华东地区采石场自然恢复特征及人工生态恢复研究
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摘要
随着经济的发展和现代化程度的提高,人类对矿产资源的开发利用也与日俱增,开山采石一方面极大地满足了人们物质生产的需求,另一方面造成对景观和自然生态系统的严重破坏,加强对废弃矿区受损生态系统的恢复与重建,已经成为生态学的重要研究课题。
本研究以环境生态学为理论基础,通过实地调查监测,结合盆栽试验及实验室相关指标测定,获得大量的试验数据。研究内容主要包括以下五个方面:①废弃采石场自然生态恢复过程中的土壤特征和植被演变特征:②采石场人工植被恢复的潜力评价;③人工植被恢复区的植被恢复机制及植被恢复过程的生态环境效应;④采石场人工植被恢复植物的筛选及典型乡土植物的抗旱性评价;⑤不同类型采石场废弃地人工植被恢复技术措施。主要研究结论如下:
(1)通过对废弃采石场自然生态恢复过程中土壤特征和植被特征研究发现:随着生态恢复的进行,土壤厚度、土壤有机质含量不断增加,土壤粒径、土壤容重、土壤硬度逐渐变小,土壤含水量、土壤速效N、速效P、速效K的含量逐渐增加,土壤理化性状逐渐得到改善。
(2)随着自然恢复年限的增加,物种数由初期的5科9种增至后期17科47种,物种经历了由简单到丰富的变化过程。群落演替顺序为:牛筋草(Herba EleusinesIndicae)+狗尾草(Setaria viridis)+猪毛菜(Salsola collina)群落→狗尾草(Setariaviridis)+画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa)+虎尾草(Chloris virgata)群落→胡枝子(Lespedezabicolor)+狗尾草(Setaria viridis)+虎尾草(Chloris virgata)+商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)群落→荆条(Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla)+白茅(Ipperata cylindrica)+五节芒(Miscanthus floridulu)→荆条(Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla)+杭子梢(Campylotropis macrocarpa)+五节芒(Miscanthus floridulu)群落→荆条(Vitex negundoLinn.var.heterophylla)+杭子梢(Campylotropis macrocarpa)+野桐(Mallotustenuifolius)+五节芒(Miscanthus floridulu)乔灌草混合群落。采用α和β多样性指数对植物群落特征进行分析发现,采石场废弃地植物群落随着废弃年限的增加,物种种类逐渐增加,群落物种组成愈来愈接近周边植物群落。植物群落的总体物种多样性表明随着自然恢复年限的增加,Simpson(D)和Pielou(C)优势度指数呈下降趋势,且优势度指数与恢复年限存在显著的负相关关系,Patrick(Pa)和Margalef(Ma)丰富度指数呈现先增大后减小的规律,而Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈现逐渐增加的趋势。
(3)通过对4种不同立地类型采石场自然生态恢复初期的土壤和植物群落特征研究表明:4种立地类型采石场土壤物理结构和养分状况都极差,但不同类型间又有所差别,泥石堆的生境条件最好,碎石贮运平台最差,土壤是采石废弃地植被自然恢复的主要限制因子。
(4)采用模糊综合评价-灰色关联优势分析法建立了废弃采石场人工植被恢复潜力评价模型。该漠型不仅可以评价废弃采石场植被恢复潜力的等级,而且可以对相同评价等级内的废弃地植被恢复潜力作进一步比较,进而为评价废弃地植被恢复的潜力和难度以及不同废弃地间植被恢复的优先顺序提供决策支持。
(5)人工植被恢复区的环境效应主要表现在,改善了采石场的小气候环境,降低了空气温度和土壤温度,增加了空气相对湿度,改良了土壤的理化性质,土壤容重减小,孔隙度增加,土壤含水量和稳定入渗率也相应的提高。在土壤物理性质改善的同时也显著提高了废弃地的土壤有机质和速效养分的含量。且不同植物配置模式对土壤的理化性质的作用有较大差异。
(6)在现场调查和实地踏勘的基础上,遵循植被种类选择的5个基本原则,初步筛选出了适应采石场生态恢复的草本植物17种,灌木21种,乔木13种,藤本6种。采用隶属函数评价法对5种乡土树种的耐旱性进行了分析评价,结果表明抗旱能力由强到弱依次为荆条>马棘>盐肤木>胡枝子>紫穗槐。
(7)根据舟山地区采石场的地形特点,将采石场废弃地划分为6种类型:类型A为坡度大于70°裸岩石壁,类型B为60-70°的裸岩石壁,类型C为坡度40-60°裸岩边坡,类型D为坡度小于40°裸岩边坡,类型E为坡度小于30°土石混合边坡,类型F为贮运平台。并针对不同的类型提出了相应的生态治理措施,在施工工艺上引入多种新材料,应用效果显著。
With economic development and modernization,the exploration and utilization of mineral resources is also increasing greatly.On the one hand,The quarry lets people meet their demand for material production,on the other hand,it results in serious damage of natural landscape and ecosystem. Restoration and reconstruction of abandoned mining areas has become an important research topic of ecology.
