萨克塞生态哲学思想探析
摘要
汉斯·萨克塞是德国著名生态哲学家。他的生态哲学思想主要探讨了人与自然、人与技术以及人与社会的问题,以及如何对待和解决这些问题,即人类要尊重自然、理解技术以及信任他人,从生态学的整体性思维出发,谋求与大自然的和谐统一。
本文对汉斯·萨克塞的生态哲学思想进行了较详尽的探索与分析。文中首先分析了萨克塞如何对自然、技术以及人与社会进行概念定义,并进一步对其观点作了一定的评价。其次探讨了萨克塞对人与自然、人与技术以及人与社会的关系问题的观点及看法,并结合当前学术界的其他相关理论对其观点进行了分析。最后,在理论探讨的基础上,本文讨论了萨克塞所提出的解决上述问题的出路,同时结合当前社会现状、学术界的相关理论以及笔者自己的看法,对萨克塞的论点进行了评析。
Hans Sachsse is a famous ecology philosopher, whose main viewpoint is centered on the book ecology philosophy. He analyses the concept of nature, technology and society detailed in the book, and discusses the relation ship between human being and the nature, human being and the technology and human being and the society, then discusses the problems among them and the way of solving the problems.
Hans Sachsse’s ecology philosophy has certain representativeness, and has certain effect in home and abroad. By researching his thoughts, we can to whose thought can know the relation ship of human being and the nature better , then develop the unification between human being and the nature better.
Ⅰ, concept analysis of the nature, technology and human being Sachsse has carried out the historical period of the nature, and has suggested that we cannot regard the nature as one thing without change, but should understand the nature for a process. The Analysis natural concept has specially appointed history significance in every historical period, which this significance is consistent with people’s ability of knowing and transforming nature. By researching Hans Sachsse’s thought, we can understand the nature more deeply.
Sachsse is a technology anthropologist; he regards the technology as the constitution of the developing of nature, thinks that the technology is the movement and extending of people's natural organ. From Sachsse's point of view, the technology connects human being and the nature, human being and society. Human being knows and transforms the nature toward the technology, and the development of technology has promoted society's formation and development.
The demand of technology to specialization and laborer division of work makes the formation of the mutually complementary group, and the society who has taken form ultimately. The individual is an animal of society, individual and society is the intense complementation antagonistic relations. But together with the development of technology, people are more and more apart with each other.
Ⅱ, the relation of the nature, the, technology and human being Sachsse thinks that human being and the nature are to get in touch with each other, and to affect each other. Human being can reform Nature on one hand; on the other hand they must abide by the law of nature. People can not control nature unlimited. Because human being not only have practicality but also have the natural ability. Human being is natural outcome, needs to accept the natural law. Human being must abide by a law of nature when exercising his activity.
Human being and Nature are the unified world; the purpose of eco-philosophy is to seek the uniting of human being and the nature.
Sachsse thinks that the technology both has brought about benefit for human being and, has brought about the negative effect. The technology has improved the function of natural organ of human being, has lightened human being's burden, and has made human being gain liberation. Technology has brought gigantic material wealth, has improved the living conditions of human being, has promoted human the formation of the society.
Meanwhile, the technology has also produced many inactive effects. Includes the technology criticism, result criticism and romantic criticism. Technology has brought about human being position inequality, has promoted the formation of hierarchical system and governing system. Technology's development has initiated a lot of environment problem. Raw material shortage, environmental pollution, sharp subtraction of forest cover area as well as the whole world air temperature rises, these all are connected with technology.
On person and society's relation, Sachsse thinks that person and society supplement mutually, counters against mutually. In the process of development of society, it has also produced a lot of problem between individual and society. In modern society, people are distrusting commonly, there is no way to form the fine harmonious social environment. Indifferent between human relations, people will be very difficult to understand each other. These all are abnormal but, are harmful for human being to live. Live only when in the harmonious society who works in unity and close cooperation, people will feel happy.
