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杉木间伐材的炭化理论及其炭化物在环境保护中应用的研究
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摘要
过去木质炭化物大多作为燃料用,利用价值低,对木炭的研究已渐被忽视。随着科技发展,近年来木炭的新用途及作为新材料的研究开发十分活跃。木质炭化物的高效开发利用,对解决废弃物资源化、环保、生态环境等问题将起到十分积极的作用。随着先进的检测仪器与手段的日益更新,对木炭的研究实有必要更上一层楼。本课题以我国南方速生树种之一的杉木间伐材为对象,对炭化理论及其炭化物在环境保护中的应用进行了研究。
     (1) 采用一步炭化法和二步炭化法以及加盖炭化法和未加盖炭化法的炭化工艺,同时炭化氛围气采用CO_2、N_2、O_2、空气以及它们的混合气体等方法,对杉木间伐材进行炭化试验研究。分析研究了杉木间伐材木屑热解的基本过程、不同炭化条件对炭化物的影响规律。
     (2) 采用热重分析(TG)和示差扫描量热分析(DSC),分析在连续升温过程中试样的重量与热量变化规律,求得有关的热力学参数,为炭化工艺的温度和加热速度提供了理论依据。
     (3) 利用元素分析仪分析炭化过程中碳、氢、氧含量及主要官能团的变化规律;采用拉曼光谱仪、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)等分析手段,对炭化物化学结构、表面官能团、微晶结构等情况进行了研究与表征,揭示了其演变规律与形成特点。
     (4) 采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、全自动比表面积及孔径分析仪等,对炭化物的微观结构、结晶状态、孔径分布、比表面积与孔隙特征等进行了观察与表征,研究了不同炭化条件下孔隙的形成与发展规律以及内部原子晶体层间的变化规律。发现了炭化物中存在着纳米碳管、洋葱状富勒烯结构及金刚石晶格结构。
     (5) 发现炭化温度700℃为杉木炭化产生质变的转折点温度。炭化物炭化程度的深度发展、炭化物六角碳网平面层的生长及有序程度的进一步提高是从700℃开始。
     (6) 研究了炭化物对挥发性有机污染物的吸附性能,并研究了炭化温度对吸附能力的影响。
     (7) 研制出了杉木间伐材炭化物吸油材料,同时对其吸油能力的影响作了研究。
In the past, mainly used as a fuel, wood-based carbonized materials don't see much service in other fields, and researches on wood-based carbonized materials were not attached much importance to. In recent years, as science and technology has been developing rapidly, researches and development on the use of wood-based carbonized materials as a new material are more and more widespread. To develop and utilize wood-based carbonized materials in an efficient way will play a positive role in waste resource recycling, environmental protection, ecology and so on. With the renewal of advanced instruments and means, it is necessary that breakthroughs be made in researches on wood-based carbonized materials. This paper attempts to do some researches on mechanism of carbonization and application of carbonized materials in environmental protection by using thinning wood of Chinese fir as raw materials, one of the rapidly growing trees in Southern area of China.(1) By techniques of one-step and two-step carbonization, capped and uncapped carbonization, with carbon dioxide, nitrogen, oxygen, air and their mixture as atmosphere gas, the experiments on Chinese fir thinnings are carried out, with special focus on the basic pyrolysis process of its saw dust and the affecting laws on carbonized materials under different carbonization conditions.(2) By means of TG and DSC analyses, variation laws of samples' weight and heat are analyzed when the carbonization temperature is continuously rising, and relevant thermodynamics parameter is obtained, which provides theoretical basis for carbonization temperature and heating rate.(3) By means of element analysis, variation laws of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen content and main functional group are analyzed in the process of carbonization. With Raman, XRD, XPS and other analytical methods, researches and characterization on chemical structure of
    
    carbonized material, surface functional group and microcrystal structure are conducted, which indicate its evolution laws and developing features.(4) By means of SEM, HRTEM, automated specific surface area and pore size analyzers, micro-structure of carbonized material, crystallization state, pore size distribution, as well as specific surface area and characteristics of pores are observed and analyzed, with emphasis on formation of micropore, development laws and variation laws among inner atom crystal. Nanophase carbon tube, onion-like graphitic particles and diamond structure are first found in wood charcoal of Chinese Fir.(5) The experiments reveal the critical temperature point where the qualitative change of carbonized material occurs.(6) Absorptive effect of carbonized material on VOC pollutants as well as effect of carbonization temperature on adsorptive properties are studied.(7) Oil-absorptive material from Chinese fir thinnings are developed and its absorptive effects are also studied.
引文
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