建了轮台白杏叶片营养元素浓度光谱估算模型。轮台白杏营养诊断指标包括3个营养元素浓度指标和19个营养元素浓度比值指标。叶片中各营养元素浓度的适宜值范围分别为：N（22.95～26.77）g/kg、P（0.89～1.61）g/kg、K（25.73～29.52）g/kg、Ca（25.95～34.41）g/kg、Mg（7.58～8.15）g/kg、Fe（66.74～133.66）mg/kg、Mn（10.24～14.72）mg/kg、Cu（12.45～14.51）mg/kg、Zn（47.77～71.42）mg/kg。生产园轮台白杏树体中N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn元素主要以缺乏为主，P、K、Mg、Mn元素供应充足。叶片中的营养元素浓度可通过其光谱反射率进行估算，与营养诊断指标结合可实现对轮台白杏树体营养状况适时、无损、快速的物理诊断。
通过田间控制性试验证明，轮台白杏盛花期人工辅助授粉、喷施植物生长调节剂和喷施肥料等人工辅助措施均能提高轮台白杏座果率，改善其果实品质，并且农药残留均未超出国家规定的标准。以提高轮台白杏坐果率为目标，人工喷雾授粉或喷施0.2g/L多效唑或喷施复合肥料（硼酸2.1872g/L、尿素7.0402g/L、白糖2.5g/）+多效唑（0.2g/L），轮台白杏座果率分别达到19.94%、8.02%、11.26%。以提高轮台白杏果实品质为目标，喷施赤霉素（100～150mg/L）或多效唑（200mg/L）可显著提高果实可溶性固形物、维生素C、总糖含量和单果重，降低总酸含量；喷施复合肥（硼酸4.1935～4.6286g/L、尿素6.2429～6.6200g/L、白糖2.5g/L）+多效唑（0.2g/L），在显著改善果实品质的同时，坐果率达到7.76%～8.14%。
通过田间活体测定和光响应曲线拟合及光合作用参数估算，轮台白杏的光补偿点介于16～56μmol·m-2·s-1之间，饱和光强介于964～1456μmol·m-2·s-1之间，并且随着轮台白杏果实的发育成熟，叶片光补偿点呈现下降趋势，最大净光合速率和光饱和点呈现上升趋势。在新疆南疆盆地高温、高光照、低空气湿度绿洲灌溉条件下，轮台白杏存在由非气孔因素引起的光合“午休”现象。通过田间采用等体积树冠立体分隔法对15°、30°、45°和60°4种主枝开张角度轮台白杏开心形树形冠内叶面积指数、光分布格局的时节变化和产量特征研究表明，随着主枝开张角度的增大，冠内无效光区所占比例减小，并且单株产量和亩产随主枝开张角度的增大而增加，60°主枝开张角度的树形其单株产量和亩产都极显著高于15°、30°、45°主枝开张角度的树形。采用光合有效辐射时空窗理论和方法对与粮棉间作条件下轮台白杏间作巷道的间作物冠层光合有效辐射研究表明，间作物冬小麦和棉花不同生育时期饱和和非饱和光合有效辐射时空窗随杏树株行距的增加呈现增大的趋势（4m×6m＞3m×6m＞2m×6m＞3m×5m＞3m×4m），并且行距是影响时空窗大小的主要因素。
Armeniaca vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing is an ancient local fine variety of Luntai, native tothe South Xinjiang Basin, with dried, fresh and open apricot stone processing. It has becomethe main variety of the fruit industry in South Xinjiang Basin because of its biologicalcharacteristics such as cold resistance, drought resistance and salinity resistance. Under theconditions of oasis irrigation, lacking in systematic study of nutrient and light demand for thedevelopment of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing caused generally low and unstable productionand irregular quality. In this study, A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing cultivated in arid oasis underirrigation during the flourishing time was taken as the object, and nutrient and light demandfor the development of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing was taken as the starting point.Combined with field experiments and sampling analysis, this research was made up of spatialdistribution root, tree nutritional level, light response and diurnal variation of photosynthesis,highlight efficiency canopy structure and photosynthetic effective radiation level of theintercropping roadway crop canopy. The main research results as follows:
According to the study of the root spatial distribution patterns of A. vulgaris cv.Luntaibaixing at three different ages (5a,10a and15a) under the irrigation conditions in aridoasis by using the layered digging and image scanning analysis methods. The results showedthat the roots of apricot were mainly constituted by fine roots (d≤1mm), while medium roots(1＜d≤2mm) and thick roots（d＞2mm）had less proportion. The percentage of fine rootlength in the total root length at5a,10a,15a was90.9%,88.4%,79.9%respectively. Theroot length density increased with age and the root length density with different diameterclasses was15a＞10a＞5a. In vertical direction, the root length density first increased andthen declined with soil depth, and the difference of root biomass density between soil layerswas significant. The intensive distributed region of root biomass density at5a,10a,15a was30-80cm,30-100cm,30-100cm soil depth within200cm range from the tree. In horizontaldirection, the differences of root biomass of apricot were significant at different distancesfrom the tree, the farther the distance from the trunk, the smaller root biomass density had.
