电镀行业重金属污染减排政策研究
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摘要
电镀行业的发展给我国带来了严重的环境污染,而环境政策是解决环境污染问题的决定性因素之一。因此本文针对电镀行业污染减排政策进行宏观和微观研究,为我国污染减排政策的制定提供理论依据。
文中将现行环境政策分为行政命令型政策和市场导向型政策两大类,分别针对电镀行业减排中的排放标准、惩罚机制、排污收费、节水政策、激励政策等环境政策进行国际间的对比研究,并将环保工作中容易被忽视的环保投入和环保教育列为对上述政策的补充,全面分析我国电镀行业减排政策与国际先进水平之间的差距。通过以上分析,总结出三条可以通过政策调整得到完善的政策,并对其依次进行研究。
第一,污染转移政策研究。我国对于电镀等重污染行业,采取从沿海发达地区迁移到内陆欠发达地区的政策,但是该政策的环境合理性尚未得到验证。本文建立重金属—土壤吸入因子(SAF)模型,该模型能够定量描述重金属污染程度与污染转移路径之间的关系,因此可以从宏观上对政策进行评价。通过建立模型、数据搜集、案例分析的方法得到案例城市韶关和广州重金属Cd的SAF分别为5.38×10-3和1.28×10-3,两者比值为4.2。这表明同等质量的重金属污染物,在内陆排放时对人类的危害远大于在沿海排放时的危害。影响因素分析发现重金属污染转移路径及水资源量是影响SAF的两个决定性因素。以上分析结果为政府调整污染转移政策提供了科学依据。
第二,排污收费政策研究。现行排污费政策存在强制性弱、收费标准偏低、费用去向不明确等弊端。对此,文中提出电镀行业环境税制度并建立了环境税收费模型。通过对广东省某电镀企业的案例分析,得到企业达标排放部分和超标排放部分环境税分别为排污费的1.22倍和10.99倍。这表明,模型一方面加大了罚款力度,另一方面又不会增加达标排放企业的负担。同时将政府监管费用单独计算,并引入了重金属毒性系数Ti和区域系数Q。案例分析结果证明模型具有易于被企业接受、超标罚款力度大、税款去向明确等特点。另外,该模型还可以通过引入行业系数H的方法推广到其他重金属排污行业。
第三,水价机制研究。针对我国电镀行业生产过程中用水浪费的现象,提出用阶梯式累进水价制度来促进电镀行业节水工作的进行。在对电镀企业生产工艺、排污状况进行综合考虑的基础上,建立电镀行业三阶累进式水价模型,并根据现行标准和法规确定模型参数。用该模型对广东省某电镀企业进行用水价格分析,证明模型在预计执行效果和企业承受能力两方面具有可行性。建议先在某些电镀企业试行此水价方案,通过用水反馈数据,不断调整模型参数,最终在全国范围内实行电镀行业阶梯式水价政策。
The development of electroplating industry brought about heavy pollution to the environment. Environmental policies are the determinant of solving the environmental problems. Therefore, this paper analyzed macro control measures and micro control measures for electroplating industries. Based on the analysis, corresponding strategies were proposed in the paper to control the pollution from the electroplating industry.
This paper divided the current environmental policies into two types, which were administrative regulations and market-oriented policies. In order to roundly analyze the gap of pollutant emission reduction policies in electroplating industry between China and developed countries, the policies’differences in emission standards, pollution discharge fine, pollution discharge fee, water conservation policy and stimulant policy were discussed, respectively. And take environmental input and environmental education which may be ignored as complementarities of the policies mentioned above. According to the result of analysis, further study was carried out on three policies which would be consummated by adjust.
