加工对槟榔功能特性影响的研究
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摘要
槟榔(Areca Catechu Linn.)属棕榈科(Palmae),主要分布在海南、台湾。槟榔的干燥种子是仅次于烟草、酒精和咖啡因的世界上第四种被广泛使用的嗜好品,全世界约有6亿人食用槟榔嚼块。因此,深入、系统地研究槟榔及其加工产品的提取物的保健功效具有十分重要的意义。
本实验以海南产槟榔果、槟榔制品甲、槟榔制品乙为原料,检测分析加工前后槟榔主要成分及微量成分的差异,并且分别用甲醇和蒸馏水对实验原料进行提取,得到六种提取物：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物(A)、海南产槟榔果水提取物(B)、槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物(C)、槟榔制品甲水提取物(D)、槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物(E)、槟榔制品乙水提取物(F),以上述提取物为受试物,探讨抗疲劳、调节血糖及体外抗菌功效,同时进行急性毒性与蓄积毒性检验。其研究结果如下：
加工前后槟榔成分检验结果表明：加工后槟榔中的槟榔碱、酚类、维生素C、蛋白质和还原糖减少,粗纤维和灰分的含量升高,水分、粗脂肪变化很小。槟榔制品乙比槟榔制品甲营养成分损失少
通过小鼠负重游泳实验,以运动后血清尿素氮含量、乳酸含量及肝糖原含量为指标,研究槟榔提取物对小鼠的抗疲劳活性。结果表明：六种受试物均具有缓解动物体力疲劳的作用；海南产槟榔果效果最好,槟榔制品乙次之,最后是槟榔制品甲,表明加工后的槟榔制品的活性成分少于加工前,故抗疲劳功效降低。
以四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病小鼠模型和正常小鼠为研究对象,评价血糖调节作用。结果表明：槟榔提取物能显著降低糖尿病小鼠血糖和葡萄糖耐量,而对正常小鼠血糖无影响；此外,槟榔提取物可增加糖尿病小鼠血清SOD含量、降低MDA含量,抑制糖尿病慢性并发症的发生。三种受试物的功效强度依次为：海南产槟榔果>槟榔制品乙>槟榔制品甲,这表明槟榔加工后降血糖活性降低。
通过体外实验探讨槟榔提取物对空气中常见霉菌和青霉的抑制效果。结果表明：六种提取物对空气中常见霉菌均有抑制作用,对青霉的抑制作用存在浓度-效应关系,最低抑菌浓度分别为：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物MIC=3.5mg/mL,海南产槟榔果水提取物MIC=4.0mg/mL；槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物MIC=1.5mg/mL,槟榔制品甲水提取物MIC=2.Omg/mL；槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物MIC=2.5mg/mL,槟榔制品乙水提取物MIC=3.Omg/mL,其中槟榔制品甲效果最好,槟榔制品乙次之,槟榔果最差,这说明加工的槟榔制品中添加了防腐剂,发挥一定的抑菌作用。
槟榔提取物的急性毒性实验结果表明：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物和水提取物的LD50是6692 mg/kg和7155 mg/kg,槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物和水提取物的LD50是4188 mg/kg和4732 mg/kg,槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物和水提取物的LD50是5474 mg/kg和5854 mg/kg,据急性毒性分级标准,海南产槟榔果提取物、槟榔制品乙提取物属于实际无毒物质；槟榔制品甲提取物属于低毒物质。蓄积毒性实验结果表明：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物和水提取物的蓄积系数分别是4.9和4.6；槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物和.水提取物的蓄积系数分别是4.0和4.6；槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物和水提取物的蓄积系数分别是3.7和3.9,蓄积毒性都为中度蓄积。这说明海南产槟榔果和槟榔制品乙食用安全,槟榔制品甲有弱毒性,但在人体正常食用的情况下,可以忽略不计
综上所述,槟榔提取物富含槟榔碱、酚类物质、还原糖、蛋白质、皂甙等多种功能成分,加工前后的槟榔因成分的改变,生物活性存在差异,但均具有抗疲劳、调节血糖、抑菌等多种作用,无毒或毒性较小因此,可安全食用槟榔制品,同时获得一定的保健功效,缓解机体压力,促进身体健康。
Areca nut is a fruit of Areca cathchu Linn., one of the palm species, mainly distributed in Hainan and Taiwan province, and is the most commonly used drug in the world after tobacco, ethanol and caffeine. About 600 million people chew betel quid. Therefore, it's important to evaluate the physiological & hygienical effect of the extracts of areca nut and its processed products deeply and systematically.