Based on the fertility evaluation, and the DRIS method was used, the production farm ofA. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing was considered as a whole. This study established the DRISnutrition diagnosis index system of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing. At the same time, thenutrient concentrations spectra estimation model was built for A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixingbased on the spectral analysis. The nutrition diagnosis index includes3concentration indexesof nutrients and19concentration ratio indexes of nutrients. The suitable value of each nutrientconcentration in leaves were N（22.95-26.77）g/kg, P（0.89-1.61）g/kg, K（25.73-29.52）g/kg, Ca （25.95-34.41） g/kg, Mg （7.58-8.15） g/kg, Fe （66.74-133.66） mg/kg, Mn （10.24-14.72）mg/kg, Cu（12.45-14.51）mg/kg and Zn（47.77-71.42）mg/kg. The treebodies were mainly in lack of N, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn, but P, K, Mg and Mn were in abundantsupply. The nutrients concentration in leaves could be estimated through the spectrumreversely, and we would achieve real time, non-destructive, rapid physical diagnosis for thetree bodies if combined with nutrition diagnosis index.
As it was proved by the field controlling test, artificial assistant measures would improvethe fruit setting percentage and its quality, such as artificial pollination in full-bloom stage,spraying plant growth regulator or fertilizer, within the state standards for pesticide residues.Targeted at improving the fruit setting percentage, spraying pollination artificially, sprayingwith0.2g/L paclobutrazol or compound fertilizer (2.1872g/L of boric acid,7.0402g/L ofurea,2.5g/L of sugar) and paclobutrazol (0.2g/L), the fruit setting percentage were increasedto19.94%,8.02%and11.26%. Targeted at improving the fruit quality, spraying gibberellin(100to150mg/L) or paclobutrazol (200mg/L) could increase the soluble solids, vitamin C,total sugar concentration and single fruit weight significantly, while the total acidconcentration would be reduced. Spraying compound fertilizer (4.1935-4.6286g/L of boricacid,6.2429-6.6200g/L of urea,2.5g/L of sugar) and paclobutrazol (0.2g/L) would improvethe fruit quality significantly and fruit setting percentage increased to7.76%-8.14%.
Through the curve fitting of field vivo determination and light response, its lightcompensation point was between16and56μmol·m-2·s-1, and the light saturation was between964and1456μmol·m-2·s-1. With the development and maturation of A. vulgaris cv.Luntaibaixing, the light saturation point of leaves showed a downward trend, while themaximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point turned upward. Under the oasisirrigation conditions of high temperature, high light, low air humidity in South Xinjiang Basin,it turned "midday depression" phenomenon caused by non-stomatal factors. Dimensionalseparated of the same-volume in crown method was used in the field to test the canopy leafarea index and light distribution pattern with season changing and yield characteristics ofopen center trees at4main branch opening angle, that is15°,30°,45°and60°. It had shownthat the proportion of invalid zone in crown decreased, while the single yield and mu yieldincreased with the main branch opening angle increasing. When main branch opening anglewas60°, its single yield and mu yield were much higher than15°,30°and45°.Photosynthetically active radiation space-time window theory and method were used to testthe photosynthetically active radiation of canopy in the intercrop of grain and cotton. Thesaturation photosynthetically active radiation space-time window of the winter wheat andcotton in different growth stages increased with tree spacing(4m×6m>3m×6m>2m×6m>3m×5m>3m×4m), and the racing was the main factor of the space-time window.