Development of technology has shortened on-time, workers have owned self off-hour, but when people faces this time they do not make use of it, but send it away. We ought to make use of these to develop oneself during the past time.
Ⅲ, the harmonious development of the natured, technology and human being
Sachsse regards that if we want to develop the harmony of the nature and human being, we must respect the nature first. The nature has its dependent value, and this value naturally is inherent value, it will not change by human being’s consciousness. Human being ought to respect the right of nature, that existing in the natural world, looks upon protection as our responsibility.
Sachsse thinks that people has a lot of mistake views on treating the technology, think that technology has produced bad consequence indeed. But we can not criticize the technology blindly; we ought to rethink human being profoundly. Human being is the creator and user of technology, while the technology application brings about disaster consequence; human should not blame the technology, but ought to undertake responsibility bravely.
Human being ought to understand the technology, can not impute all faults to technology. The technology has brought about a lot of problem in the process of usage indeed; human being should solve the problem active. But, the key of solving the problem is not canceling the technology, but developing and using a technology rationally. To the restraint that technology should accord with law of nature, must accord with entire ecological environment harmonious development at the same time also.
People should also get along well with other person. There are a lot of contradiction and problem in our modern society. People are distrusting to others, being indifferent to others, and having formal an indifferent society. We can not be happy in such society. So we must care for others and understand others, then build a harmonious society.
Besides, everyone all ought to pay attention to promoting ego. Development of society makes the off-hour that people owns more and more many , we ought to do some of meaningful things within these time, such as participating in volunteer exercising , protecting the animal and plant activity, participating the Project Hope activity and so on. Make use of off-hour to develop oneself, stretching one’s knowledge field, probing the mystery of the universe, rethinking the living basis of human being. Then, our life will become especially happy and meaningful.
In short, the researching of Hans Sachsse’s philosophy is very significant. By the exploring of his thought, we can understand the relation ship of human being and the nature much better, knows human being's living environment, resolves ecocrisis confronted with by human being, and realizes harmonious development between man and nature.
本文对汉斯·萨克塞的生态哲学思想进行了较详尽的探索与分析。文中首先分析了萨克塞如何对自然、技术以及人与社会进行概念定义,并进一步对其观点作了一定的评价。其次探讨了萨克塞对人与自然、人与技术以及人与社会的关系问题的观点及看法,并结合当前学术界的其他相关理论对其观点进行了分析。最后,在理论探讨的基础上,本文讨论了萨克塞所提出的解决上述问题的出路,同时结合当前社会现状、学术界的相关理论以及笔者自己的看法,对萨克塞的论点进行了评析。
Hans Sachsse is a famous ecology philosopher, whose main viewpoint is centered on the book ecology philosophy. He analyses the concept of nature, technology and society detailed in the book, and discusses the relation ship between human being and the nature, human being and the technology and human being and the society, then discusses the problems among them and the way of solving the problems.
Hans Sachsse’s ecology philosophy has certain representativeness, and has certain effect in home and abroad. By researching his thoughts, we can to whose thought can know the relation ship of human being and the nature better , then develop the unification between human being and the nature better.
Ⅰ, concept analysis of the nature, technology and human being Sachsse has carried out the historical period of the nature, and has suggested that we cannot regard the nature as one thing without change, but should understand the nature for a process. The Analysis natural concept has specially appointed history significance in every historical period, which this significance is consistent with people’s ability of knowing and transforming nature. By researching Hans Sachsse’s thought, we can understand the nature more deeply.
Sachsse is a technology anthropologist; he regards the technology as the constitution of the developing of nature, thinks that the technology is the movement and extending of people's natural organ. From Sachsse's point of view, the technology connects human being and the nature, human being and society. Human being knows and transforms the nature toward the technology, and the development of technology has promoted society's formation and development.
The demand of technology to specialization and laborer division of work makes the formation of the mutually complementary group, and the society who has taken form ultimately. The individual is an animal of society, individual and society is the intense complementation antagonistic relations. But together with the development of technology, people are more and more apart with each other.