In this study, the areca nut from Hainan, Xiao Long wang betel quid, Betel quid I were extracted using water and methanol, respectively and six kinds of extracts were obtained:The areca nut from Hainan methanol extract (A), the areca nut from Hainan water extract (B); Betel quidⅠmethanol extract (C), Betel quidⅠwater extract (D); Betel quidⅡmethanol extract (E), Betel quidⅡwater extract (F). These extracts were used in mice to evaluate the anti-fatigue function, antimicrobial effects in vitro, hyperglycemia-moderating effects, and determine acute toxicity and cumulative toxicity of these extracts. The main results were shown as follows:
Nutritional components of three kinds of areca nuts were analysed in this paper. Results showed that the content of arecoline, polyphenol, vitamin C, protein, reducing sugar in processed areca catechu decreased, moisture content, crude fat changed a little. The losses of nutritional substances of Betel quidⅡwere less than that of Betel quidⅠ
The effect of areca nut products extracts on anti-fatigue function in mice was studied through conducting loaded swimming time experiment of mice, and determining the concentration of serum nitrogen and lactic acid, the contend of liver glycogen of mice after swimming. The result showed that extracts of areca nut and betel quid had anti-fatigue function; the effect of areca nut from Hainan was the best (p<0.01), followed with Xiao Long wang betel quid (p<0.05), Betel quid I was the last (p>0.05). It could draw a conclusion anti-fatigue activity of processed areca catechu decreased because of reduction of nutritional substances.
Hypoglycemic effects of areca nut extracts were studied in alloxan-induced diabetic mice and normal mice. Results showed that areca nut extracts could lower blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance of diabetic mice, remained no obvious change in the normal group injected extracts (p>0.05). Besides, areca nut extracts could increase the activity of SOD and decrease the content of MDA in serum, inhibit the occurrence of chronic complications of diabetes. The result showed that the hypoglycemic activity of areca nut from Hainan was the best (p<0.01), followed with Xiao Long wang betel quid (p<0.05), Betel quid I was the last (p>0.05) It could draw a conclusion hypoglycemic activity of processed areca catechu decreased.
The in vitro inhibitory effect on blue mold and mixture molds in atmosphere of six extracts was studied and results showed that extracts had inhibitory effect on mixture molds, the inhibitory effect on blue mold exists concentration-effect relationship. MIC value of A against blue mold was= 3.5mg/mL, B was≤4.0mg/mL,C was≤1.5mg/mL, D was≤2.0mg/mL, E was C≤2.5mg/mL, F was 3.0mg/mL. The result showed that the hypoglycemic activity of areca nut from Hainan was the best (p<0.01) followed with Xiao Long wang betel quid (p<0.05), Betel quid I was the last (p>0.05). This suggested that there were preservatives in areca nut products.
Results of acute toxicity of six kinds of extracts showed:the oral LD50 of A to mice was 6692 mg/kg and B was 7155 mg/kg; C was 4188 mg/kg, D was 4732 mg/kg, E was 5474 mg/kg and F was 5854 mg/kg. According to the acute toxicity grading criteria, A, B, E, F were actual non-toxic material and C and D were low toxicity material. Results of accumulative toxicity of six kinds of extracts showed:the accumulative coefficient K of A was 4.9 and B was 4.6; C was 3.7, D was 3.9, E was 4.0 and F was 4.6. Six extracts were moderate accumulative toxicity in mice. This indicated that Betel quid II was edible safely and Betel quid I had weak toxicity, but under the common use, the toxicity of areca nut was very low, and could be ignored nearly.
From the research all above, we can draw a conclusion that areca nut extracts which contained arecoline, polyphenol, reducing sugar, protein, saponin, et al. Biological activity changed because the ingredient of processed areca catechu changed, but all areca catechu could improve anti-fatigue function, regulate blood glucose, and anti-mold in vitro, et al and were little or low toxicity. Therefore, it's safe to consume betel quid commonly. Chewing betel quid could alleviate body's stress, promote health.
