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郭建中翻译思想与实践研究
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摘要
郭建中教授,中国当代资深翻译家,浙江大学资深教授。曾担任美国华盛顿州立大学副研究员,美国伊利诺斯大学芝加哥校区研究员,中国翻译协会翻译理论与翻译教学委员会副主任,浙江省翻译协会会长,浙江省外国文学委员会副主任。现任浙江省翻译协会名誉会长、杭州市翻译协会顾问。
     郭先生在翻译理论、翻译实践及翻译教学等诸多领域取得了令人瞩目的成就,他兼译、教、研于一身,坚持用辩证唯物主义的观点研究翻译理论,对翻译理论上一直争论的问题都有自己的一些独到的见解,而且将其运用到自身的翻译实践中。他撰写了《翻译中的文化因素:归化与异化》、《论解构主义翻译思想》、《汉英/英汉翻译:理念与方法》、《汉译英的翻译单位问题》等一系列有影响性的文章,他的翻译思想引起了我国翻译理论界的关注。
     在过去的三十多年中,郭先生著作丰硕,他翻译的一些名家作品受到广泛的好评。已经公开发表了翻译研究论文和专著100多万字,有《当代美国翻译理论》、《科普与科幻翻译:理论、技巧与实践》等译学专著。专著《当代美国翻译理论》是我国出版的第一部系统、全面介绍美国翻译理论研究成果的著作,尤其是介绍了旅美华人学者的翻译研究成果,填补了当时国内翻译研究的空白。专著《科普与科幻翻译:理论、技巧与实践》是我国第一部研究科普与科幻小说的专著,标志着我国系统研究科普与科幻翻译的崛起,填补了我国(科学)翻译研究的空白。
     郭先生的主要文学译著有:英国文学名著《鲁滨孙飘流记》、《摩尔.弗兰德斯》,美国文学名著《杀鹿人》(合译)和《铁草》(合译)及当代外国文学名著包括诺贝尔文学奖得主索尔.贝娄和辛格等作家的作品数十篇;翻译、编著了800多万字的科幻作品并主编“外国科幻小说译丛”50余册和电影剧本等各类文体材料,其中,他与美国科幻作家协会前任主席詹姆斯.冈恩联袂主编并译成中文的《科幻之路》(六大卷,300余万字),被誉为“科幻宝典”,在我国科幻小说家、科幻研究者以及青少年中间有广泛影响。因其在译介国外科幻小说方面的成就,1991年,他获得了世界科幻小说翻译界的最高奖——恰佩克(Carel Capek)翻译奖,这一奖项我国至今无第二人问鼎;1997年,他又获北京国际科幻大会科幻小说翻译奖——“金桥奖”。他在译学的家园中留下了一道道灿烂的彩虹,被享誉中外的著名翻译家叶子南先生称为当代“优秀的翻译研究者”和“科幻小说翻译家”,《中国科技翻译》副主编李亚舒先生誉他为“中国译坛上的一面旗帜”。他的名字已被编入《中国翻译家辞典》、《当代中青年社会科学家辞典》、《中国翻译辞典》和《中国译学大辞典》等有关译学和社会科学的工具书中。
     然而,郭先生对我国翻译事业的贡献却曾被忽视,较少有人对他的翻译成果进行研究,特别是对他的翻译思想和翻译实践进行系统、全面地论述。本文作者通过与被研究者面对面的交流,在广泛收集有关郭先生翻译活动的文献资料和深入学习郭先生关于翻译方面论述的基础上,从文化交际出发,以和合翻译理论为视角,旨在对郭先生的翻译理论和翻译实践做一个全面的、系统的梳理和描述,探究郭先生独特思考方式及其发散型的译论研究和丰富的翻译实践,进一步理解和思索翻译理论,以便对中国传统译论和西方译论进行反思,探究先生的和合翻译思想,进而发掘先生翻译思想及其翻译实践对于我国翻译研究和文学翻译、科幻小说翻译实践的启迪和指导作用,以此推动浙江省乃至我国翻译理论和翻译实践的繁荣与发展,为构建适合我国国情和汉语语言文化特点的中国翻译理论体系提出点滴有意义的建议。全文共分为五章。
     第一章为绪论。简单介绍郭建中教授及其对译学的贡献,阐明本文的研究背景、研究目的和意义及其研究方法、研究范围和论文结构框架。
     第二章和合学与和合翻译理论。本章首先追溯了和合的语义演变与和合的文化理路;其次,论述了和合学与翻译的关系;再次,探究了和合翻译的东西方文化底蕴,并阐释了和合翻译的溯源、内涵,其内涵包含和合翻译本体观、和合翻译认识观、和合翻译审美观、和合翻译文化观及和合翻译伦理观五个方面。
     第三章介绍郭建中教授和合翻译思想。郭先生的学术信念是“既要重视实践,也要重视理论”。本章首先概述了郭先生的和合翻译思想,接着探究了郭先生翻译思想在和合视域中的映射。即:郭先生对“翻译对等标准、翻译单位划分、可译性与不可译性、直译与意译和归化与异化”等诸多问题的真知灼见,贯穿其间的是他对翻译研究和中西译论的辩证唯物主义的观点。本章还论述了郭先生和合翻译实践中表现出的“和合翻译审美原则、和合翻译文化原则和和合翻译伦理原则”等翻译行为原则。
     第四章介绍郭建中教授和合翻译实践。在翻译实践中,郭先生认为,在忠实原文的前提下,译文语言应该通顺流畅。他坚持翻译应该在“信”的基础上做到“顺”,实现“信”与“顺”的有机统一。本文采用描写、分析和比较的方法,选取郭先生翻译的笛福经典小说译本进行文本分析。首先,文章从“话语通俗性及其转换”和“叙述真实性及其转换”两个方面探究笛福经典小说的写作特点及郭译本的翻译策略;接着,探究科幻小说翻译“文学性、通俗性和科学性”三标准,分析了郭先生科幻小说译本中体现出的翻译策略,并对先生翻译实践中体现出的和合特点进行比较详细的分析论证。
     第五章是论文的结论。介绍了本论文的研究结果、研究局限与发展空间。本章首先总结了郭先生在翻译理论、经典小说翻译和科幻小说翻译中的研究成果,接着翔实地阐释了他在翻译理论研究中提出的独到见解,最后总结了本研究的主要观点和发现。
     本研究在研究方法和研究内容方面存在一定的可拓展空间。研究内容有待完善,研究方法有待探索,语料与实践研究的深广度还有待进一步加强。利用语料库进行实证性研究将为文学作品的分析提供更充分的论证。
Professor GuoJianzhong is not only a prominent professor of ZhejiangUniversity, but also a notable translator in contemporary China. He was an associateresearcher at Washington State University, a researcher at the University of Illinois atChicago, Deputy Director of Translation Theory and Teaching Committee of theTranslators Association of China, President of the Translators Association of Zhejiang,and Deputy Director of Foreign Literature Committee of the Writers’ Association ofZhejiang. Now he holds the post as Honorary President of the Translators Associationof Zhejiang and Consultant of the Translators Association of Hangzhou.
