基于本体的数字家庭服务搜索与调用机制研究
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摘要
数字家庭服务是指运行于家庭环境中家电设备上的服务，其可以操作家电设备实现家庭中设备的互联和互操作，辅助家庭用户实现设备的远程操作与管理，并为用户的网络访问提供便利。但是当前数字家庭领域中标准化组织众多，这些标准化组织从不同角度为数字家庭服务的通信制定标准。由于缺乏统一标准的支持，使得基于不同标准的服务之间很难有效地通信。
SOA架构使用平台无关的XML语言为Web Service提供了一系列规范，通过对服务的规范描述，Agent能够“知道”服务的访问方式，从而实现跨平台服务的调用和组合。因此使用SOA架构中的规范对家庭服务进行描述，可以统一家庭服务的访问方式，实现不同标准家庭服务间的通信。然而基于SOA架构的服务系统使用关键词语法匹配检索服务，缺乏对服务语义的支持，所以无法解决检索过程中所碰到的一词多义和多词一义问题。
研究者基于本体语言OWL为Web Service的语义标注提供了一个上层本体OWL-S，该本体同特定的领域本体相结合可以为不同领域的服务提供语义。然而当前文献为数字家庭所构建的领域本体存在以下三个问题：首先，这些文献只是简单地给出服务语义的分类体系，但概念的体系化缺少一个统一的视点；其次，服务语义的分类方法也不尽如人意；再次，忽略了服务操作的内容和服务运行所依赖设备的语义问题，没有为内容和设备提供相应的本体描述。
针对以上三个问题，本文对数字家庭服务进行了研究，主要包括以下五方面内容。
(1)提出数字家庭领域上层本体——家庭服务本体。在家庭服务本体中对领域中的需求、功能、服务等重要概念进行定义并形式化地说明概念之间的关系，为家庭领域中问题的研究提供统一的视点，明确家庭服务的语义。然后通过对家庭服务本体中概念的细化，提出数字家庭服务本体模型。最后使用本体模型中的三个领域本体：功能概念本体、内容本体和设备本体对OWL-S本体进行扩展，提出OWL-HS本体，从三个侧面对家庭服务的语义进行描述。
(2)通过家庭服务本体对概念关系的分析，提出使用功能作为服务的语义，并构建功能概念本体作为服务语义的分类标准，明确服务的语义，以实现基于语义的服务搜索。本文以需求的满足过程为指导，将功能分为五大类，通过对功能实现方式的分析细化五大类功能概念，构建功能概念本体对家庭服务的语义进行标注。
(3)提出内容本体为家庭服务所操作的内容提供语义信息。本文通过对服务操作内容的分析构建内容本体，以实现基于语义的服务过滤，对功能相同操作内容不同的服务进行区分，优化服务的检索结果。
(4)提出设备本体为家庭服务运行所依赖的设备提供语义信息。为使所检索到的服务能够下载到设备并有效的执行，本文构建设备本体对家庭服务所依赖的设备进行描述。在家庭环境中，家用网关使用环境对照表记录家庭环境中的设备信息。通过环境对照表与设备本体的语义匹配，为个性化家庭环境下载执行合适的服务。
(5)提出功能分解树对复合服务的功能进行逐级分解，以辅助服务组合者找出复合服务所需的相关功能。然后在此基础上扩展功能分解树，提出时序功能分解树对复合服务的控制逻辑和时序进行描述。最后将时序功能分解树转化为OWL-S Model模型，并使用本体模型中的领域本体描述复合服务中原子服务的语义，实现基于语义的服务组合。
本文以煤气安防应用场景为例，描述了基于本体的服务注册、选择、调用和组合过程。最后为基于本体的数字家庭服务开发了一个原型系统，以验证所提模型的可行性。
The smart home service refers to the service that can be implemented on thehousehold appliances. By integrating the services provided by different appliances, itcould assist advancing the intelligence of smart home, and could facilitate appliancesmanaging remotely by employing controller or other devices which could accessInternet. However the standards adopted by the appliance manufacturers are suchdifferent in technical layer. As lacking a uniform standard, the services which aredeveloped with different standards could hardly communicate with each othereffectively.
SOA is a well adopted architecture for Web Service organization. It provides aseries of standards for service description and communication. All the SOA standardsare platform-independent and Extensible Markup Language (XML)-basedspecifications. With the assistant of SOA, software agents could know how to accessthe services which are described by such standards, and could invoke and composethe services with instruction of such standards as well. Therefore labeling the homeservices with the standards provided by SOA could uniform the access interface of theservices, and as a result the services developed with different protocol couldcommunicate with each other conveniently. However the standards of SOA areexpressed by XML which does not provide the concepts like class and property,therefore the standards lack enough well-understood formal semantics for agentsinterpretation. So, actually, the service discovery, selection and invocation are basedon keywords matching. Similar to other web sources retrieving, the keyword-basedservice searching approach has several drawbacks, including problems with synonyms(semantically similar but syntactically different services) and homonyms(syntactically equivalent but semantically different services).