The study is based on ecological theory.Through field investigation,pot experiments and field monitoring,this study have got an access to a large number of experimental data which mainly dedicated to the following four aspects:①the characteristics of soil and vegetation evolution during the process of the restoration period of abandoned mining quarry;②evaluation of the potential of the artificial vegetation restoration;③the eco-environmental effects of vegetation recovery mechanism and the process of vegetation restoration in the artificial vegetation restoration areas;④the choice of artificial vegetation for the quarry and the evaluation of the drought resistance of typical native plants;⑤the technical measures for artificial vegetation restoration in different types of abandoned quarries. The main findings are as follows:
(1) The characteristics of soil and vegetation during the process of the restoration period of abandoned mining quarry shows:with the conduct of ecological restoration,soil thickness,soil organic accumulation,soil particle size,soil density and soil hardness gradually decrease;soil moisture,soil available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available kalium gradually increase while the physical and chemical properties of soil gradually improves.
(2) With the increase in number of years,the species has increased from the initial 5 families 9species to the later 17 families 47 species and the species has experienced the enrichment.Order of community evolution:Herba Eleusines Indicae) + Setaria viridis + Salsola collina Community→Setaria viridis + Eragrostis pilosa + Chloris virgata Community Lespedeza→Lespedez abicolor + Setaria viridis + Chloris virgata + Phytolacca acinosa→Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla + Ipperata cylindrica + Miscanthus floridulu→Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla + Campylotropis macrocarpa + Miscanthus floridulu→Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla + Campylotropis macrocarpa + Mallotus tenuifolius + Miscanthus floridulu mixedtrees+shrubs+grass community.a andβdiversity index has been taken to analyze characteristics of the plant community.As time passes by, the vegetation communities of abandoned quarry and the species have increased while the compositions of community species become similar to the surrounding plant communities.The overall species diversity of plant communities shows that the longer the nature recovery years last,the lower Simpson (D) and Pielou(C) predominace indexes become and there is a significant negative correlation between the predominace indexes and the number of recovery years.Patrick(Pa) and Margalef richness index (Ma) shows a trend from increase to decrease while Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity index shows a growing trend.
(3) The initial study on the restoration of the natural ecology of the soil and plant communities in 4 different types of quarry sites shows:soil physical structure and nutrient status of 4 different types of quarry sites are very poor,but there are difference between different types.stone-soil stack and terrace for crush has the best and the worst ecological environments respectively and soil is the major factor affects the natural recovery of abandoned vegetation..
(4) The use of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - gray correlation advantages analysis method has established an evaluation model for artificial vegetation restoration potential of abandoned quarry.This model not only evaluates the level of the vegetation recovery potential of the abandoned quarry,but also compares the recovery potential between abandoned quarries on the same level.This model provides support for making decisions on how to evaluate the recovery potential,difficulty and propriety among different abandoned mining areas.
(5) The environmental effects of artificial vegetation restoration areas are mainly to improve micro-climate environment of the quarry,lower air and soil temperature and increase air humidity, improve physical and chemical properties of soil,reduce soil density,increase soil porosity and improve soil moisture and stability infiltration rate accordingly.With the improvement physical properties of the soil,organic matters and nutrients in the soil have also significantly improved.Different plant matching modes have a different impact on physical and chemical properties of the soil.
(6) On the basis of field investigation and exploration,according to 5 basic rules of choosing vegetation types,plants suitable for ecological restoration of quarries have been screened out,17 kinds of herbs,21 kinds of shrubs,13 kinds of trees and 6 kinds of vines.By employing the membership function evaluation method to analyze and assess the drought tolerance of 5 kinds of native trees,the findings show that the drought tolerance capacity is on the decrease from Vitex negundo Linn.var. heterophylla,Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum.,Rhus chinensis Mill,Lespedez abicolor to Amorpha fruticosa L..
(7) According to the topographical features of the quarries,the abandoned quarries in Zhoushan area are divided into 6 types,and ecological management measures have been provided for each type. By introducing a variety of new materials,a reference has been provided for ecological management of the abandoned areas of the same type.