通过对干旱区绿洲灌溉条件下树龄5a、10a和15a轮台白杏根系的空间分布研究表明，轮台白杏的根系主要由细根（d≤1mm）构成，中粗根（1＜d≤2mm）和粗根（d＞2mm）所占比例较小，树龄5a、10a和15a轮台白杏细根长度分别占根系总长度的90.9%、88.4%和79.9%。随树龄的增长，根长密度增加，不同径级根长密度均为15a＞10a＞5a。在垂直方向上，轮台白杏的根长密度呈现出先增加后减小的分布趋势，且各土层根系生物量密度差异显著，树龄5a、10a、15a轮台白杏根系生物量密度分布较集中的区域分别为距离树干200cm以内的30～80cm、30～100cm和30～100cm深度土层。轮台白杏根系的水平分布特征为距离树干越远根系生物量密度越小，且距树干不同距离处的差异显著。
以轮台白杏地理标志产品保护产地轮台白杏生产园为总体，在对其土壤肥力综合评价的基础上，采用DRIS方法，研究建立了轮台白杏DRIS叶营养诊断指标体系。与此同时，基于光谱分析，研究构建了轮台白杏叶片营养元素浓度光谱估算模型。轮台白杏营养诊断指标包括3个营养元素浓度指标和19个营养元素浓度比值指标。叶片中各营养元素浓度的适宜值范围分别为：N（22.95～26.77）g/kg、P（0.89～1.61）g/kg、K（25.73～29.52）g/kg、Ca（25.95～34.41）g/kg、Mg（7.58～8.15）g/kg、Fe（66.74～133.66）mg/kg、Mn（10.24～14.72）mg/kg、Cu（12.45～14.51）mg/kg、Zn（47.77～71.42）mg/kg。生产园轮台白杏树体中N、Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn元素主要以缺乏为主，P、K、Mg、Mn元素供应充足。叶片中的营养元素浓度可通过其光谱反射率进行估算，与营养诊断指标结合可实现对轮台白杏树体营养状况适时、无损、快速的物理诊断。
通过田间控制性试验证明，轮台白杏盛花期人工辅助授粉、喷施植物生长调节剂和喷施肥料等人工辅助措施均能提高轮台白杏座果率，改善其果实品质，并且农药残留均未超出国家规定的标准。以提高轮台白杏坐果率为目标，人工喷雾授粉或喷施0.2g/L多效唑或喷施复合肥料（硼酸2.1872g/L、尿素7.0402g/L、白糖2.5g/）+多效唑（0.2g/L），轮台白杏座果率分别达到19.94%、8.02%、11.26%。以提高轮台白杏果实品质为目标，喷施赤霉素（100～150mg/L）或多效唑（200mg/L）可显著提高果实可溶性固形物、维生素C、总糖含量和单果重，降低总酸含量；喷施复合肥（硼酸4.1935～4.6286g/L、尿素6.2429～6.6200g/L、白糖2.5g/L）+多效唑（0.2g/L），在显著改善果实品质的同时，坐果率达到7.76%～8.14%。
通过田间活体测定和光响应曲线拟合及光合作用参数估算，轮台白杏的光补偿点介于16～56μmol·m-2·s-1之间，饱和光强介于964～1456μmol·m-2·s-1之间，并且随着轮台白杏果实的发育成熟，叶片光补偿点呈现下降趋势，最大净光合速率和光饱和点呈现上升趋势。在新疆南疆盆地高温、高光照、低空气湿度绿洲灌溉条件下，轮台白杏存在由非气孔因素引起的光合“午休”现象。通过田间采用等体积树冠立体分隔法对15°、30°、45°和60°4种主枝开张角度轮台白杏开心形树形冠内叶面积指数、光分布格局的时节变化和产量特征研究表明，随着主枝开张角度的增大，冠内无效光区所占比例减小，并且单株产量和亩产随主枝开张角度的增大而增加，60°主枝开张角度的树形其单株产量和亩产都极显著高于15°、30°、45°主枝开张角度的树形。采用光合有效辐射时空窗理论和方法对与粮棉间作条件下轮台白杏间作巷道的间作物冠层光合有效辐射研究表明，间作物冬小麦和棉花不同生育时期饱和和非饱和光合有效辐射时空窗随杏树株行距的增加呈现增大的趋势（4m×6m＞3m×6m＞2m×6m＞3m×5m＞3m×4m），并且行距是影响时空窗大小的主要因素。
Armeniaca vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing is an ancient local fine variety of Luntai, native tothe South Xinjiang Basin, with dried, fresh and open apricot stone processing. It has becomethe main variety of the fruit industry in South Xinjiang Basin because of its biologicalcharacteristics such as cold resistance, drought resistance and salinity resistance. Under theconditions of oasis irrigation, lacking in systematic study of nutrient and light demand for thedevelopment of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing caused generally low and unstable productionand irregular quality. In this study, A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing cultivated in arid oasis underirrigation during the flourishing time was taken as the object, and nutrient and light demandfor the development of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing was taken as the starting point.Combined with field experiments and sampling analysis, this research was made up of spatialdistribution root, tree nutritional level, light response and diurnal variation of photosynthesis,highlight efficiency canopy structure and photosynthetic effective radiation level of theintercropping roadway crop canopy. The main research results as follows:
According to the study of the root spatial distribution patterns of A. vulgaris cv.Luntaibaixing at three different ages (5a,10a and15a) under the irrigation conditions in aridoasis by using the layered digging and image scanning analysis methods. The results showedthat the roots of apricot were mainly constituted by fine roots (d≤1mm), while medium roots(1＜d≤2mm) and thick roots（d＞2mm）had less proportion. The percentage of fine rootlength in the total root length at5a,10a,15a was90.9%,88.4%,79.9%respectively. Theroot length density increased with age and the root length density with different diameterclasses was15a＞10a＞5a. In vertical direction, the root length density first increased andthen declined with soil depth, and the difference of root biomass density between soil layerswas significant. The intensive distributed region of root biomass density at5a,10a,15a was30-80cm,30-100cm,30-100cm soil depth within200cm range from the tree. In horizontaldirection, the differences of root biomass of apricot were significant at different distancesfrom the tree, the farther the distance from the trunk, the smaller root biomass density had.