Firstly, study on the policy of pollution transfer. Some developed coastal cities in China have forced their highly polluting industries out to less developed interior areas without consideration of the impacts from pollution transfer. This paper developed a soil adsorption fraction (SAF) model to evaluate the rationality of this policy. The model can characterize the emissions-to-adsorption relationship between heavy metal emission and the adsorption by soil. Case studies were carried out for two adjacent southern cities in China, i.e. Guangzhou and Shaoguan. The results indicated that the average SAF of cadmium was 5.38×10-3 for Shaoguan and 1.28×10-3 for Guangzhou, i.e., cadmium released from Shaoguan threatened the soil environment 4.2 times of that from Guangzhou. Further analysis showed the polluting pathway and abundance of water resources were the main influencing factors on SAF. The results should be useful to prompt site-specific polices on heavy metal pollution control.
Secondly, study on the policy of pollution charging. Pollution discharge fee has weak enforceability, and the standard of discharge fee is on the low side. A pollution discharge taxes model for electroplating industry was designed in this paper. With a case study of an electroplating enterprise in Guangdong Province, environmental tax of up-to-standard and exceeding standard were 1.22 and 10.99 times than discharging fee respectively. This result shows that the model imposes high fine and lighten the burden on enterprises at the same time. This model listed and calculated the management cost of government, and introduced the toxic coefficient T of heavy metal and regional coefficient Q. The result of case study proves that the model is competitive than pollution discharge fees. In addition, this model can also be applied in other industries by the way of introducing industrial factor H. i
Thirdly, study on the policy of water price. This paper proposed the policy of ladder water price to accelerate water saving in electroplating industries. Based on the produce lines and the status of heavy metal emission of electroplating industries, we developed a model of three ladders water price, and fix the parameters of the model by the national standards. Case study was carried out to ensure the feasibility of the model. The model should be tried out in several electroplating industries and adjust parameters by this way. Finally, carry this model out in electroplating industries all over the country.
文中将现行环境政策分为行政命令型政策和市场导向型政策两大类,分别针对电镀行业减排中的排放标准、惩罚机制、排污收费、节水政策、激励政策等环境政策进行国际间的对比研究,并将环保工作中容易被忽视的环保投入和环保教育列为对上述政策的补充,全面分析我国电镀行业减排政策与国际先进水平之间的差距。通过以上分析,总结出三条可以通过政策调整得到完善的政策,并对其依次进行研究。
第一,污染转移政策研究。我国对于电镀等重污染行业,采取从沿海发达地区迁移到内陆欠发达地区的政策,但是该政策的环境合理性尚未得到验证。本文建立重金属—土壤吸入因子(SAF)模型,该模型能够定量描述重金属污染程度与污染转移路径之间的关系,因此可以从宏观上对政策进行评价。通过建立模型、数据搜集、案例分析的方法得到案例城市韶关和广州重金属Cd的SAF分别为5.38×10-3和1.28×10-3,两者比值为4.2。这表明同等质量的重金属污染物,在内陆排放时对人类的危害远大于在沿海排放时的危害。影响因素分析发现重金属污染转移路径及水资源量是影响SAF的两个决定性因素。以上分析结果为政府调整污染转移政策提供了科学依据。
第二,排污收费政策研究。现行排污费政策存在强制性弱、收费标准偏低、费用去向不明确等弊端。对此,文中提出电镀行业环境税制度并建立了环境税收费模型。通过对广东省某电镀企业的案例分析,得到企业达标排放部分和超标排放部分环境税分别为排污费的1.22倍和10.99倍。这表明,模型一方面加大了罚款力度,另一方面又不会增加达标排放企业的负担。同时将政府监管费用单独计算,并引入了重金属毒性系数Ti和区域系数Q。案例分析结果证明模型具有易于被企业接受、超标罚款力度大、税款去向明确等特点。另外,该模型还可以通过引入行业系数H的方法推广到其他重金属排污行业。
第三,水价机制研究。针对我国电镀行业生产过程中用水浪费的现象,提出用阶梯式累进水价制度来促进电镀行业节水工作的进行。在对电镀企业生产工艺、排污状况进行综合考虑的基础上,建立电镀行业三阶累进式水价模型,并根据现行标准和法规确定模型参数。用该模型对广东省某电镀企业进行用水价格分析,证明模型在预计执行效果和企业承受能力两方面具有可行性。建议先在某些电镀企业试行此水价方案,通过用水反馈数据,不断调整模型参数,最终在全国范围内实行电镀行业阶梯式水价政策。
The development of electroplating industry brought about heavy pollution to the environment. Environmental policies are the determinant of solving the environmental problems. Therefore, this paper analyzed macro control measures and micro control measures for electroplating industries. Based on the analysis, corresponding strategies were proposed in the paper to control the pollution from the electroplating industry.
