企业伦理对员工行为的影响机制研究
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摘要
随着中国市场经济的发展,各种企业丑闻的频繁发生引起了人们的广泛讨论,更使得理论界开始关注企业伦理问题,并且研究关注度不断升温。以往研究多关注企业伦理的外部效应即从组织层面关注企业伦理的建设或者对企业声誉,价值的影响等方面,虽取得丰富的理论成果,但也还需要从更加全面的角度,尤其是企业伦理的内部性即对企业内部影响的角度去完善该研究。
本文在利益相关者理论研究基础上,提出从内部和外部主要利益相关者构建企业伦理行为,并从内部视角研究员工感知到的企业伦理行为对员工的影响,构建企业伦理对员工影响的概念模型和因果关系理论模型。采用因子相关分析和结构方程模型研究方法,通过对员工与主管配对的333套有效样本数据进行研究分析,检验员工感知到企业对各利益相关者的伦理行为与员工对组织态度和行为的关系,以及员工感知到的企业伦理行为通过认同和信任的心理机制影响员工意向和行为等理论假设。总体而言,本研究的假设基本得到了验证,预期研究目的达到,并作出了一定的理论创新和实践方面的建议。主要理论创新体现在以下三个方面：
(1)从内部视角和个体层面研究企业伦理对员工的影响机制,将企业伦理研究主要着眼于经济绩效研究拓展到了对员工的影响研究。现有企业伦理研究重点多关注企业伦理对组织层面或社会层面的影响,特别是组织经济绩效的影响。然而现有的企业伦理研究较少关注了其对组织最为重要资源之一的人力资源的影响。而对于人力资源的挖掘、员工对于组织的态度和所做出的行为在现今激烈竞争的时代背景下对组织生存有着重要意义。因此从内部视角和个体层面研究拓宽了企业伦理研究视角和内容,有着重要的理论贡献与价值。
(2)基于利益相关者理论完善了企业伦理行为的构成。企业在运营中与股东、员工、客户、供应商、竞争者、政府和社会等多个利益相关者密不可分。现有研究仅涉及了利益相关者的某一部分,如研究企业对顾客和社会的伦理行为对于消费者购买决策的影响等,很少有研究从整体上从利益相关者角度完善企业伦理行为的构成。本研究考虑了与企业相关的主要利益相关者,基于企业与利益主体的关系和联系内容完善了企业伦理行为的构成,推动了企业伦理的理论研究。
(3)探索员工感知到的企业伦理行为对其态度和行为的影响机制。本研究不仅探索员工感知到的企业伦理行为对员工态度和行为的影响,而且尝试进一步深入地揭示从员工企业伦理行为到员工态度,最后到员工行为的影响机制过程。研究发现,组织认同、组织信任、情感承诺、工作满意度整体在员工感知到的企业伦理行为与组织公民行为、工作绩效与离职意愿之间起到了中介作用,传递了从伦理感知到个体行为之间的影响,展现了员工变化的过程。影响机制的探索将研究推向更为深入的层次,为企业的管理实践和伦理建设提供了良好的建议。
With the rapid development of the China's marketing economics, scaldals of corporations that happened with high frequency are discussed wildly in society. Researchers and practitioner of management gradually pay attention to the issue of business ethics and more and more researchers join the research. However, the researches before have focused on the externality of business ethics. It means researches focus more on the construction of business ethics and the effect of business ethics on corporations'reputation and value on the organization level. Even the researches got harvest in that domain, but there are several works could be done to reinforce the business ethics theory, especially in the view of influences of business ethics on corporation himself and his employees.
Based on the stakeholders theory, this article suggests that we should distinct the stakeholders of corporation outside and inside and focus on the influences of employees' perceptions of business ethics behaviors on employees themselves, especially their attitudes and behaviors towards organizations. The research builds a concept framework and a causal relationship theory model of the effect of business ethics on employees. With the methods of factor correlation analysis and structure equation model (SEM) on the available data that collect from employee and his supervisor, which they evaluate different factors about the employee himself, the research studies the relationship between employees'perceived business ethics and their attitudes and behaviors towards corporation and testes the hypothesis about the mechanism of business ethics influencing employees'intention and behavior through identification and trust. Overall, the purpose of this study is achieved, the hypothesis of this study get support from empirical analysis and the theoretical contributions of this study mainly focus on the following three aspects below.
(1) This study focuses on the mechanism of the influences of perceived business ethics on employees'attitudes and behaviors with the view of inside corporations and on the individual level. It makes a complementarity to current theory of business ethics which pay more attentions to organizational or social influences, especially to organizational economic performance. However few current study focus on the influences of business ethics on the the human resources which is one of the most important resources that is meaningful for the organization survival and operation under the era of fierce competition. Therefore, the study of business ethics from inside view of corporation and on the individual level has significant theory contribution and research value.
(2) The study advances the construct of business ethics based on the stakeholders theory. Current studies focus some of stakeholders which closely interact with the corporation such as shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, competitors, government, society and so on and try to find the influences of ethics of corporation to these stakeholders, such as studying the effect of business ethics to customers and society on the consumption decisions. However, few study suggests the integrated construction of business ethics based on stakeholders theory. This study try to do some advantages to business ethics based on stakeholders theory and build a construct about business ethics to main stakeholders with the hope that it could make contributions to business ethics theory.
(3) This study explores the effect mechanism from perceived business ethics to employee's attitudes and behaviors. We try to find not only whether the perceived business ethics could influence the employees'attitude and behavior, but also how the mechanism from perceived business ethics to attitude and behaviors. The research get the conclusions that organizational identification, organizational trust, affective commitment and job satisfaction could mediate the effect of perceived business ethics on employees'organizational citizenship behavior, job performance and turnover intention and transfer the effect from business ethics to individual behaviors. The mechanism study advances the current researches and its conclusions are meaningful and constructive for corporations management and ethics construction.
