人工湿地植物筛选及其对畜禽养殖废水的净化研究
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摘要
畜禽养殖废水含有高浓度的有机物、氨氮及悬浮物,其污染具有长期性和不可逆性,是造成我国农村面源污染的主要原因之一。虽然一、二级工艺处理能够去除大部分的有机物、氨氮及悬浮物,但要达到更高一级的废水排放标准,还须经过必要的后续工艺处理,而人工湿地处理系统则是最佳的选择之一。本研究根据人工湿地植物的选择原则与生态系统功能理论,从植物的耐污性、去污效果及其在污水中的生长状况等方面着手研究,选择出了适合亚热带季风气候条件下人工湿地的植物种类,在一定程度上解决了人工湿地植物种类缺乏的现状；同时,将选择的人工湿地植物用于处理畜禽养殖废水,进一步筛选出了适宜净化畜禽养殖废水的人工湿地植物种类,丰富了畜禽养殖废水处理技术的理论内容。
本研究对雅安市湿地植物资源进行了调查,筛选出黄花美人蕉(Cannaceae indica var. flava)、黄花鸢尾(Iris pseudoacorus)、麦冬(Triglochin palustre),及在人工湿地处理系统中未见报道的扬子毛茛(R. sieboldii Miq.)、碎米荠(Cardamine hirsuta Linn.)、还亮草(Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance)、缬草(Valeriana offeinalisL.)、接骨草(Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis)、石龙芮(Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.)共9种植物,在不同基质(紫色土、河砂、砾石)上进行室内人工种植,模拟人工湿地系统。通过一系列的实验研究和分析,取得了如下研究成果：
(1)植物床人工湿地系统对畜禽废水的处理效果明显优于无植物床系统,不同植物湿地对畜禽废水的去除率有一定的差异,各植物湿地系统对CODcr、TN、TP、NH4+-N的去除率随处理时间的延长而增大,且植物生长的优劣趋势与其对污染物的去除呈正相关性。在水力停留时间(HRT)为5 d的运行条件下,系统稳定运行后植物对CODCr、TN、TP、NH4+-N、浊度的去除率均达到稳定状态且去除效果较好。
(2)黄花美人蕉、黄花鸢尾、麦冬、扬子毛莨、碎米荠、还亮草、缬草、接骨草和石龙芮9种植物对畜禽废水都有一定的净化作用,其中扬子毛莨、碎米荠、还亮草、缬草、接骨草和石龙芮6种植物人工湿地系统对各种污染物的去除能力均较强,排放指标基本达到了《中华人民共和国地表水环境标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水质标准。
(3)磷的去除主要依靠基质的吸附,土壤的吸附量大于河沙,砾石的吸附量最小；且不同床体基质对磷的吸附量无显著性差异。
(4)通过模拟人工湿地系统,试验后各植物地上部和地下部N、P浓度有所增加,湿地基质含N、P量也有一定的增加,且植物地上部分积累N、P量明显高于地下部分,试验后基质中含P量较试验前的增加幅度较大,这与植物吸收和基质吸附是去除污水中氮磷含量的主要途径相吻合。
(5)人工湿地中各植物器官氮的含量均高于对照,其中碎米荠、还亮草、扬子毛茛、缬草、麦冬和接骨草在实验前期氮含量的规律为叶>根>茎,而在经过废水处理后氮含量规律为叶>茎>根；从吸收量来看,茎>叶>根。石龙芮、黄花鸢尾和黄花美人蕉在实验前期氮含量的规律为叶>茎>根,而在经过废水处理后氮含量规律为叶>根>茎；从吸收量来看,根>叶>茎。
(6)人工湿地中各植物器官磷的含量均高于对照,实验前期植物各器官含磷量规律为根>叶>茎,经污水处理后含磷量规律为叶>根>茎；从吸收量来看,叶>茎>根。
(7) 9种植物在人工湿地中生长近3个月后,各种植物的总生物量在0.4521-0.7072 kg／桶之间,尤以黄花美人蕉最高,达0.7072 kg／桶,且地上生物量和地下生物量也居9种植物中最高,但其地上地下生物量比(A／U)只有0.8228；其次为石龙芮,达0.7047 kg／桶,其地上生物量、地下生物量和地上地下生物量比也仅次于黄花美人蕉。
Wastewater from the livestock and poultry breeding is one of the main causes of non-point pollution in Chinese countryside. The wastewater pollution contained high concentrations of organic matters, ammonia nitrogen and suspended substances is long-term and irreversible. Although the primary and secondary treatments can remove a large amount of organic matters, ammonia nitrogen and suspended substances, the national standard GradeⅡandⅢfor the environmental quality standards of surface water (GB3838-2002) can be achieved only after the succeeding treatments. The constructed wetland is the best one among the succeeding treatments. In this work, stain resistance and decontamination effect of wetland plants in constructed wetland for wastewater treatment, as well as their growth conditions in the wastewater were investigated based on the plant selection principle in constructed wetland and the theory of ecosystem function. The wetland plant species, which are suitable for growing in wetland under the conditions of sub-tropical monsoon, were selected. Moreover, the selected plant species were applied to treat the wastewater from livestock and poultry breeding, and the selectivity and purification effect of the plant species for this kind of wastewater were examined.