This paper divided the current environmental policies into two types, which were administrative regulations and market-oriented policies. In order to roundly analyze the gap of pollutant emission reduction policies in electroplating industry between China and developed countries, the policies’differences in emission standards, pollution discharge fine, pollution discharge fee, water conservation policy and stimulant policy were discussed, respectively. And take environmental input and environmental education which may be ignored as complementarities of the policies mentioned above. According to the result of analysis, further study was carried out on three policies which would be consummated by adjust.
Firstly, study on the policy of pollution transfer. Some developed coastal cities in China have forced their highly polluting industries out to less developed interior areas without consideration of the impacts from pollution transfer. This paper developed a soil adsorption fraction (SAF) model to evaluate the rationality of this policy. The model can characterize the emissions-to-adsorption relationship between heavy metal emission and the adsorption by soil. Case studies were carried out for two adjacent southern cities in China, i.e. Guangzhou and Shaoguan. The results indicated that the average SAF of cadmium was 5.38×10-3 for Shaoguan and 1.28×10-3 for Guangzhou, i.e., cadmium released from Shaoguan threatened the soil environment 4.2 times of that from Guangzhou. Further analysis showed the polluting pathway and abundance of water resources were the main influencing factors on SAF. The results should be useful to prompt site-specific polices on heavy metal pollution control.
Secondly, study on the policy of pollution charging. Pollution discharge fee has weak enforceability, and the standard of discharge fee is on the low side. A pollution discharge taxes model for electroplating industry was designed in this paper. With a case study of an electroplating enterprise in Guangdong Province, environmental tax of up-to-standard and exceeding standard were 1.22 and 10.99 times than discharging fee respectively. This result shows that the model imposes high fine and lighten the burden on enterprises at the same time. This model listed and calculated the management cost of government, and introduced the toxic coefficient T of heavy metal and regional coefficient Q. The result of case study proves that the model is competitive than pollution discharge fees. In addition, this model can also be applied in other industries by the way of introducing industrial factor H. i
Thirdly, study on the policy of water price. This paper proposed the policy of ladder water price to accelerate water saving in electroplating industries. Based on the produce lines and the status of heavy metal emission of electroplating industries, we developed a model of three ladders water price, and fix the parameters of the model by the national standards. Case study was carried out to ensure the feasibility of the model. The model should be tried out in several electroplating industries and adjust parameters by this way. Finally, carry this model out in electroplating industries all over the country.
引文
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3侯爱东,王飞,徐畅.综合一体化处理电镀废水技术及应用.电镀与环保. 2003, 23(4): 33~35
4武利民.关于纳米涂料中存在的一些认识问题.中国涂料. 2001, (5): 14~15
5孟多,周立岱,于常武.水体重金属污染现状及治理技术.辽宁化工. 2006, 35(9): 534~537
6陶有胜,张克仁.电冶废水的治理及综合回收利用研究.矿产综合利用. 1994, (4): 5~7
7孙光闻.重金属污染及治理研究进展.南方农业. 2007, l(2): 41~44
8金熙.工业水处理技术问题及常用数据.化学工业出版社, 1997: 26~27
9韩珺.循环经济与节能减排解析.中国人口·资源与环境. 2008, 18(3):
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10钟战铁,翟宝庆.电镀废水减量的清洁生产对策.材料保护. 2007, 40(3):
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