     Mr. GuoJianzhong has earned his status for his noticeable achievements in thefields of translation theory, translation practice and translation teaching. Integratingtranslation practice, teaching and research into one, he has persisted in studyingtranslation theory from a dialectical materialist point of view and shows his ownunique insights on some debated issues and applies his ideas to his translation practiceand teaching. He has written a series of influential papers, such as Cultural Factors inTranslation: Alienation and Adaptation,On the Translation Concept ofDeconstruction, C-E/E-C Translation: Ideas and Methods, Translation Unit in C-ETranslation, etc. His translation thought receives assiduous attentions in thetranslation circle in our country.
     In the past thirty years, he has written plentiful works, some of which areproperly appreciated by his professions. So far, he has published his translation papersand monographs about one million words, among which are ContemporaryTranslation Theories in America, Translating Popular Science Writings and ScienceFiction: Theories, Techniques and Practice, and compiled a collection of essays ontranslation entitled Culture and Translation. His first book Contemporary TranslationTheoriesin America introduces and analyzes the translation research achievements inAmerica, in which the introduction of the research achievements made by the ChineseAmerican scholars filled the blanks in our translation studies. Translating PopularScience Writings and Science Fiction: Theories, Techniques and Practiceis the first scholarly work of its kind in our country, a beginning of the rise of our systematicresearch on the subject. It is regarded as a path-breaking work in our translationstudies.
     Mr.GuoJianzhong’s masterpieces in literary translation are Robinson Crusoe andMoll Flanders by Daniel Defoe, Deerslayerby James Cooper, Ironweed by WilliamKennedy as well as dozens of short stories by Isaac Singer and Saul Bellow. He hasalso compiled several series of translations of science fiction, amounting to more than50books in addition to translations of some screenplays and other kinds of books. TheRoad to Science Fiction (in six volumes), co-edited with James Gunn, formerPresident of the Science Fiction Writers’ Association of America, is regarded as thetreasure of science fictions and has had wide influences among the SF writers,researchers and readers in our country. Because of his outstanding achievements intranslating science fiction into Chinese, he has been awarded Karel Capek Prize forSF Translation in1991by the World Science Fiction Society, and until now he is stillthe only one in China who has won this honor. He also won the Golden Bridge Awardfor SF Translation at Beijing International Conference on Science Fiction in1997. Aseries of brilliant rainbow has been left in his translation studies and translationpractice. Hence he is regarded as “an excellent contemporary translation researcher”and “an outstanding translator of science fiction” by Ye Zinan, a famed translator.Mr. Li Yashu, former editor of Chinese Science and Technology Translators Journal,praised him as “a banner in the circles of Chinese translators and translationresearchers”. His name can be found in Chinese Translator Dictionary, Dictionary ofContemporary Middle-aged and Young Humanity Scientists of China, ChineseTranslation Dictionary and Dictionary of Translation Studies in China and otherrelevant translation and social science books.