The wetland plant resources in Ya'an was extensively investigated. Nine plant species, Cannaceae indica var. flava, Iris pseudoacorus, Triglochin palustre and those have never been reported in constructed wetland system such as R. sieboldii Miq., Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, Valeriana offeinalis L, Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis, and Ranunculus sceleratus Linn, were selected as the wetland plants. Different substrates, such as the purplish soil, the river sand and the gravel were selected to simulate a constructed wetland system in indoor condition. The test results are listed as follow.
(1) The constructed wetland systems with the wetland plants had better purification effect for the wastewater from livestock and poultry breeding than that without the wetland plants. The wetlands cultivated by different plant species had different purification effect for the wastewater. The amount of CODcr, TN, TP and NH4+-N removed by the different plant wetland systems increased with the processing time extending. The growth tendency of the plant species had a positive correlation with the removal of the contaminants. Under the conditions that the hydraulic detention time is 5d, the removal rate of CODCr, TN, TP, NH4+-N and turbidity in the wastewater arrived at stable conditions and showed a better effect.
(2) The selected nine plants, Cannaceae indica var. flava, Iris pseudoacorus, Triglochin palustre, R. sieboldii Miq., Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, Valeriana offeinalis L., Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis and Ranunculus sceleratus Linn., had a certain Processing capacity. Among the plants, the purification effect of six plants, R. sieboldii Miq., Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, Valeriana offeinalis L., Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis and Ranunculus sceleratus Linn., were better than others. After treatment, the water quality reached the classⅡandⅢof 'the environmental quality standards of surface water (GB3838-2002).
(3) The phosphorus removal was mainly based on the absorption of the substrates. Althongh the absorption capacity of the soil was higher than that of the river sand and the gravel had the lowest capacity, different substrates had no significant difference.
(4) The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus increased in the overground and underground parts of plants in the simulated constructed wetland system, and that also raised to some extent in the substrates. The cumulative amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the overground parts of the plants were obviously higher than that in the underground parts. After the experiments, the amount of phosphorus had a significant increase in the substrates. This results are in accordance to the theory that the physical and chemical reactions of the substrates are the main approaches to remove phosphorus in the constructed wetland.
(5) The nitrogen concentration in each plant organs in constructed wetland was higher than control group. For Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, R. sieboldii Miq., Valeriana offeinalis L., Triglochin palustre and Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis, the nitrogen concentration distribution in the plant organs was leaves> roots> stalk before the experiments, while which was leaves> stalk>roots after the experiments. The order of the organic nitrogen absorbed in the plant organs was stalk> leaves> roots during the experimental period. For Ranunculus sceleratus Linn., Iris pseudoacorus and Cannaceae indica var. flava, the nitrogen concentration distribution in the plant organs was leaves> stalk> roots before the experiments, while which was leaves> roots> stalk after the experiments. The order of the organic nitrogen absorbed in the plant organs was roots > leaves> stalk during the experimental period.
(6) The phosphorous concentration in each plant organs in constructed wetland was higher than control group. The concentration distribution in each plant organs was roots> leaves> stalk before the experiments, while which was leaves>roots> stalk after the experiments. The order of the organic phosphorus absorbed in the plant organs was leaves > stalk> roots during the experimental period.