OWL-S is an OWL-based ontology that provides a semantic markup languagefor specifying Web Services in an unambiguous and computer-interpretable form. In conjunction with domain ontologies for smart home field, it could provide standardmeans of specifying declaratively descriptions for home services that enable selectionand invocation automatically. However, the domain ontologies proposed in literatureare not sufficient. There still three problems at least exist in the ontologies proposed inliterature. First of all the classification of services lacks a fixed viewpoint, i.e. theyfail to form an upper ontology to describe the relations among concepts formally.Secondly the classification of semantic of services has some deficiencies as well.Thirdly the content which is consumed or produced by service and device which hostsservice play important roles in smart home, unfortunately, these concepts are absent inthese ontologies.
In order to solve the above problems, this paper focuses on the following fivetopics for home services.
(1) This paper presents domain upper ontology named home service ontology forsmart home. The ontology explicates our viewpoint and formally definesservice-related concepts from the unified viewpoint. With such viewpoint theservices in our paper would have fixed meanings which are independent withcontexts. Then, by refining the concepts in home service ontology, an ontologicalmodel for home service is given to annotate the semantics from different facets.
(2) By analyzing the relations among the concepts of home service ontology, thispaper defines the function as the semantic of service, and constructs functionconcept ontology for service classification. In the function concept ontology,firstly the concepts of function are divided into five categories by analyzing thesatisfaction process of need. Then the concept of function in specific category isclassified into sub-concepts based on the realization ways.
(3) This paper proposes content ontology to annotate the semantic of content that theservice operates. The concepts in the content ontology are extracted by analyzingthe effect of content in information expression. With the content ontology, wecould filter the service semantically and also could differentiate the services withsame functions to optimize service searching
(4) This paper presents device ontology to provide the semantic information for device. Since the implementation of service still relies on special device,specifying the device information could assist service retrieval within a givenhome environment. On the other hand in the home environment, a contextreference list is employed to record the device information provided by theenvironment. By comparing the information recorded on the context reference listwith the instance of device ontology, appropriate services could be downloadedfor personalized home environment.
(5) This paper proposes function decomposition tree to assist service developersanalyzing the functions of composite service. Then a temporal functiondecomposition tree, which is an expanded function decomposition tree, is given topresent the construction and sequence within the functions of composite service.Finally we translate the temporal function decomposition tree into OWL-S Modelin order to facilitate agents parsing. The atomic processes in the model areannoated with domain ontologies from ontological model in order to composeservices semantically.
In this paper, a scenario of audible alarm of gas detective is given to present thearchitecture for service registry, retrieval, invocation and composition based on theontological model. Finally a prototype system is developed to illuminate theeffectiveness of our approach.
SOA架构使用平台无关的XML语言为Web Service提供了一系列规范，通过对服务的规范描述，Agent能够“知道”服务的访问方式，从而实现跨平台服务的调用和组合。因此使用SOA架构中的规范对家庭服务进行描述，可以统一家庭服务的访问方式，实现不同标准家庭服务间的通信。然而基于SOA架构的服务系统使用关键词语法匹配检索服务，缺乏对服务语义的支持，所以无法解决检索过程中所碰到的一词多义和多词一义问题。
研究者基于本体语言OWL为Web Service的语义标注提供了一个上层本体OWL-S，该本体同特定的领域本体相结合可以为不同领域的服务提供语义。然而当前文献为数字家庭所构建的领域本体存在以下三个问题：首先，这些文献只是简单地给出服务语义的分类体系，但概念的体系化缺少一个统一的视点；其次，服务语义的分类方法也不尽如人意；再次，忽略了服务操作的内容和服务运行所依赖设备的语义问题，没有为内容和设备提供相应的本体描述。
针对以上三个问题，本文对数字家庭服务进行了研究，主要包括以下五方面内容。
(1)提出数字家庭领域上层本体——家庭服务本体。在家庭服务本体中对领域中的需求、功能、服务等重要概念进行定义并形式化地说明概念之间的关系，为家庭领域中问题的研究提供统一的视点，明确家庭服务的语义。然后通过对家庭服务本体中概念的细化，提出数字家庭服务本体模型。最后使用本体模型中的三个领域本体：功能概念本体、内容本体和设备本体对OWL-S本体进行扩展，提出OWL-HS本体，从三个侧面对家庭服务的语义进行描述。
(2)通过家庭服务本体对概念关系的分析，提出使用功能作为服务的语义，并构建功能概念本体作为服务语义的分类标准，明确服务的语义，以实现基于语义的服务搜索。本文以需求的满足过程为指导，将功能分为五大类，通过对功能实现方式的分析细化五大类功能概念，构建功能概念本体对家庭服务的语义进行标注。
(3)提出内容本体为家庭服务所操作的内容提供语义信息。本文通过对服务操作内容的分析构建内容本体，以实现基于语义的服务过滤，对功能相同操作内容不同的服务进行区分，优化服务的检索结果。
(4)提出设备本体为家庭服务运行所依赖的设备提供语义信息。为使所检索到的服务能够下载到设备并有效的执行，本文构建设备本体对家庭服务所依赖的设备进行描述。在家庭环境中，家用网关使用环境对照表记录家庭环境中的设备信息。通过环境对照表与设备本体的语义匹配，为个性化家庭环境下载执行合适的服务。
(5)提出功能分解树对复合服务的功能进行逐级分解，以辅助服务组合者找出复合服务所需的相关功能。然后在此基础上扩展功能分解树，提出时序功能分解树对复合服务的控制逻辑和时序进行描述。最后将时序功能分解树转化为OWL-S Model模型，并使用本体模型中的领域本体描述复合服务中原子服务的语义，实现基于语义的服务组合。
本文以煤气安防应用场景为例，描述了基于本体的服务注册、选择、调用和组合过程。最后为基于本体的数字家庭服务开发了一个原型系统，以验证所提模型的可行性。
The smart home service refers to the service that can be implemented on thehousehold appliances. By integrating the services provided by different appliances, itcould assist advancing the intelligence of smart home, and could facilitate appliancesmanaging remotely by employing controller or other devices which could accessInternet. However the standards adopted by the appliance manufacturers are suchdifferent in technical layer. As lacking a uniform standard, the services which aredeveloped with different standards could hardly communicate with each othereffectively.
