某高含硫气田SO_2排放对区域农作物的影响研究
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摘要
天然气作为一种优质、高效的清洁能源和化工原料,在能源消费结构中的比例日益增长。为满足国内日益增长的天然气需求,我国陆续勘探开发了一些高含硫气田,但高含硫气田开发后外排的SO2将不可避免地会对区域农作物造成影响。论文以我国西南地区某高含硫气田为例,通过对区域主要农作物的实地采样监测,采用单因素方差分析、独立样本非参数检验和配对样本T检验分析评价了该气田运营期外排SO2对区域农作物的影响。
通过对气田区域三种主要农作物的多次采样监测,运用Excel和SPSS软件对实验数据进行计算和统计分析,研究表明：
气田运营三年来,区域重要粮食作物水稻的产量未受气田外排SO2的影响而下降；气田外排SO2对区域油菜等抗性作物的生长具有促进作用,对区域水稻和玉米等中等敏感作物产生了一定程度的影响。
区域水稻和玉米叶片在气田运营后第1年和第2年受SO2的伤害最大,水稻和玉米籽粒品质在气田运营后第1年受SO2的影响最大,但在SO2的长期逆境胁迫下,区域水稻和玉米对SO2的抗性均有所增强,同时,随着各项工程生产的逐步稳定化,气田运营期外排SO2对区域农作物的不利影响正在减弱。
在距离源点(净化厂尾气烟囱几何中心)2500m的范围内,气田运营外排SO2对生长于常年主导风向(东北风)上风向和侧风向的农作物影响最大,而在距离源点2500-5000m的范围内,气田运营外排SO2对生长于常年主导风向下风向的农作物影响最大。
As a high quality, efficient clean energy and chemical raw material, the proportion of natural gas in the energy consumption structure has been growing in recent years. China has explored some high sour gas fields to meet the increasing demand for natural gas, but SO2discharged by high sour gas fields'development will inevitably have some impact on the regional crops. This thesis takes a high sour gas field in southwestern China as an example. With the sample collection and measurement, this thesis analyzed and evaluated the impact of SO2discharged by the high sour gas field development on the regional crops by using One-way ANOVA, Independent samples Nonparametric tests and Paired-sample T test.
Through the multiple sample collection and measurement of three main regional crops, this thesis uses Excel and SPSS to calculate and analyze the chemical data, the analyzing results indicate that:
Over the last three years since the high sour gas field operated, the yield of Rice which is a kind of important grain crops hadn't decrease with the influence of SO2discharged by the high sour gas field development. SO2had stimulated the growth of resistant crops such as Rapeseed, while it had suppressed that of medium-sensitive crops such as Rice and Maize.
The leaves of regional Rice and Maize had been influenced most during the first and second year in the operation, while the seeds of Rice and Maize had been affected largely over the first year. But the resistance of Rice and Maize had improved under the long-term suppression of SO2. With the gradually stable operation of each project, the adverse effect of SO2discharged by the high sour gas field development on the regional crops is declining.
To assume the exhausting chimney of the purification plant as the base point and within a distance of2500m,the exhausted SO2has the largest effect on the crops which are dominated by the upper and lateral wind directions (i.e.the northeast wind direction),while for the area between2500and5000m,the exhausted SO2poses the biggest influence on the crops which are dominated by lower wind direction.
通过对气田区域三种主要农作物的多次采样监测,运用Excel和SPSS软件对实验数据进行计算和统计分析,研究表明：
气田运营三年来,区域重要粮食作物水稻的产量未受气田外排SO2的影响而下降；气田外排SO2对区域油菜等抗性作物的生长具有促进作用,对区域水稻和玉米等中等敏感作物产生了一定程度的影响。
区域水稻和玉米叶片在气田运营后第1年和第2年受SO2的伤害最大,水稻和玉米籽粒品质在气田运营后第1年受SO2的影响最大,但在SO2的长期逆境胁迫下,区域水稻和玉米对SO2的抗性均有所增强,同时,随着各项工程生产的逐步稳定化,气田运营期外排SO2对区域农作物的不利影响正在减弱。
在距离源点(净化厂尾气烟囱几何中心)2500m的范围内,气田运营外排SO2对生长于常年主导风向(东北风)上风向和侧风向的农作物影响最大,而在距离源点2500-5000m的范围内,气田运营外排SO2对生长于常年主导风向下风向的农作物影响最大。
As a high quality, efficient clean energy and chemical raw material, the proportion of natural gas in the energy consumption structure has been growing in recent years. China has explored some high sour gas fields to meet the increasing demand for natural gas, but SO2discharged by high sour gas fields'development will inevitably have some impact on the regional crops. This thesis takes a high sour gas field in southwestern China as an example. With the sample collection and measurement, this thesis analyzed and evaluated the impact of SO2discharged by the high sour gas field development on the regional crops by using One-way ANOVA, Independent samples Nonparametric tests and Paired-sample T test.