(7) After the nine plants growing three months in the constructed wetland, the total biomass of each plants were among 0.4521-0.7072 kg per bucket. Cannaceae indica var. flava was the highest among the nine plants regardless of ground and underground biomass, which total biomass reached 0.7072 kg per bucket, but its ratio of A/U was only 0.8228. Next is Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.that total biomass reached 0.7047 kg per bucket, and its ratio of A/U is also secondary than that of Cannaceae indica var. flava.
本研究对雅安市湿地植物资源进行了调查,筛选出黄花美人蕉(Cannaceae indica var. flava)、黄花鸢尾(Iris pseudoacorus)、麦冬(Triglochin palustre),及在人工湿地处理系统中未见报道的扬子毛茛(R. sieboldii Miq.)、碎米荠(Cardamine hirsuta Linn.)、还亮草(Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance)、缬草(Valeriana offeinalisL.)、接骨草(Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis)、石龙芮(Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.)共9种植物,在不同基质(紫色土、河砂、砾石)上进行室内人工种植,模拟人工湿地系统。通过一系列的实验研究和分析,取得了如下研究成果：
(1)植物床人工湿地系统对畜禽废水的处理效果明显优于无植物床系统,不同植物湿地对畜禽废水的去除率有一定的差异,各植物湿地系统对CODcr、TN、TP、NH4+-N的去除率随处理时间的延长而增大,且植物生长的优劣趋势与其对污染物的去除呈正相关性。在水力停留时间(HRT)为5 d的运行条件下,系统稳定运行后植物对CODCr、TN、TP、NH4+-N、浊度的去除率均达到稳定状态且去除效果较好。
(2)黄花美人蕉、黄花鸢尾、麦冬、扬子毛莨、碎米荠、还亮草、缬草、接骨草和石龙芮9种植物对畜禽废水都有一定的净化作用,其中扬子毛莨、碎米荠、还亮草、缬草、接骨草和石龙芮6种植物人工湿地系统对各种污染物的去除能力均较强,排放指标基本达到了《中华人民共和国地表水环境标准》(GB3838-2002)Ⅱ、Ⅲ类水质标准。
(3)磷的去除主要依靠基质的吸附,土壤的吸附量大于河沙,砾石的吸附量最小；且不同床体基质对磷的吸附量无显著性差异。
(4)通过模拟人工湿地系统,试验后各植物地上部和地下部N、P浓度有所增加,湿地基质含N、P量也有一定的增加,且植物地上部分积累N、P量明显高于地下部分,试验后基质中含P量较试验前的增加幅度较大,这与植物吸收和基质吸附是去除污水中氮磷含量的主要途径相吻合。
(5)人工湿地中各植物器官氮的含量均高于对照,其中碎米荠、还亮草、扬子毛茛、缬草、麦冬和接骨草在实验前期氮含量的规律为叶>根>茎,而在经过废水处理后氮含量规律为叶>茎>根；从吸收量来看,茎>叶>根。石龙芮、黄花鸢尾和黄花美人蕉在实验前期氮含量的规律为叶>茎>根,而在经过废水处理后氮含量规律为叶>根>茎；从吸收量来看,根>叶>茎。
(6)人工湿地中各植物器官磷的含量均高于对照,实验前期植物各器官含磷量规律为根>叶>茎,经污水处理后含磷量规律为叶>根>茎；从吸收量来看,叶>茎>根。
(7) 9种植物在人工湿地中生长近3个月后,各种植物的总生物量在0.4521-0.7072 kg／桶之间,尤以黄花美人蕉最高,达0.7072 kg／桶,且地上生物量和地下生物量也居9种植物中最高,但其地上地下生物量比(A／U)只有0.8228；其次为石龙芮,达0.7047 kg／桶,其地上生物量、地下生物量和地上地下生物量比也仅次于黄花美人蕉。
Wastewater from the livestock and poultry breeding is one of the main causes of non-point pollution in Chinese countryside. The wastewater pollution contained high concentrations of organic matters, ammonia nitrogen and suspended substances is long-term and irreversible. Although the primary and secondary treatments can remove a large amount of organic matters, ammonia nitrogen and suspended substances, the national standard GradeⅡandⅢfor the environmental quality standards of surface water (GB3838-2002) can be achieved only after the succeeding treatments. The constructed wetland is the best one among the succeeding treatments. In this work, stain resistance and decontamination effect of wetland plants in constructed wetland for wastewater treatment, as well as their growth conditions in the wastewater were investigated based on the plant selection principle in constructed wetland and the theory of ecosystem function. The wetland plant species, which are suitable for growing in wetland under the conditions of sub-tropical monsoon, were selected. Moreover, the selected plant species were applied to treat the wastewater from livestock and poultry breeding, and the selectivity and purification effect of the plant species for this kind of wastewater were examined.
