基于GIS的长沙市景观格局定量分析与优化研究
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摘要
快速城市化进程中剧烈的土地利用/覆盖变化造成土地资源的不合理利用,导致了空气污染蔓延、城市热岛效应加剧、水环境恶化、地面沉降加重和生物多样性丧失等生态环境问题,对高密度城市人群的生存环境和身体健康产生显著胁迫,直接影响了区域的生态安全状况和可持续发展,人类活动对地球系统变化的影响部分已超出自然营力,越来越不能忽视。城市景观生态学以其鲜明的理论特色和方法论优势,成为应对上述城市问题的依托性研究手段。城市景观生态学以其鲜明的理论特色和方法论优势,成为应对上述城市问题的依托性研究手段。城市景观格局研究是城市景观生态研究的重要方面,主要包括城市景观格局特征及其动态、城市景观格局研究方法以及城市景观结构优化和调控。城市地域的可持续发展必须以生态环境的可持续发展为前提和保障。城市生态系统的状态是由系统的结构和功能所决定的,系统的功能取决于系统的结构。要改善城市生态系统的状态,就必须从调整城市生态系统的结构入手。城市土地既是城市空间格局的地域要素,又是人类活动及其影响的载体,它的利用方式和格局成为调控城市生态系统结构的关键环节,同时决定了城市生态系统的状态和功能。城市生态合理性目标的实现取决于城市景观结构与格局能否实现优化。
本研究选择位居于湘江下游,居洞庭湖平原与湘东山地、湘中红壤丘陵结合处的长沙市作为研究对象,利用1∶250 000全国标准地形数据库和EDRAS遥感软件对TM影像进行几何纠正和人机交互式解译,得到1986和2000年的景观矢量图;然后,在ArcGIS地理信息系统软件支持下,采用GIS软件(ArcGIS9.2)的空间分析功能,对该景观图进行分析和统计,获取相应的空间信息,如斑块的数量、面积和形状等;将这些空间信息数据导入景观分析软件Fragstats3.3和Exce12003进行景观格局分析(景观形状指数、景观多样性指数等)和计算,同时,在斑块、类型和景观尺度上对景观格局的多样性进行测定,计算各种景观类型的斑块面积、斑块数和面积百分比。并对长沙市各景观斑块进行比较,依据景观生态学原理对结果进行分析,揭示其存在的景观生态问题,并初步分析了城市化水平对景观空间格局的影响;最后结合城市发展的一般规律和景观生态规划的方法,提出了长沙市市域范围内景观空间格局可持续发展对策与建议。研究结果表明:(1)从景观格局定量分析结果可知,分布面积占研究区总面积达46.8707%的有林地景观其连接性、完整性比其他景观类型好,是研究区的基质,但斑块和景观的空间形状较为复杂,表现出强烈的干扰特征。水田的斑块数量最多,受人为活动影响强烈。天然草地,改良草地,滩涂表现出萎缩特征。从各类用地的空间组合来看,除了城镇相对集中的城区等几个地方外,农村居民点多为耕地和林地景观所隔开,各城镇和农村居民点由道路或水系连接。如果将市域生态系统划分为城镇建设用地与非城镇建设用地两种。我们可以判断长沙市域景观的基本格局应为城镇建设“斑块”镶嵌于由自然和半自然景观构成的非城镇建设“基质”中,道路水系作为“廊道”连接之中。研究结果对长沙市景观生态规划有指导意义。(2)景观格局动态变化研究结果显示,由于人为过度砍伐,使得森林覆盖率下降,城镇居民地面积不断扩大。景观格局的多样性和破碎化程度逐步增加,景观的稳定性增强。通过运用马尔柯夫模型对长沙市景观格局未来演变趋势的预测可知,马尔柯夫模型可以应用于湘中红壤丘陵区景观格局的变化预测中。人为干扰,特别是城市化进程的快速发展和耕地的开垦是导致湘中红壤丘陵区景观演替的动力机制。在自然状态下,本区的生物气候水资源等自然条件将导致生态环境向良性方向发展,不会使景观格局发生巨大的变化。然而,当人类活动作用于环境时,将会改变原有的土地利用方式,从而影响到景观格局特征。影响景观格局变化的人类活动包括城市化、森林过度采伐,耕作和造林措施不合理等,其中城市化和耕作两种人类活动是造成景观格局变化的主要原因。(3)景观格局整体优化方法与生态敏感性及适宜性分析的综合运用,兼顾了景观单元“垂直”方向的匹配和“水平”方向的关联,在此基础之上对整体的空间格局进行生态调控,讨论了基于景观格局的长沙市的生态控制区、生态协调区和生态恢复区位置。提出了“一主、两次、四组团”的城市空间结构,疏散旧城区人口,适当控制主城区的发展规模,组团之间保持一定的生态隔离带,形成良好生态环境,从整体上保护山水城市的风貌,空间布局的优化方案。为城市地域的景观生态调控提供了较为可行的空间途径。为城市的景观生态规划提供支持。(4)生态景观的建设探讨了基于景观生态学方法和原理的景观建设措施。为长沙市的景观的可持续发展和生态基础设施建设提供了参考。
The process of urbanization brings to a series of city ecosystem problems such as crowding, traffic congestion, and worsening environment. As a widespread phenomenon, accelerated urbanization pose a great challenge to the sustainable development of the world. The protectiom and development of the ecological eviroment must be regarded as the main priority in sustainable development of urban areas.Principles of landscape ecology offer a theoretical framework for ecological regulation through the optimization of landscape pattern.Therefore, the quantitative analysis of landscape space pattern is vital to the city landscape planning and the management. Using GIS and a spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS, this paper attempts to quantificationally analyze and optimize the landscape patterns of Changsha City.