Ⅱ, the relation of the nature, the, technology and human being Sachsse thinks that human being and the nature are to get in touch with each other, and to affect each other. Human being can reform Nature on one hand; on the other hand they must abide by the law of nature. People can not control nature unlimited. Because human being not only have practicality but also have the natural ability. Human being is natural outcome, needs to accept the natural law. Human being must abide by a law of nature when exercising his activity.
Human being and Nature are the unified world; the purpose of eco-philosophy is to seek the uniting of human being and the nature.
Sachsse thinks that the technology both has brought about benefit for human being and, has brought about the negative effect. The technology has improved the function of natural organ of human being, has lightened human being's burden, and has made human being gain liberation. Technology has brought gigantic material wealth, has improved the living conditions of human being, has promoted human the formation of the society.
Meanwhile, the technology has also produced many inactive effects. Includes the technology criticism, result criticism and romantic criticism. Technology has brought about human being position inequality, has promoted the formation of hierarchical system and governing system. Technology's development has initiated a lot of environment problem. Raw material shortage, environmental pollution, sharp subtraction of forest cover area as well as the whole world air temperature rises, these all are connected with technology.
On person and society's relation, Sachsse thinks that person and society supplement mutually, counters against mutually. In the process of development of society, it has also produced a lot of problem between individual and society. In modern society, people are distrusting commonly, there is no way to form the fine harmonious social environment. Indifferent between human relations, people will be very difficult to understand each other. These all are abnormal but, are harmful for human being to live. Live only when in the harmonious society who works in unity and close cooperation, people will feel happy.
Development of technology has shortened on-time, workers have owned self off-hour, but when people faces this time they do not make use of it, but send it away. We ought to make use of these to develop oneself during the past time.
Ⅲ, the harmonious development of the natured, technology and human being
Sachsse regards that if we want to develop the harmony of the nature and human being, we must respect the nature first. The nature has its dependent value, and this value naturally is inherent value, it will not change by human being’s consciousness. Human being ought to respect the right of nature, that existing in the natural world, looks upon protection as our responsibility.
Sachsse thinks that people has a lot of mistake views on treating the technology, think that technology has produced bad consequence indeed. But we can not criticize the technology blindly; we ought to rethink human being profoundly. Human being is the creator and user of technology, while the technology application brings about disaster consequence; human should not blame the technology, but ought to undertake responsibility bravely.
Human being ought to understand the technology, can not impute all faults to technology. The technology has brought about a lot of problem in the process of usage indeed; human being should solve the problem active. But, the key of solving the problem is not canceling the technology, but developing and using a technology rationally. To the restraint that technology should accord with law of nature, must accord with entire ecological environment harmonious development at the same time also.
People should also get along well with other person. There are a lot of contradiction and problem in our modern society. People are distrusting to others, being indifferent to others, and having formal an indifferent society. We can not be happy in such society. So we must care for others and understand others, then build a harmonious society.
Besides, everyone all ought to pay attention to promoting ego. Development of society makes the off-hour that people owns more and more many , we ought to do some of meaningful things within these time, such as participating in volunteer exercising , protecting the animal and plant activity, participating the Project Hope activity and so on. Make use of off-hour to develop oneself, stretching one’s knowledge field, probing the mystery of the universe, rethinking the living basis of human being. Then, our life will become especially happy and meaningful.
In short, the researching of Hans Sachsse’s philosophy is very significant. By the exploring of his thought, we can understand the relation ship of human being and the nature much better, knows human being's living environment, resolves ecocrisis confronted with by human being, and realizes harmonious development between man and nature.