Based on the fertility evaluation, and the DRIS method was used, the production farm ofA. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing was considered as a whole. This study established the DRISnutrition diagnosis index system of A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixing. At the same time, thenutrient concentrations spectra estimation model was built for A. vulgaris cv. Luntaibaixingbased on the spectral analysis. The nutrition diagnosis index includes3concentration indexesof nutrients and19concentration ratio indexes of nutrients. The suitable value of each nutrientconcentration in leaves were N（22.95-26.77）g/kg, P（0.89-1.61）g/kg, K（25.73-29.52）g/kg, Ca （25.95-34.41） g/kg, Mg （7.58-8.15） g/kg, Fe （66.74-133.66） mg/kg, Mn （10.24-14.72）mg/kg, Cu（12.45-14.51）mg/kg and Zn（47.77-71.42）mg/kg. The treebodies were mainly in lack of N, Ca, Fe, Cu and Zn, but P, K, Mg and Mn were in abundantsupply. The nutrients concentration in leaves could be estimated through the spectrumreversely, and we would achieve real time, non-destructive, rapid physical diagnosis for thetree bodies if combined with nutrition diagnosis index.
As it was proved by the field controlling test, artificial assistant measures would improvethe fruit setting percentage and its quality, such as artificial pollination in full-bloom stage,spraying plant growth regulator or fertilizer, within the state standards for pesticide residues.Targeted at improving the fruit setting percentage, spraying pollination artificially, sprayingwith0.2g/L paclobutrazol or compound fertilizer (2.1872g/L of boric acid,7.0402g/L ofurea,2.5g/L of sugar) and paclobutrazol (0.2g/L), the fruit setting percentage were increasedto19.94%,8.02%and11.26%. Targeted at improving the fruit quality, spraying gibberellin(100to150mg/L) or paclobutrazol (200mg/L) could increase the soluble solids, vitamin C,total sugar concentration and single fruit weight significantly, while the total acidconcentration would be reduced. Spraying compound fertilizer (4.1935-4.6286g/L of boricacid,6.2429-6.6200g/L of urea,2.5g/L of sugar) and paclobutrazol (0.2g/L) would improvethe fruit quality significantly and fruit setting percentage increased to7.76%-8.14%.
Through the curve fitting of field vivo determination and light response, its lightcompensation point was between16and56μmol·m-2·s-1, and the light saturation was between964and1456μmol·m-2·s-1. With the development and maturation of A. vulgaris cv.Luntaibaixing, the light saturation point of leaves showed a downward trend, while themaximum net photosynthetic rate and light saturation point turned upward. Under the oasisirrigation conditions of high temperature, high light, low air humidity in South Xinjiang Basin,it turned "midday depression" phenomenon caused by non-stomatal factors. Dimensionalseparated of the same-volume in crown method was used in the field to test the canopy leafarea index and light distribution pattern with season changing and yield characteristics ofopen center trees at4main branch opening angle, that is15°,30°,45°and60°. It had shownthat the proportion of invalid zone in crown decreased, while the single yield and mu yieldincreased with the main branch opening angle increasing. When main branch opening anglewas60°, its single yield and mu yield were much higher than15°,30°and45°.Photosynthetically active radiation space-time window theory and method were used to testthe photosynthetically active radiation of canopy in the intercrop of grain and cotton. Thesaturation photosynthetically active radiation space-time window of the winter wheat andcotton in different growth stages increased with tree spacing(4m×6m>3m×6m>2m×6m>3m×5m>3m×4m), and the racing was the main factor of the space-time window.
引文
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