旋转电机国际认证及检测
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摘要
旋转电机的出口，在我国加入WTO后逐渐消除贸易壁垒的同时，遇到了国际市场多种多样的技术壁垒。形成了一个两难的瓶颈：一方面国际市场需要大量中国廉价的产品，另一方面中国企业也急于进入国际市场。因此有必要对企业最急需的国际认证知识，检测技术进行最前沿的研究，并按照国际认证规则，对各类旋转电机按照指定标准和试验方法进行检验，获得最实用的技术支持，帮助企业突破电机出口瓶颈。
作为能源消耗主体的、使用场合最广泛的电机，其能效认证和安全认证是目前国内外广受关注的认证。也是进入欧美市场最基本的要求，其中的认证制度、合格评定程序、技术标准纷繁复杂。为此，本文系统的论述了北美的能效认证、UL(美国保险商实验室)认证，欧盟及其它地区的高效认证和CE(符合欧洲要求)认证，以及中国的同类认证。并进一步分析和比较了国内外论证体系，通过对国内外同类认证制度、程序、标准的对比，使国内有关部门和企业了解相互之间的异同，为提高我国电机的质量水平、行业标准的质量水平、以至为我国认证制度的合理改进提供依据。
After China joined in WTO, the export of Chinese electrical machine had to face different kinds of technical barriers instead of trade barriers. There is a dilemma bottleneck: one side is the international markets need a great deal of cheaper products; the other side is Chinese manufacturers urgently hope to enter the international markets. So it's more important to do the leading research on international certifications and the test technology for electrical machines. So it's more important to test the electrical machines per specified standards and test methods from the certification rules, obtain the most practical support on technology to settle the bottleneck problem.
As the main machine of energy consumer and most widely used machine, the Energy Efficiency Certification and Safety Certification of the Electrical Machine are focused by all people in varies fields of the world. Also it is the basic requirements of electrical machines to enter North America and European mackets. But it is complicated for users to understand all of certification rules. For this reason, this paper systematicly describes American conformity assessments, standards UL (Underwriters Laboratories) and Energy Efficiency certifications, Energy Efficiency and CE (Conformity with European (Demand)) , CE certification in EU and the certification rules in China. Furthermore the paper analyzes and compares the American and European certification systems with China's. Through comparing of various certication systems, programs and standards, domestic management departments or manufacturers will understand the difference between different countries. So I hope this paper can provide help for them to improve the quality of the products, standards level and rules of Chinese certification system.
作为能源消耗主体的、使用场合最广泛的电机，其能效认证和安全认证是目前国内外广受关注的认证。也是进入欧美市场最基本的要求，其中的认证制度、合格评定程序、技术标准纷繁复杂。为此，本文系统的论述了北美的能效认证、UL(美国保险商实验室)认证，欧盟及其它地区的高效认证和CE(符合欧洲要求)认证，以及中国的同类认证。并进一步分析和比较了国内外论证体系，通过对国内外同类认证制度、程序、标准的对比，使国内有关部门和企业了解相互之间的异同，为提高我国电机的质量水平、行业标准的质量水平、以至为我国认证制度的合理改进提供依据。
After China joined in WTO, the export of Chinese electrical machine had to face different kinds of technical barriers instead of trade barriers. There is a dilemma bottleneck: one side is the international markets need a great deal of cheaper products; the other side is Chinese manufacturers urgently hope to enter the international markets. So it's more important to do the leading research on international certifications and the test technology for electrical machines. So it's more important to test the electrical machines per specified standards and test methods from the certification rules, obtain the most practical support on technology to settle the bottleneck problem.
As the main machine of energy consumer and most widely used machine, the Energy Efficiency Certification and Safety Certification of the Electrical Machine are focused by all people in varies fields of the world. Also it is the basic requirements of electrical machines to enter North America and European mackets. But it is complicated for users to understand all of certification rules. For this reason, this paper systematicly describes American conformity assessments, standards UL (Underwriters Laboratories) and Energy Efficiency certifications, Energy Efficiency and CE (Conformity with European (Demand)) , CE certification in EU and the certification rules in China. Furthermore the paper analyzes and compares the American and European certification systems with China's. Through comparing of various certication systems, programs and standards, domestic management departments or manufacturers will understand the difference between different countries. So I hope this paper can provide help for them to improve the quality of the products, standards level and rules of Chinese certification system.