本文在利益相关者理论研究基础上,提出从内部和外部主要利益相关者构建企业伦理行为,并从内部视角研究员工感知到的企业伦理行为对员工的影响,构建企业伦理对员工影响的概念模型和因果关系理论模型。采用因子相关分析和结构方程模型研究方法,通过对员工与主管配对的333套有效样本数据进行研究分析,检验员工感知到企业对各利益相关者的伦理行为与员工对组织态度和行为的关系,以及员工感知到的企业伦理行为通过认同和信任的心理机制影响员工意向和行为等理论假设。总体而言,本研究的假设基本得到了验证,预期研究目的达到,并作出了一定的理论创新和实践方面的建议。主要理论创新体现在以下三个方面：
(1)从内部视角和个体层面研究企业伦理对员工的影响机制,将企业伦理研究主要着眼于经济绩效研究拓展到了对员工的影响研究。现有企业伦理研究重点多关注企业伦理对组织层面或社会层面的影响,特别是组织经济绩效的影响。然而现有的企业伦理研究较少关注了其对组织最为重要资源之一的人力资源的影响。而对于人力资源的挖掘、员工对于组织的态度和所做出的行为在现今激烈竞争的时代背景下对组织生存有着重要意义。因此从内部视角和个体层面研究拓宽了企业伦理研究视角和内容,有着重要的理论贡献与价值。
(2)基于利益相关者理论完善了企业伦理行为的构成。企业在运营中与股东、员工、客户、供应商、竞争者、政府和社会等多个利益相关者密不可分。现有研究仅涉及了利益相关者的某一部分,如研究企业对顾客和社会的伦理行为对于消费者购买决策的影响等,很少有研究从整体上从利益相关者角度完善企业伦理行为的构成。本研究考虑了与企业相关的主要利益相关者,基于企业与利益主体的关系和联系内容完善了企业伦理行为的构成,推动了企业伦理的理论研究。
(3)探索员工感知到的企业伦理行为对其态度和行为的影响机制。本研究不仅探索员工感知到的企业伦理行为对员工态度和行为的影响,而且尝试进一步深入地揭示从员工企业伦理行为到员工态度,最后到员工行为的影响机制过程。研究发现,组织认同、组织信任、情感承诺、工作满意度整体在员工感知到的企业伦理行为与组织公民行为、工作绩效与离职意愿之间起到了中介作用,传递了从伦理感知到个体行为之间的影响,展现了员工变化的过程。影响机制的探索将研究推向更为深入的层次,为企业的管理实践和伦理建设提供了良好的建议。
With the rapid development of the China's marketing economics, scaldals of corporations that happened with high frequency are discussed wildly in society. Researchers and practitioner of management gradually pay attention to the issue of business ethics and more and more researchers join the research. However, the researches before have focused on the externality of business ethics. It means researches focus more on the construction of business ethics and the effect of business ethics on corporations'reputation and value on the organization level. Even the researches got harvest in that domain, but there are several works could be done to reinforce the business ethics theory, especially in the view of influences of business ethics on corporation himself and his employees.
Based on the stakeholders theory, this article suggests that we should distinct the stakeholders of corporation outside and inside and focus on the influences of employees' perceptions of business ethics behaviors on employees themselves, especially their attitudes and behaviors towards organizations. The research builds a concept framework and a causal relationship theory model of the effect of business ethics on employees. With the methods of factor correlation analysis and structure equation model (SEM) on the available data that collect from employee and his supervisor, which they evaluate different factors about the employee himself, the research studies the relationship between employees'perceived business ethics and their attitudes and behaviors towards corporation and testes the hypothesis about the mechanism of business ethics influencing employees'intention and behavior through identification and trust. Overall, the purpose of this study is achieved, the hypothesis of this study get support from empirical analysis and the theoretical contributions of this study mainly focus on the following three aspects below.
(1) This study focuses on the mechanism of the influences of perceived business ethics on employees'attitudes and behaviors with the view of inside corporations and on the individual level. It makes a complementarity to current theory of business ethics which pay more attentions to organizational or social influences, especially to organizational economic performance. However few current study focus on the influences of business ethics on the the human resources which is one of the most important resources that is meaningful for the organization survival and operation under the era of fierce competition. Therefore, the study of business ethics from inside view of corporation and on the individual level has significant theory contribution and research value.
(2) The study advances the construct of business ethics based on the stakeholders theory. Current studies focus some of stakeholders which closely interact with the corporation such as shareholders, employees, customers, suppliers, competitors, government, society and so on and try to find the influences of ethics of corporation to these stakeholders, such as studying the effect of business ethics to customers and society on the consumption decisions. However, few study suggests the integrated construction of business ethics based on stakeholders theory. This study try to do some advantages to business ethics based on stakeholders theory and build a construct about business ethics to main stakeholders with the hope that it could make contributions to business ethics theory.
(3) This study explores the effect mechanism from perceived business ethics to employee's attitudes and behaviors. We try to find not only whether the perceived business ethics could influence the employees'attitude and behavior, but also how the mechanism from perceived business ethics to attitude and behaviors. The research get the conclusions that organizational identification, organizational trust, affective commitment and job satisfaction could mediate the effect of perceived business ethics on employees'organizational citizenship behavior, job performance and turnover intention and transfer the effect from business ethics to individual behaviors. The mechanism study advances the current researches and its conclusions are meaningful and constructive for corporations management and ethics construction.
引文
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