本实验以海南产槟榔果、槟榔制品甲、槟榔制品乙为原料,检测分析加工前后槟榔主要成分及微量成分的差异,并且分别用甲醇和蒸馏水对实验原料进行提取,得到六种提取物：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物(A)、海南产槟榔果水提取物(B)、槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物(C)、槟榔制品甲水提取物(D)、槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物(E)、槟榔制品乙水提取物(F),以上述提取物为受试物,探讨抗疲劳、调节血糖及体外抗菌功效,同时进行急性毒性与蓄积毒性检验。其研究结果如下：
加工前后槟榔成分检验结果表明：加工后槟榔中的槟榔碱、酚类、维生素C、蛋白质和还原糖减少,粗纤维和灰分的含量升高,水分、粗脂肪变化很小。槟榔制品乙比槟榔制品甲营养成分损失少
通过小鼠负重游泳实验,以运动后血清尿素氮含量、乳酸含量及肝糖原含量为指标,研究槟榔提取物对小鼠的抗疲劳活性。结果表明：六种受试物均具有缓解动物体力疲劳的作用；海南产槟榔果效果最好,槟榔制品乙次之,最后是槟榔制品甲,表明加工后的槟榔制品的活性成分少于加工前,故抗疲劳功效降低。
以四氧嘧啶所致糖尿病小鼠模型和正常小鼠为研究对象,评价血糖调节作用。结果表明：槟榔提取物能显著降低糖尿病小鼠血糖和葡萄糖耐量,而对正常小鼠血糖无影响；此外,槟榔提取物可增加糖尿病小鼠血清SOD含量、降低MDA含量,抑制糖尿病慢性并发症的发生。三种受试物的功效强度依次为：海南产槟榔果>槟榔制品乙>槟榔制品甲,这表明槟榔加工后降血糖活性降低。
通过体外实验探讨槟榔提取物对空气中常见霉菌和青霉的抑制效果。结果表明：六种提取物对空气中常见霉菌均有抑制作用,对青霉的抑制作用存在浓度-效应关系,最低抑菌浓度分别为：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物MIC=3.5mg/mL,海南产槟榔果水提取物MIC=4.0mg/mL；槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物MIC=1.5mg/mL,槟榔制品甲水提取物MIC=2.Omg/mL；槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物MIC=2.5mg/mL,槟榔制品乙水提取物MIC=3.Omg/mL,其中槟榔制品甲效果最好,槟榔制品乙次之,槟榔果最差,这说明加工的槟榔制品中添加了防腐剂,发挥一定的抑菌作用。
槟榔提取物的急性毒性实验结果表明：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物和水提取物的LD50是6692 mg/kg和7155 mg/kg,槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物和水提取物的LD50是4188 mg/kg和4732 mg/kg,槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物和水提取物的LD50是5474 mg/kg和5854 mg/kg,据急性毒性分级标准,海南产槟榔果提取物、槟榔制品乙提取物属于实际无毒物质；槟榔制品甲提取物属于低毒物质。蓄积毒性实验结果表明：海南产槟榔果甲醇提取物和水提取物的蓄积系数分别是4.9和4.6；槟榔制品乙甲醇提取物和.水提取物的蓄积系数分别是4.0和4.6；槟榔制品甲甲醇提取物和水提取物的蓄积系数分别是3.7和3.9,蓄积毒性都为中度蓄积。这说明海南产槟榔果和槟榔制品乙食用安全,槟榔制品甲有弱毒性,但在人体正常食用的情况下,可以忽略不计
综上所述,槟榔提取物富含槟榔碱、酚类物质、还原糖、蛋白质、皂甙等多种功能成分,加工前后的槟榔因成分的改变,生物活性存在差异,但均具有抗疲劳、调节血糖、抑菌等多种作用,无毒或毒性较小因此,可安全食用槟榔制品,同时获得一定的保健功效,缓解机体压力,促进身体健康。
Areca nut is a fruit of Areca cathchu Linn., one of the palm species, mainly distributed in Hainan and Taiwan province, and is the most commonly used drug in the world after tobacco, ethanol and caffeine. About 600 million people chew betel quid. Therefore, it's important to evaluate the physiological & hygienical effect of the extracts of areca nut and its processed products deeply and systematically.