引文
1. Energy Policy and Conservation Act(EPACT),42 U.S.C.6311-6316
2. 10 CFR Part 431-2005 《ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIALAND INDUSTRUAL》
3. IEEE112-1996,2004 《Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators》
4. NEMA MG1-2003 《Motors and Generators》
5. UL1004-2004 《Electric motors》
6. IEC60034-12 《Rotating electrical machines,Part12:Starting performance of single-speed three-phase cage induction notors for voltages up to and including 660V》
7. C390-93 《Energy Efficient Test Methods for Three-Phase Induction Motors》
8．《欧洲共同体新方法指令应用指南——工业产品进入欧洲共同体市场的法律依据》(国家标准化管理委员会、中国标准研究中心 编 中国标准出版社，2002 ISBN7-5066-2884-8)
9. EN60034-1 《Rotating electrical machines—Part 1: Rating and performance》
10. EN60034-2 《Rotating electrical machines—Part 2:Methods for determing losses and efficiency from tests(excluding machines for traction vehicles)》
11. EN60204-1 《Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 1:General requirements》
12. EN60335-1 《Safety of household and similar electrical appliances—Part 1: General requirements》
13．CNCA—01C—013：2001《电气电子产品类强制性认证实施规则 小功率电动机》
14．GB12350-2000《小功率电动机的安全要求》
15．GB5171／T-2002《小功率电动机通用技术条件》
16．CQC／GD.JS10-2002《自愿性产品认证通用要求和特殊要求023中小型电机产品特殊要求》
17．GB14711-1993《中小型旋转电机安全通用要求》
18．GB755-2000《旋转电机 定额和性能》
19．GB18613-2002《中小型三相异步电动机能效限定值及节能评价值》
20．GB1032-2006《三相异步电动机试验方法》
21．GB／T755.2-2003《旋转电机(牵引电机除外)确定损耗和效率的试验方法》
22．秦和《电动机的能效水平及其影响》
23．秦和《电动机效率测定方法的进展》
24．秦和《关于发展我国“超高效率电动机”的一些考虑》
25．黄国治《电动机损耗和效率测试的国际标准新进展》
26．周伟《中小型电机行业及制造工艺概况》
27．电能效益2004．11《部分发达国家节能政策管理体系》
28．上海电器科学研究所《小型三相异步电动机的能效标准与能效认证》
29．黄坚《高效率电机样机的研制》
30．吴晓慧《中小型电机安全标准对比分析》
31．何永生等《风扇对NEMA高效电机效率的影响》
32．冀前《欧洲产品质量认证与3C质量认证的工厂审查比较》
33．才家刚《电机试验技术及设备手册》
2. 10 CFR Part 431-2005 《ENERGY EFFICIENCY PROGRAM FOR CERTAIN COMMERCIALAND INDUSTRUAL》
3. IEEE112-1996,2004 《Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators》
4. NEMA MG1-2003 《Motors and Generators》
5. UL1004-2004 《Electric motors》
6. IEC60034-12 《Rotating electrical machines,Part12:Starting performance of single-speed three-phase cage induction notors for voltages up to and including 660V》
7. C390-93 《Energy Efficient Test Methods for Three-Phase Induction Motors》
8．《欧洲共同体新方法指令应用指南——工业产品进入欧洲共同体市场的法律依据》(国家标准化管理委员会、中国标准研究中心 编 中国标准出版社，2002 ISBN7-5066-2884-8)
9. EN60034-1 《Rotating electrical machines—Part 1: Rating and performance》
10. EN60034-2 《Rotating electrical machines—Part 2:Methods for determing losses and efficiency from tests(excluding machines for traction vehicles)》
11. EN60204-1 《Safety of machinery—Electrical equipment of machines—Part 1:General requirements》
12. EN60335-1 《Safety of household and similar electrical appliances—Part 1: General requirements》
13．CNCA—01C—013：2001《电气电子产品类强制性认证实施规则 小功率电动机》
14．GB12350-2000《小功率电动机的安全要求》
15．GB5171／T-2002《小功率电动机通用技术条件》
16．CQC／GD.JS10-2002《自愿性产品认证通用要求和特殊要求023中小型电机产品特殊要求》
17．GB14711-1993《中小型旋转电机安全通用要求》
18．GB755-2000《旋转电机 定额和性能》
19．GB18613-2002《中小型三相异步电动机能效限定值及节能评价值》
20．GB1032-2006《三相异步电动机试验方法》
21．GB／T755.2-2003《旋转电机(牵引电机除外)确定损耗和效率的试验方法》
22．秦和《电动机的能效水平及其影响》
23．秦和《电动机效率测定方法的进展》
24．秦和《关于发展我国“超高效率电动机”的一些考虑》
25．黄国治《电动机损耗和效率测试的国际标准新进展》
26．周伟《中小型电机行业及制造工艺概况》
27．电能效益2004．11《部分发达国家节能政策管理体系》
28．上海电器科学研究所《小型三相异步电动机的能效标准与能效认证》
29．黄坚《高效率电机样机的研制》
30．吴晓慧《中小型电机安全标准对比分析》
31．何永生等《风扇对NEMA高效电机效率的影响》
32．冀前《欧洲产品质量认证与3C质量认证的工厂审查比较》
33．才家刚《电机试验技术及设备手册》
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