本研究以环境生态学为理论基础,通过实地调查监测,结合盆栽试验及实验室相关指标测定,获得大量的试验数据。研究内容主要包括以下五个方面:①废弃采石场自然生态恢复过程中的土壤特征和植被演变特征:②采石场人工植被恢复的潜力评价;③人工植被恢复区的植被恢复机制及植被恢复过程的生态环境效应;④采石场人工植被恢复植物的筛选及典型乡土植物的抗旱性评价;⑤不同类型采石场废弃地人工植被恢复技术措施。主要研究结论如下:
(1)通过对废弃采石场自然生态恢复过程中土壤特征和植被特征研究发现:随着生态恢复的进行,土壤厚度、土壤有机质含量不断增加,土壤粒径、土壤容重、土壤硬度逐渐变小,土壤含水量、土壤速效N、速效P、速效K的含量逐渐增加,土壤理化性状逐渐得到改善。
(2)随着自然恢复年限的增加,物种数由初期的5科9种增至后期17科47种,物种经历了由简单到丰富的变化过程。群落演替顺序为:牛筋草(Herba EleusinesIndicae)+狗尾草(Setaria viridis)+猪毛菜(Salsola collina)群落→狗尾草(Setariaviridis)+画眉草(Eragrostis pilosa)+虎尾草(Chloris virgata)群落→胡枝子(Lespedezabicolor)+狗尾草(Setaria viridis)+虎尾草(Chloris virgata)+商陆(Phytolacca acinosa)群落→荆条(Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla)+白茅(Ipperata cylindrica)+五节芒(Miscanthus floridulu)→荆条(Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla)+杭子梢(Campylotropis macrocarpa)+五节芒(Miscanthus floridulu)群落→荆条(Vitex negundoLinn.var.heterophylla)+杭子梢(Campylotropis macrocarpa)+野桐(Mallotustenuifolius)+五节芒(Miscanthus floridulu)乔灌草混合群落。采用α和β多样性指数对植物群落特征进行分析发现,采石场废弃地植物群落随着废弃年限的增加,物种种类逐渐增加,群落物种组成愈来愈接近周边植物群落。植物群落的总体物种多样性表明随着自然恢复年限的增加,Simpson(D)和Pielou(C)优势度指数呈下降趋势,且优势度指数与恢复年限存在显著的负相关关系,Patrick(Pa)和Margalef(Ma)丰富度指数呈现先增大后减小的规律,而Simpson和Shannon-Wiener多样性指数呈现逐渐增加的趋势。
(3)通过对4种不同立地类型采石场自然生态恢复初期的土壤和植物群落特征研究表明:4种立地类型采石场土壤物理结构和养分状况都极差,但不同类型间又有所差别,泥石堆的生境条件最好,碎石贮运平台最差,土壤是采石废弃地植被自然恢复的主要限制因子。
(4)采用模糊综合评价-灰色关联优势分析法建立了废弃采石场人工植被恢复潜力评价模型。该漠型不仅可以评价废弃采石场植被恢复潜力的等级,而且可以对相同评价等级内的废弃地植被恢复潜力作进一步比较,进而为评价废弃地植被恢复的潜力和难度以及不同废弃地间植被恢复的优先顺序提供决策支持。
(5)人工植被恢复区的环境效应主要表现在,改善了采石场的小气候环境,降低了空气温度和土壤温度,增加了空气相对湿度,改良了土壤的理化性质,土壤容重减小,孔隙度增加,土壤含水量和稳定入渗率也相应的提高。在土壤物理性质改善的同时也显著提高了废弃地的土壤有机质和速效养分的含量。且不同植物配置模式对土壤的理化性质的作用有较大差异。
(6)在现场调查和实地踏勘的基础上,遵循植被种类选择的5个基本原则,初步筛选出了适应采石场生态恢复的草本植物17种,灌木21种,乔木13种,藤本6种。采用隶属函数评价法对5种乡土树种的耐旱性进行了分析评价,结果表明抗旱能力由强到弱依次为荆条>马棘>盐肤木>胡枝子>紫穗槐。
(7)根据舟山地区采石场的地形特点,将采石场废弃地划分为6种类型:类型A为坡度大于70°裸岩石壁,类型B为60-70°的裸岩石壁,类型C为坡度40-60°裸岩边坡,类型D为坡度小于40°裸岩边坡,类型E为坡度小于30°土石混合边坡,类型F为贮运平台。并针对不同的类型提出了相应的生态治理措施,在施工工艺上引入多种新材料,应用效果显著。
With economic development and modernization,the exploration and utilization of mineral resources is also increasing greatly.On the one hand,The quarry lets people meet their demand for material production,on the other hand,it results in serious damage of natural landscape and ecosystem. Restoration and reconstruction of abandoned mining areas has become an important research topic of ecology.