The scope of the research is limited to the landscape of Changsha City and the tools in the RS and GIS technology are the main platform in the data processing phase. With the help of GIS software, this article analyzed the aerial photos of Changsha City and the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imageries of Changsha City published in 2000. Based on the landscape ecology, the article divided the area into two-level systems: the first level consists of 6 landscape types, while the second level consists of 15 landscapes types. The article classifies the landscape into 15 types, namely, paddy field,dry land, woodland, shrub,open forest,immature plantation,natural grassland,grassland improvement,city and town,rural residential area land, river and ditch, reservoir and lake,coastal beach, mire and bare area.Applying the spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS of the raster version3.3, the author calculated a set of landscape indices that corresponds to the three scale 1evels of patch,class and landscape. The results showed that landscape pattern indices could be successfully used in characterizing the spatial pattern of the studied area,such as landscape fragmentation,dominance,diversity index,evenness index etc. The analysis of the samples shows that ,the woodland which has 46.8707% in the total urban areas is the matrix in ChangSha City.It has better connectivity and integrality than other landscape types. The paddy field is the most complex landscape types.And the areas of natural grassland,grassland improvement and coastal beach are limited. The author also discussed the interior spatial distribution of urban ecosystem by means of the optimization of landscape pattern. The results of the research will assist the author in designing the urban ecosystem of Changsha City.
The red soil hilly ecosystem in central Hunan Province is one of the typical weak ecosystems in China. In this study, Changsha City was selected for a case study. Supported by geographic information system (GIS) and remote sense (RS), this paper, integrated with landscape theory, studied the change of the landscape pattern in red soil hilly region. Through the analysis of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imageries of 1986 and 2000, it could be concluded that forest was the main landscape type, and the farmland was also an important component in red soil hilly area. Meanwhile, because of human activities (mainly including urbanization and farming), the degree of diversity and fragmentation of landscape pattern in red soil hilly area increased gradually, while the stability of landscape pattern was strengthened. The Markov model was utilized to simulate the trend of landscape pattern change. The comparison between simulated and observed values showed that the model could be used to simulate landscape pattern change of red soil hilly area. Judging from the forecast of the landscape pattern of Changsha City from 2005 to 2020, it could be concluded that the landscape area of residence would increase year by year with the enhancement of urbanization.
This case study also indicates that principles of landscape ecology could be applied to practice rationally with the integrated application of landscape ecological planning approaches.
本研究选择位居于湘江下游,居洞庭湖平原与湘东山地、湘中红壤丘陵结合处的长沙市作为研究对象,利用1∶250 000全国标准地形数据库和EDRAS遥感软件对TM影像进行几何纠正和人机交互式解译,得到1986和2000年的景观矢量图;然后,在ArcGIS地理信息系统软件支持下,采用GIS软件(ArcGIS9.2)的空间分析功能,对该景观图进行分析和统计,获取相应的空间信息,如斑块的数量、面积和形状等;将这些空间信息数据导入景观分析软件Fragstats3.3和Exce12003进行景观格局分析(景观形状指数、景观多样性指数等)和计算,同时,在斑块、类型和景观尺度上对景观格局的多样性进行测定,计算各种景观类型的斑块面积、斑块数和面积百分比。并对长沙市各景观斑块进行比较,依据景观生态学原理对结果进行分析,揭示其存在的景观生态问题,并初步分析了城市化水平对景观空间格局的影响;最后结合城市发展的一般规律和景观生态规划的方法,提出了长沙市市域范围内景观空间格局可持续发展对策与建议。研究结果表明:(1)从景观格局定量分析结果可知,分布面积占研究区总面积达46.8707%的有林地景观其连接性、完整性比其他景观类型好,是研究区的基质,但斑块和景观的空间形状较为复杂,表现出强烈的干扰特征。水田的斑块数量最多,受人为活动影响强烈。天然草地,改良草地,滩涂表现出萎缩特征。从各类用地的空间组合来看,除了城镇相对集中的城区等几个地方外,农村居民点多为耕地和林地景观所隔开,各城镇和农村居民点由道路或水系连接。如果将市域生态系统划分为城镇建设用地与非城镇建设用地两种。我们可以判断长沙市域景观的基本格局应为城镇建设“斑块”镶嵌于由自然和半自然景观构成的非城镇建设“基质”中,道路水系作为“廊道”连接之中。研究结果对长沙市景观生态规划有指导意义。(2)景观格局动态变化研究结果显示,由于人为过度砍伐,使得森林覆盖率下降,城镇居民地面积不断扩大。景观格局的多样性和破碎化程度逐步增加,景观的稳定性增强。通过运用马尔柯夫模型对长沙市景观格局未来演变趋势的预测可知,马尔柯夫模型可以应用于湘中红壤丘陵区景观格局的变化预测中。人为干扰,特别是城市化进程的快速发展和耕地的开垦是导致湘中红壤丘陵区景观演替的动力机制。在自然状态下,本区的生物气候水资源等自然条件将导致生态环境向良性方向发展,不会使景观格局发生巨大的变化。然而,当人类活动作用于环境时,将会改变原有的土地利用方式,从而影响到景观格局特征。影响景观格局变化的人类活动包括城市化、森林过度采伐,耕作和造林措施不合理等,其中城市化和耕作两种人类活动是造成景观格局变化的主要原因。(3)景观格局整体优化方法与生态敏感性及适宜性分析的综合运用,兼顾了景观单元“垂直”方向的匹配和“水平”方向的关联,在此基础之上对整体的空间格局进行生态调控,讨论了基于景观格局的长沙市的生态控制区、生态协调区和生态恢复区位置。提出了“一主、两次、四组团”的城市空间结构,疏散旧城区人口,适当控制主城区的发展规模,组团之间保持一定的生态隔离带,形成良好生态环境,从整体上保护山水城市的风貌,空间布局的优化方案。为城市地域的景观生态调控提供了较为可行的空间途径。为城市的景观生态规划提供支持。(4)生态景观的建设探讨了基于景观生态学方法和原理的景观建设措施。为长沙市的景观的可持续发展和生态基础设施建设提供了参考。