In this study, the areca nut from Hainan, Xiao Long wang betel quid, Betel quid I were extracted using water and methanol, respectively and six kinds of extracts were obtained:The areca nut from Hainan methanol extract (A), the areca nut from Hainan water extract (B); Betel quidⅠmethanol extract (C), Betel quidⅠwater extract (D); Betel quidⅡmethanol extract (E), Betel quidⅡwater extract (F). These extracts were used in mice to evaluate the anti-fatigue function, antimicrobial effects in vitro, hyperglycemia-moderating effects, and determine acute toxicity and cumulative toxicity of these extracts. The main results were shown as follows:
Nutritional components of three kinds of areca nuts were analysed in this paper. Results showed that the content of arecoline, polyphenol, vitamin C, protein, reducing sugar in processed areca catechu decreased, moisture content, crude fat changed a little. The losses of nutritional substances of Betel quidⅡwere less than that of Betel quidⅠ
The effect of areca nut products extracts on anti-fatigue function in mice was studied through conducting loaded swimming time experiment of mice, and determining the concentration of serum nitrogen and lactic acid, the contend of liver glycogen of mice after swimming. The result showed that extracts of areca nut and betel quid had anti-fatigue function; the effect of areca nut from Hainan was the best (p<0.01), followed with Xiao Long wang betel quid (p<0.05), Betel quid I was the last (p>0.05). It could draw a conclusion anti-fatigue activity of processed areca catechu decreased because of reduction of nutritional substances.
Hypoglycemic effects of areca nut extracts were studied in alloxan-induced diabetic mice and normal mice. Results showed that areca nut extracts could lower blood glucose and improve glucose tolerance of diabetic mice, remained no obvious change in the normal group injected extracts (p>0.05). Besides, areca nut extracts could increase the activity of SOD and decrease the content of MDA in serum, inhibit the occurrence of chronic complications of diabetes. The result showed that the hypoglycemic activity of areca nut from Hainan was the best (p<0.01), followed with Xiao Long wang betel quid (p<0.05), Betel quid I was the last (p>0.05) It could draw a conclusion hypoglycemic activity of processed areca catechu decreased.
The in vitro inhibitory effect on blue mold and mixture molds in atmosphere of six extracts was studied and results showed that extracts had inhibitory effect on mixture molds, the inhibitory effect on blue mold exists concentration-effect relationship. MIC value of A against blue mold was= 3.5mg/mL, B was≤4.0mg/mL,C was≤1.5mg/mL, D was≤2.0mg/mL, E was C≤2.5mg/mL, F was 3.0mg/mL. The result showed that the hypoglycemic activity of areca nut from Hainan was the best (p<0.01) followed with Xiao Long wang betel quid (p<0.05), Betel quid I was the last (p>0.05). This suggested that there were preservatives in areca nut products.
Results of acute toxicity of six kinds of extracts showed:the oral LD50 of A to mice was 6692 mg/kg and B was 7155 mg/kg; C was 4188 mg/kg, D was 4732 mg/kg, E was 5474 mg/kg and F was 5854 mg/kg. According to the acute toxicity grading criteria, A, B, E, F were actual non-toxic material and C and D were low toxicity material. Results of accumulative toxicity of six kinds of extracts showed:the accumulative coefficient K of A was 4.9 and B was 4.6; C was 3.7, D was 3.9, E was 4.0 and F was 4.6. Six extracts were moderate accumulative toxicity in mice. This indicated that Betel quid II was edible safely and Betel quid I had weak toxicity, but under the common use, the toxicity of areca nut was very low, and could be ignored nearly.
From the research all above, we can draw a conclusion that areca nut extracts which contained arecoline, polyphenol, reducing sugar, protein, saponin, et al. Biological activity changed because the ingredient of processed areca catechu changed, but all areca catechu could improve anti-fatigue function, regulate blood glucose, and anti-mold in vitro, et al and were little or low toxicity. Therefore, it's safe to consume betel quid commonly. Chewing betel quid could alleviate body's stress, promote health.
引文
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