SOA is a well adopted architecture for Web Service organization. It provides aseries of standards for service description and communication. All the SOA standardsare platform-independent and Extensible Markup Language (XML)-basedspecifications. With the assistant of SOA, software agents could know how to accessthe services which are described by such standards, and could invoke and composethe services with instruction of such standards as well. Therefore labeling the homeservices with the standards provided by SOA could uniform the access interface of theservices, and as a result the services developed with different protocol couldcommunicate with each other conveniently. However the standards of SOA areexpressed by XML which does not provide the concepts like class and property,therefore the standards lack enough well-understood formal semantics for agentsinterpretation. So, actually, the service discovery, selection and invocation are basedon keywords matching. Similar to other web sources retrieving, the keyword-basedservice searching approach has several drawbacks, including problems with synonyms(semantically similar but syntactically different services) and homonyms(syntactically equivalent but semantically different services).
OWL-S is an OWL-based ontology that provides a semantic markup languagefor specifying Web Services in an unambiguous and computer-interpretable form. In conjunction with domain ontologies for smart home field, it could provide standardmeans of specifying declaratively descriptions for home services that enable selectionand invocation automatically. However, the domain ontologies proposed in literatureare not sufficient. There still three problems at least exist in the ontologies proposed inliterature. First of all the classification of services lacks a fixed viewpoint, i.e. theyfail to form an upper ontology to describe the relations among concepts formally.Secondly the classification of semantic of services has some deficiencies as well.Thirdly the content which is consumed or produced by service and device which hostsservice play important roles in smart home, unfortunately, these concepts are absent inthese ontologies.
In order to solve the above problems, this paper focuses on the following fivetopics for home services.
(1) This paper presents domain upper ontology named home service ontology forsmart home. The ontology explicates our viewpoint and formally definesservice-related concepts from the unified viewpoint. With such viewpoint theservices in our paper would have fixed meanings which are independent withcontexts. Then, by refining the concepts in home service ontology, an ontologicalmodel for home service is given to annotate the semantics from different facets.
(2) By analyzing the relations among the concepts of home service ontology, thispaper defines the function as the semantic of service, and constructs functionconcept ontology for service classification. In the function concept ontology,firstly the concepts of function are divided into five categories by analyzing thesatisfaction process of need. Then the concept of function in specific category isclassified into sub-concepts based on the realization ways.
(3) This paper proposes content ontology to annotate the semantic of content that theservice operates. The concepts in the content ontology are extracted by analyzingthe effect of content in information expression. With the content ontology, wecould filter the service semantically and also could differentiate the services withsame functions to optimize service searching
(4) This paper presents device ontology to provide the semantic information for device. Since the implementation of service still relies on special device,specifying the device information could assist service retrieval within a givenhome environment. On the other hand in the home environment, a contextreference list is employed to record the device information provided by theenvironment. By comparing the information recorded on the context reference listwith the instance of device ontology, appropriate services could be downloadedfor personalized home environment.
(5) This paper proposes function decomposition tree to assist service developersanalyzing the functions of composite service. Then a temporal functiondecomposition tree, which is an expanded function decomposition tree, is given topresent the construction and sequence within the functions of composite service.Finally we translate the temporal function decomposition tree into OWL-S Modelin order to facilitate agents parsing. The atomic processes in the model areannoated with domain ontologies from ontological model in order to composeservices semantically.
In this paper, a scenario of audible alarm of gas detective is given to present thearchitecture for service registry, retrieval, invocation and composition based on theontological model. Finally a prototype system is developed to illuminate theeffectiveness of our approach.
引文
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