The process of urbanization brings to a series of city ecosystem problems such as crowding, traffic congestion, and worsening environment. As a widespread phenomenon, accelerated urbanization pose a great challenge to the sustainable development of the world. The protectiom and development of the ecological eviroment must be regarded as the main priority in sustainable development of urban areas.Principles of landscape ecology offer a theoretical framework for ecological regulation through the optimization of landscape pattern.Therefore, the quantitative analysis of landscape space pattern is vital to the city landscape planning and the management. Using GIS and a spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS, this paper attempts to quantificationally analyze and optimize the landscape patterns of Changsha City.
The scope of the research is limited to the landscape of Changsha City and the tools in the RS and GIS technology are the main platform in the data processing phase. With the help of GIS software, this article analyzed the aerial photos of Changsha City and the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imageries of Changsha City published in 2000. Based on the landscape ecology, the article divided the area into two-level systems: the first level consists of 6 landscape types, while the second level consists of 15 landscapes types. The article classifies the landscape into 15 types, namely, paddy field,dry land, woodland, shrub,open forest,immature plantation,natural grassland,grassland improvement,city and town,rural residential area land, river and ditch, reservoir and lake,coastal beach, mire and bare area.Applying the spatial pattern analysis software FRAGSTATS of the raster version3.3, the author calculated a set of landscape indices that corresponds to the three scale 1evels of patch,class and landscape. The results showed that landscape pattern indices could be successfully used in characterizing the spatial pattern of the studied area,such as landscape fragmentation,dominance,diversity index,evenness index etc. The analysis of the samples shows that ,the woodland which has 46.8707% in the total urban areas is the matrix in ChangSha City.It has better connectivity and integrality than other landscape types. The paddy field is the most complex landscape types.And the areas of natural grassland,grassland improvement and coastal beach are limited. The author also discussed the interior spatial distribution of urban ecosystem by means of the optimization of landscape pattern. The results of the research will assist the author in designing the urban ecosystem of Changsha City.
The red soil hilly ecosystem in central Hunan Province is one of the typical weak ecosystems in China. In this study, Changsha City was selected for a case study. Supported by geographic information system (GIS) and remote sense (RS), this paper, integrated with landscape theory, studied the change of the landscape pattern in red soil hilly region. Through the analysis of the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) imageries of 1986 and 2000, it could be concluded that forest was the main landscape type, and the farmland was also an important component in red soil hilly area. Meanwhile, because of human activities (mainly including urbanization and farming), the degree of diversity and fragmentation of landscape pattern in red soil hilly area increased gradually, while the stability of landscape pattern was strengthened. The Markov model was utilized to simulate the trend of landscape pattern change. The comparison between simulated and observed values showed that the model could be used to simulate landscape pattern change of red soil hilly area. Judging from the forecast of the landscape pattern of Changsha City from 2005 to 2020, it could be concluded that the landscape area of residence would increase year by year with the enhancement of urbanization.
This case study also indicates that principles of landscape ecology could be applied to practice rationally with the integrated application of landscape ecological planning approaches.
引文
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