引文
[1]卡洛琳·麦茜特,自然之死[M],长春,吉林人民出版社,1999,110
[2][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,前言 4
[3][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,33
[4][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,33
[5][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,34
[6][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,123
[7][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,28
[8][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,28
[9]余谋昌、王耀先,环境伦理学,北京,高等教育出版社,2004,12
[10][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,194
[11][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,51
[12][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,59
[13]余谋昌,自然价值论[M],西安,陕西人民出版社,2000,146
[14]恩格斯,自然辩证法[M],北京,人民出版社,1984,304
[15][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,36
1、[德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],东方出版社,1991
2、卡洛琳·麦茜特,自然之死[M],吉林人民出版社,1999
3、余谋昌、王耀先,环境伦理学,高等教育出版社,2004
4、余谋昌,自然价值论[M],陕西人民出版社,2000
5、恩格斯,自然辩证法[M],人民出版社,1984
6、[美]巴里·康芒纳,封闭的循环,吉林人民出版社,1997
7、[美]雷切尔·卡逊,寂静的春天,吉林人民出版社,1997
8、[美]丹尼斯·米都斯,增长的极限,吉林人民出版社,1997
9、[美]罗尔斯顿,环境伦理学,中国社会科学出版社,2000
10、曾建平,自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探索,中国社会科学出版社,2004
11、[美]戴斯·贾丁斯,环境伦理学,北京大学出版社,2002
12、林兵,环境伦理的人性基础,吉林人民出版社,2002
13、[美]奥尔多·利奥波德,沙乡年鉴,吉林人民出版社,1997
14、[美]L.H.牛顿、C.K.迪林汉姆,分水岭——环境伦理学的 10 个案例,清华大学出版社,2005
15、林德宏,科技哲学十五讲,北京大学出版社,2004
16、H.Rolston,Environmental Ethics,Philadelphia[M],1988
17、Joseph R Des jardins,Environmental Ethics,An Introduction to Environmental philosophy[M],wadsworth,Toronto,2001
18、Aldo Leopld,A Sand Country Almanac,New York,1999
19、李培超,自然的伦理尊严,江西人民出版社,2001
20、唐代兴,生态理性哲学导论,北京大学出版社,2005
21、高亮华,人文主义视眼中的技术,中国社会科学出版社,1996
22、[美]罗尔斯顿,哲学走向荒野,吉林人民出版社,2000
23、[美]亨利·梭罗,瓦尔登湖,吉林人民出版社,1997
24、[美]芭芭拉·沃德、勒内·杜博斯,只有一个地球,吉林人民出版社,1997
25、陈敏豪,生态:文化与文明前景[M],武汉出版社,1995
26、余正荣,生态智慧论,中国社会科学出版社,1996
27、余谋昌,生态哲学,陕西人民教育出版社,2000
28、王进,我们只有一个地球,中国青年出版社,1999
29、雷毅,深层生态学研究,清华大学出版社,2001
27、李德芝、郭剑波,生态理性的思维模式,科学技术与辩证法,2005年第 8 期
28、张成岗,技术的生态学批判,淮阴师范学院学报,2002 年第 2 期
29、孙道进,荒野自然观:人学空场的费尔巴哈自然观,科学技术与辩证法,2005 年第 8 期
30、李刚,传统“中心论”向当代“和谐共生论”的复归,科学技术与辩证法,2005 年第 10 期
31、李世闻、谢先江,反思与超越:生态文明建设的观念基础,科学技术与辩证法,2005 年第 10 期
32、武高寿,敬畏自然与有所作为的辩证法,科学技术与辩证法,2005年第 10 期
33、吴先武,从“自然”到“环境”——人与自然关系的反思,自然辩证法研究,2006 年第 9 期
34、曹孟勤,人是与自然界的本质统一——质疑“人是自然的一部分”和“自然是人的一部分”,自然辩证法研究,2006 年第 9 期
35、于光远、马惠娣,关于“闲暇”与“休闲”两个概念的对话录,自然辩证法研究,2006 年第 9 期