Through the multiple sample collection and measurement of three main regional crops, this thesis uses Excel and SPSS to calculate and analyze the chemical data, the analyzing results indicate that:
Over the last three years since the high sour gas field operated, the yield of Rice which is a kind of important grain crops hadn't decrease with the influence of SO2discharged by the high sour gas field development. SO2had stimulated the growth of resistant crops such as Rapeseed, while it had suppressed that of medium-sensitive crops such as Rice and Maize.
The leaves of regional Rice and Maize had been influenced most during the first and second year in the operation, while the seeds of Rice and Maize had been affected largely over the first year. But the resistance of Rice and Maize had improved under the long-term suppression of SO2. With the gradually stable operation of each project, the adverse effect of SO2discharged by the high sour gas field development on the regional crops is declining.
To assume the exhausting chimney of the purification plant as the base point and within a distance of2500m,the exhausted SO2has the largest effect on the crops which are dominated by the upper and lateral wind directions (i.e.the northeast wind direction),while for the area between2500and5000m,the exhausted SO2poses the biggest influence on the crops which are dominated by lower wind direction.
引文
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[2]云箭,钟宁宁,王嘉麟,等.低碳背景下促进我国页岩气产业化的对策研究[J].西南石油大学学报(自然科学版),2012,34(1)：64.
[3]http://baike.baidu.com/view/44154.htm.
[4]刘荣坤.二氧化硫对植物伤害及其机理的探讨[J].辽宁大学学报(自然科学版),1982,S1：58.
[5]Jacobson J S, Hill A C. Recognition of air pollution injury to vegetation:a pictorial atlas[J]. Recognition of air pollution injury to vegetation:a pictorial atlas,1970.
[6]Mansfield T A Effects of Air Polluants on Plants [M]. CUP Archive,1976.
[7]Naegel J A. Air Pollution Damage to Vegetation[J]. Advances in Chemistry Series,1972,122.
[8]Hallgren J E. Physiological and biochemical effects of sulfur dioxide on plants[J]. Sulfur in the Environment,1978:163-209.
[9]Mudd J B, Kozlowski T T. Responses of Plants to Air Pollution[M]. Academic Press Inc.,1976.
[10]曹洪发,刘厚田,舒俭民,等.植物对SO2污染的反应[J].环境科学,1985,6(6)：59-66.
[11]Stoklasa J. Die beschadigungen der vegetation durch rauchgase und fabriksexhalationen[M]. Berlin: Urban & Schwarzenberg,1923.
[12]Hill Jr G R, Thomas M D. Influence of leaf destruction by sulphur dioxide and by clipping on yield of alfalfa[J]. Plant Physiology,1933,8(2):223.
[13]Malhotra S S,and Khan A ABioel-iemical and physiological impact of major pollutants [J]. Air Pollution and Plant Life.1984:113-157.
[14]Holopainen T, Anttonen S, Wulff A, et al. Comparative evaluation of the effects of gaseous pollutants, acidic deposition and mineral deficiencies:structural changes in the cells of forest plants[J]. Agriculture, ecosystems & environment,1992,42(3):365-398.
[15]Varshney C K, Garg J K, Lauenroth W K, et al. Plant responses to sulfur dioxide pollution[J]. Critical Reviews in Environmental Science and Technology,1979,9(1):27-49.
[16]Borey, E二氧化硫与硫化物对植物的影响[M].李耶波,译.“植物生态学译丛”第二集,1969.
[17]Tamm C O. Acid precipitation:biological effects in soil and on forest vegetation[J]. Ambio,1976: 235-238.
[18]Keller T. The Effect of Long Duriation Low SO2 Concentrations upon Photosyntheis of Conifers, Proceedings[R],4th Internat.Clean Air Congress,1977.
[19]Taniyama, Testsuro. Studies on injurious effects of air pollutants on crop plants [D]. Reprinted from report of the environmental science of mie University, Japan.1979,4:71-83.
[20]Pfanz H, Martinoia E, Lange O L, et al. Flux of SO2 into leaf cells and cellular acidification by SO2[J]. Plant physiology,1987,85(4):928-933.
[21]Wolozin H, Landau E. Crop damage from sulfur dioxide[J]. Journal of Farm Economics,1966,48(2): 394-405.
[22]Amundson R G Yield reduction of soybean due to exposure to sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide in combination[J]. Journal of environmental quality,1983,12(4):454-459.
[23]Qiu Z, Chappelka A H, Somers G L, et al. Effects of ozone and simulated acidic precipitation on above-and below-ground growth of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda)[J]. Canadian Journal of Forest Research, 1992,22(4):582-587.
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