     However, Mr. GuoJianzhong has received little attention for his remarkablecontributions to the cause of Chinese translation and translation studies. Few peoplein the circles of translators and researchers have made researches on his translationworks, and even fewer have made comprehensive and systematic studies on histranslation thoughts and practice. Based on an extensive collection of literature on Mr. GuoJianzhong’s translation activities and a systematic study of his ideas ontranslation, the present dissertation is intended to make a comprehensive andsystematic review of Mr. Guo’s translation ideas and practice in the perspective ofcultural communication and the Harmonious Translation Theory. The dissertation alsoexplores Mr. Guo’s unique ways of thinking and emanative translation studies and hisrich E-C and C-E translation works, and upon the reflection, rethinks the integrationof the traditional Chinese translation theory with the Western translation theory. Wewill also study Mr. Guo’s harmonious translation thought, and further discuss theincreasing impacts of Mr. Guo’s translation ideas and practice on today’s literarytranslation, so as to promote the development of translation studies and practice inChina, and particularly in Zhejiang. This author also makes some tentativesuggestions for constructing China's translation theory that adapts to China's situationand cultural characteristics of the Chinese language.
     The dissertation consists of five chapters.
     Chapter One Introduction
     This chapter gives a brief introduction to Mr. GuoJianzhong’s experiences intranslation and his contributions to translation studies, making clear the background,purpose, significance, research methods and the scope and the structure of the paper.
     Chapter Two Introduces the Theory of Harmony and the HarmoniousTranslation Theory
     This chapter first traces the semantic evolution and the cultural logic of thistheory, deals with the relation between the Theory of Harmony and translation;secondly, the paper explores the cultural heritages concerning the Theory of Harmonyin the East and the West; and thirdly, it interprets the origin of the HarmoniousTranslation and its five aspects contained in the harmonious translation theory,namely ontology, epistemology, aesthetics, cultural views and ethics of theharmonious translation.
     Chapter Three Studies Mr. GuoJianzhong’sHarmonious TranslationThought
     Mr. Guo’s speculative belief is that theory and practice are equally important.This chapter firstly discusses Mr. Guo’s harmonious translation thought. The paperexpounds such issues as his ideas on the integration of the traditional Chinesetranslation theory with the Western translation theory, on translation equivalence,translation unit in C-E translation, translatability\untranslatability, literal\freetranslation and domestication\alienation translation, etc. This chapter alsodiscusses Mr. Guo’s aesthetical, cultural and ethical principles of translation in hisharmonious translation practice.
     Chapter Four Studies Mr. GuoJianzhong’sTranslation of Classical Novelsand Science Fictions
     Mr. Guo thinks the language should be fluent in the premise of being faithful tothe original works in translation, and he insists that translation should realize thecomplete unity of faithfulness and smoothness. The paper makes an analysis ofDefoe’s classical novels in their descriptive, analytic and comparative methods.Firstly, the paper studies Mr. Guo's translation strategy in his translation of Defoe’sclassical novel in the two perspectives of the use of colloquial language and therealistic narration, and then we deal with the three criteria of literariness, popularityand scientificity in the translation of science fictions and make an exhaustive analysisand argumentation of Mr. Guo’s harmonious characteristics shown in his translation.
     Chapter Five Conclusion
     This dissertation introduces the research results, its limitations and the expansionfor further studies.
     This chapter firstly summarizes Mr. Guo’s achievements in the translationstudies, the translation of classical novels and science fictions, and then we make aninformative interpretation of his original views, summarize the main viewpoints andthe findings and finally, the author points out the limitations of this research projectand offers expansion for further research.
     The author thinks that the research methods may be improved upon and thescope for the studies expanded, and that the present paper still remains to be perfectedin its depth and width by supplying more first-hand materials in Mr. Guo’s translationpractice. The author of this paper thinks that using corpus for empirical research willprovide us with more ample argumentation in the analysis of the literary works.
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