The wetland plant resources in Ya'an was extensively investigated. Nine plant species, Cannaceae indica var. flava, Iris pseudoacorus, Triglochin palustre and those have never been reported in constructed wetland system such as R. sieboldii Miq., Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, Valeriana offeinalis L, Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis, and Ranunculus sceleratus Linn, were selected as the wetland plants. Different substrates, such as the purplish soil, the river sand and the gravel were selected to simulate a constructed wetland system in indoor condition. The test results are listed as follow.
(1) The constructed wetland systems with the wetland plants had better purification effect for the wastewater from livestock and poultry breeding than that without the wetland plants. The wetlands cultivated by different plant species had different purification effect for the wastewater. The amount of CODcr, TN, TP and NH4+-N removed by the different plant wetland systems increased with the processing time extending. The growth tendency of the plant species had a positive correlation with the removal of the contaminants. Under the conditions that the hydraulic detention time is 5d, the removal rate of CODCr, TN, TP, NH4+-N and turbidity in the wastewater arrived at stable conditions and showed a better effect.
(2) The selected nine plants, Cannaceae indica var. flava, Iris pseudoacorus, Triglochin palustre, R. sieboldii Miq., Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, Valeriana offeinalis L., Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis and Ranunculus sceleratus Linn., had a certain Processing capacity. Among the plants, the purification effect of six plants, R. sieboldii Miq., Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, Valeriana offeinalis L., Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis and Ranunculus sceleratus Linn., were better than others. After treatment, the water quality reached the classⅡandⅢof 'the environmental quality standards of surface water (GB3838-2002).
(3) The phosphorus removal was mainly based on the absorption of the substrates. Althongh the absorption capacity of the soil was higher than that of the river sand and the gravel had the lowest capacity, different substrates had no significant difference.
(4) The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus increased in the overground and underground parts of plants in the simulated constructed wetland system, and that also raised to some extent in the substrates. The cumulative amount of nitrogen and phosphorus in the overground parts of the plants were obviously higher than that in the underground parts. After the experiments, the amount of phosphorus had a significant increase in the substrates. This results are in accordance to the theory that the physical and chemical reactions of the substrates are the main approaches to remove phosphorus in the constructed wetland.
(5) The nitrogen concentration in each plant organs in constructed wetland was higher than control group. For Cardamine hirsuta Linn., Delphinium anthriscifolium Hance, R. sieboldii Miq., Valeriana offeinalis L., Triglochin palustre and Caprifoliaceae Sambucus chinensis, the nitrogen concentration distribution in the plant organs was leaves> roots> stalk before the experiments, while which was leaves> stalk>roots after the experiments. The order of the organic nitrogen absorbed in the plant organs was stalk> leaves> roots during the experimental period. For Ranunculus sceleratus Linn., Iris pseudoacorus and Cannaceae indica var. flava, the nitrogen concentration distribution in the plant organs was leaves> stalk> roots before the experiments, while which was leaves> roots> stalk after the experiments. The order of the organic nitrogen absorbed in the plant organs was roots > leaves> stalk during the experimental period.
(6) The phosphorous concentration in each plant organs in constructed wetland was higher than control group. The concentration distribution in each plant organs was roots> leaves> stalk before the experiments, while which was leaves>roots> stalk after the experiments. The order of the organic phosphorus absorbed in the plant organs was leaves > stalk> roots during the experimental period.
(7) After the nine plants growing three months in the constructed wetland, the total biomass of each plants were among 0.4521-0.7072 kg per bucket. Cannaceae indica var. flava was the highest among the nine plants regardless of ground and underground biomass, which total biomass reached 0.7072 kg per bucket, but its ratio of A/U was only 0.8228. Next is Ranunculus sceleratus Linn.that total biomass reached 0.7047 kg per bucket, and its ratio of A/U is also secondary than that of Cannaceae indica var. flava.
引文
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