36、张健,关于闲暇教育若干问题的思考,自然辩证法研究,2006 年第 9期
37、刘方喜,讨论“自由时间”的双重内涵及两种价值趋向,自然辩证法研究,2006 年第 9 期
38、吴文新,科学发展观视域中的休闲发展,自然辩证法研究,2006 年第 9 期
39、余谋昌,生态哲学与可持续发展,自然辩证法研究,1999 年第 2 期
40、叶平,“人类中心主义”的生态伦理,哲学研究,1995 年第 1 期
[2][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,前言 4
[3][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,33
[4][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,33
[5][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,34
[6][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,123
[7][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,28
[8][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,28
[9]余谋昌、王耀先,环境伦理学,北京,高等教育出版社,2004,12
[10][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,194
[11][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,51
[12][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,59
[13]余谋昌,自然价值论[M],西安,陕西人民出版社,2000,146
[14]恩格斯,自然辩证法[M],北京,人民出版社,1984,304
[15][德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],北京,东方出版社,1991,36
1、[德]汉斯·萨克塞,生态哲学[M],东方出版社,1991
2、卡洛琳·麦茜特,自然之死[M],吉林人民出版社,1999
3、余谋昌、王耀先,环境伦理学,高等教育出版社,2004
4、余谋昌,自然价值论[M],陕西人民出版社,2000
5、恩格斯,自然辩证法[M],人民出版社,1984
6、[美]巴里·康芒纳,封闭的循环,吉林人民出版社,1997
7、[美]雷切尔·卡逊,寂静的春天,吉林人民出版社,1997
8、[美]丹尼斯·米都斯,增长的极限,吉林人民出版社,1997
9、[美]罗尔斯顿,环境伦理学,中国社会科学出版社,2000
10、曾建平,自然之思:西方生态伦理思想探索,中国社会科学出版社,2004
11、[美]戴斯·贾丁斯,环境伦理学,北京大学出版社,2002
12、林兵,环境伦理的人性基础,吉林人民出版社,2002
13、[美]奥尔多·利奥波德,沙乡年鉴,吉林人民出版社,1997
14、[美]L.H.牛顿、C.K.迪林汉姆,分水岭——环境伦理学的 10 个案例,清华大学出版社,2005
15、林德宏,科技哲学十五讲,北京大学出版社,2004
16、H.Rolston,Environmental Ethics,Philadelphia[M],1988
17、Joseph R Des jardins,Environmental Ethics,An Introduction to Environmental philosophy[M],wadsworth,Toronto,2001
18、Aldo Leopld,A Sand Country Almanac,New York,1999
19、李培超,自然的伦理尊严,江西人民出版社,2001
20、唐代兴,生态理性哲学导论,北京大学出版社,2005
21、高亮华,人文主义视眼中的技术,中国社会科学出版社,1996
22、[美]罗尔斯顿,哲学走向荒野,吉林人民出版社,2000
23、[美]亨利·梭罗,瓦尔登湖,吉林人民出版社,1997
24、[美]芭芭拉·沃德、勒内·杜博斯,只有一个地球,吉林人民出版社,1997
25、陈敏豪,生态:文化与文明前景[M],武汉出版社,1995
26、余正荣,生态智慧论,中国社会科学出版社,1996
27、余谋昌,生态哲学,陕西人民教育出版社,2000
28、王进,我们只有一个地球,中国青年出版社,1999
29、雷毅,深层生态学研究,清华大学出版社,2001
27、李德芝、郭剑波,生态理性的思维模式,科学技术与辩证法,2005年第 8 期
28、张成岗,技术的生态学批判,淮阴师范学院学报,2002 年第 2 期
29、孙道进,荒野自然观:人学空场的费尔巴哈自然观,科学技术与辩证法,2005 年第 8 期
30、李刚,传统“中心论”向当代“和谐共生论”的复归,科学技术与辩证法,2005 年第 10 期
31、李世闻、谢先江,反思与超越:生态文明建设的观念基础,科学技术与辩证法,2005 年第 10 期
32、武高寿,敬畏自然与有所作为的辩证法,科学技术与辩证法,2005年第 10 期
33、吴先武,从“自然”到“环境”——人与自然关系的反思,自然辩证法研究,2006 年第 9 期
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