The study is based on ecological theory.Through field investigation,pot experiments and field monitoring,this study have got an access to a large number of experimental data which mainly dedicated to the following four aspects:①the characteristics of soil and vegetation evolution during the process of the restoration period of abandoned mining quarry;②evaluation of the potential of the artificial vegetation restoration;③the eco-environmental effects of vegetation recovery mechanism and the process of vegetation restoration in the artificial vegetation restoration areas;④the choice of artificial vegetation for the quarry and the evaluation of the drought resistance of typical native plants;⑤the technical measures for artificial vegetation restoration in different types of abandoned quarries. The main findings are as follows:
(1) The characteristics of soil and vegetation during the process of the restoration period of abandoned mining quarry shows:with the conduct of ecological restoration,soil thickness,soil organic accumulation,soil particle size,soil density and soil hardness gradually decrease;soil moisture,soil available nitrogen,available phosphorus and available kalium gradually increase while the physical and chemical properties of soil gradually improves.
(2) With the increase in number of years,the species has increased from the initial 5 families 9species to the later 17 families 47 species and the species has experienced the enrichment.Order of community evolution:Herba Eleusines Indicae) + Setaria viridis + Salsola collina Community→Setaria viridis + Eragrostis pilosa + Chloris virgata Community Lespedeza→Lespedez abicolor + Setaria viridis + Chloris virgata + Phytolacca acinosa→Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla + Ipperata cylindrica + Miscanthus floridulu→Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla + Campylotropis macrocarpa + Miscanthus floridulu→Vitex negundo Linn.var.heterophylla + Campylotropis macrocarpa + Mallotus tenuifolius + Miscanthus floridulu mixedtrees+shrubs+grass community.a andβdiversity index has been taken to analyze characteristics of the plant community.As time passes by, the vegetation communities of abandoned quarry and the species have increased while the compositions of community species become similar to the surrounding plant communities.The overall species diversity of plant communities shows that the longer the nature recovery years last,the lower Simpson (D) and Pielou(C) predominace indexes become and there is a significant negative correlation between the predominace indexes and the number of recovery years.Patrick(Pa) and Margalef richness index (Ma) shows a trend from increase to decrease while Simpson and Shannon-Wiener diversity index shows a growing trend.
(3) The initial study on the restoration of the natural ecology of the soil and plant communities in 4 different types of quarry sites shows:soil physical structure and nutrient status of 4 different types of quarry sites are very poor,but there are difference between different types.stone-soil stack and terrace for crush has the best and the worst ecological environments respectively and soil is the major factor affects the natural recovery of abandoned vegetation..
(4) The use of fuzzy comprehensive evaluation - gray correlation advantages analysis method has established an evaluation model for artificial vegetation restoration potential of abandoned quarry.This model not only evaluates the level of the vegetation recovery potential of the abandoned quarry,but also compares the recovery potential between abandoned quarries on the same level.This model provides support for making decisions on how to evaluate the recovery potential,difficulty and propriety among different abandoned mining areas.
(5) The environmental effects of artificial vegetation restoration areas are mainly to improve micro-climate environment of the quarry,lower air and soil temperature and increase air humidity, improve physical and chemical properties of soil,reduce soil density,increase soil porosity and improve soil moisture and stability infiltration rate accordingly.With the improvement physical properties of the soil,organic matters and nutrients in the soil have also significantly improved.Different plant matching modes have a different impact on physical and chemical properties of the soil.
(6) On the basis of field investigation and exploration,according to 5 basic rules of choosing vegetation types,plants suitable for ecological restoration of quarries have been screened out,17 kinds of herbs,21 kinds of shrubs,13 kinds of trees and 6 kinds of vines.By employing the membership function evaluation method to analyze and assess the drought tolerance of 5 kinds of native trees,the findings show that the drought tolerance capacity is on the decrease from Vitex negundo Linn.var. heterophylla,Indigofera pseudotinctoria Matsum.,Rhus chinensis Mill,Lespedez abicolor to Amorpha fruticosa L..
(7) According to the topographical features of the quarries,the abandoned quarries in Zhoushan area are divided into 6 types,and ecological management measures have been provided for each type. By introducing a variety of new materials,a reference has been provided for ecological management of the abandoned areas of the same type.
引文
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