超宽带天线设计及共形阵列综合研究
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摘要
现代电磁理论在辐射及散射问题中的应用在很大程度上都得益于优化技术。然而电磁领域中优化目标函数往往是高度非线性、不可导且具有多极值,这些特点使得经典优化方法在求解实际问题时存在诸多困难。因此对高效的、智能的优化技术的需求日益迫切。
超宽带技术的发展使得实际系统对超宽带天线的需求急剧增加。然而这一频段内存在已划分给其他通信系统的频段,如5.15-5.35GHz及5.725-5.825GHz的WLAN系统、3.3GHz-3.6GHz的WiMAX系统等,这些频带将会给UWB通信系统带来严重的电磁干扰。因此开展具有陷波性能的超宽带天线的研究具有十分重要的工程应用价值。
随着无线通信和现代军事不断发展的需要,能够与载体相吻合的天线系统——共形天线的研究近年来日益得到重视,这是因为共形天线不仅可以提供期望的天线性能,而且不会影响载体本身的机动性能。因而共形微带阵列天线研究则具有广阔的应用场景。
本文重点围绕高性能混合优化算法、具有陷波特性超宽带天线设计以及共形天线阵列方向图综合等方面展开研究,主要工作概括如下：
1.针对常规遗传算法(SGA)在解决一些复杂问题时,存在的早熟、收敛速度慢及优化解精度低等缺陷,提出了一种改进的遗传算法(IGA)。采用多个交叉后代竞争择优和变异尺度自适应变化等遗传操作来提高遗传算法的优化效率,并分析改进算子对遗传算法性能的影响,而通过数值模拟结果说明了所提算法的有效性。
2.在研究粒子群算法(PSO)寻优过程的基础上,提出了一种增强粒子群优化算法(EPSO)改善PSO算法的进化机制。算法通过引入新的速度更新算子、边界控制算子、全局最优粒子扰动算子来提高PSO算法粒子的寻优速率。同时,本文对EPSO算法中的参数选择对其收敛性的影响进行了研究。数值仿真结果证明了所提算法的有效性。
3.借鉴植物学嫁接思想,将改进遗传算法和增强粒子群算法相结合,充分发挥这两种算法各自的优势,扬长避短,设计出一种新型混合改进遗传粒子群优化算法(HIGAPSO)。由于算法结合了两种不同的进化机制,不仅提高了粒子的多样性,而且平衡了全局与局部搜索,因而整个算法的寻优速度得到了改善。另外,给出了HIGAPSO算法计算复杂度分析并得出在单次进化过程中其计算复杂度与遗传算法基本相当的结论。而典型测试函数及对阵列方向图综合应用实例的数值模拟结果说明了所提算法的有效性。
4.利用所提的混合优化算法结合HFSS,设计了一款铁锹结构的超宽带印刷天线。通过在天线辐射体或地板上嵌入缝隙或在辐射体的下方加寄生支节等谐振结构的方法使天线在某些特定频段具有陷波特性。进一步,讨论了谐振结构长度的变化对陷波频段位置的影响,制作了具有双陷波特性的超宽带天线。在此基础上,针对现有陷波结构将5-6GHz的WLAN频段全部滤除致使5.35-5.725GHz之间的有用信息丢失的缺陷,设计了一款新型的三阻带超宽带天线,能够有效保证5.35-5.725GHz之间信号的传输。此外,研究了天线对地板和加工容差的敏感度以及天线上不同谐振结构之间的相互影响。最后实际加工、测量了所设计出的天线。
5.研究了圆柱共形阵列的低副瓣综合和方向图可重构技术。首先设计了圆柱共形相控阵列以及非均匀分布的低副瓣稀疏圆柱共形阵列,考虑到载体及阵元互耦在优化设计过程中对共形阵方向图综合带来的影响,将单元在阵列中的有源方向图直接叠加用于计算阵列方向图,以提高计算结果的可靠性。其次,分别设计了均匀分布及非均匀分布方向图可重构的共形阵列。最后,根据优化结果,制作了均匀分布圆柱共形阵列的原理样机,并对其辐射特性进行了测量,而良好的测试结果验证了本文设计的正确性和有效性。
6.研究了锥台阵和球面阵三维方向图的综合方法。首先设计了具有双馈线极化特性的阵列单元,以方便调整阵列扫描过程中的极化分量。其次,详细分析了阵元间距对共形阵列辐射特性的影响,确定了本文所设计的锥台阵以及球面阵合理的阵列布局形式。最后,利用修正的波恩斯坦多项式对锥台以及球面共形阵列进行综合得到平滑的幅度分布,以克服相控阵列综合中高度振荡的幅度分布的缺陷并且大幅降低方向图综合过程中变量个数。仿真结果表明,本章所设计的阵列均达到了设计要求,从而证明了所提方法的有效性。
The applications of modern electromagnetic theory in radiation and scattering problems benefit from the optimization technique to a large extent. However, the optimization cost functions in electromagnetic field are always highly nonlinear, nondifferentiable and have multiple peaks, which bring about much challenges for the classically mathematic programming methods in solving the practical problems. Therefore efficient and intelligent optimization methods are urgently desired.
The development of ultrawideband (UWB) technique spurs the demand of UWB antennas in practical system. However, there still exists several narrow bands for other communication systems over the designated frequency band, such as:the wireless local area network (WLAN) operating at5.15-5.35GHz and5.725-5.825GHz, WiMAX system operating at3.3-3.6GHz, which may cause severe electromagnetic interference to the UWB system. Therefore, the investigation on the design of the UWB antennas with band-notched characteristic has great values for the practical engineering problems.
With the development of wireless communication and modern military, conformal antenna arrays have attracted more and more attention in recent years. This is because conformal antenna arrays can not only provide the desired performance, but also have slight effect on the aerodynamic performance and the antenna performance. Thus, the research on the conformal arrays has broad engineering applications.
This dissertation makes deeply insight into the design of efficient hybrid optimization algorithm, ultrawideband printed antenna with band-notched characteristics, together with the synthesis of conformal antenna arrays. The author's major contributions can be summarized as follows:
1. Aiming at overcoming the drawbacks of standard genetic algorithm (SGA), such as prematurity and easily trapping in local optimum in solving complex problems, an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is proposed, in which some improved mechanisms according to non-linear ranking selection, competition and selection among several crossover offspring and adaptive change of mutation scaling are adopted. Besides, the effects of these improved mechanisms on the proposed algorithm have been analyzed. The numerical results validate the performance of the improved genetic algorithm.
2. On the basis of investigating the search process of particle swarm optimization (PSO), a novel enhanced particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm is proposed. The optimum search ability of PSO is improved by introducing a new velocity updating process, novel exceeding boundary control strategy and global best perturbation manipulation. Then, the influences of different parameter values on the convergence of EPSO are investigated. The effectiveness of EPSO is verified by the numerical simulation results.
3. Motivated by the idea of grafting in botany, a new hybrid improved genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm called HIGAPSO is proposed by combining IGA with EPSO to integrate their advantages. The combination of these two different optimization mechanisms, not only improves the diversity of the offspring, but also maintains the balance of global search and local search, so the entire optimum search speed of the algorithm is accelerated. What's more, the computation complexity of the proposed algorithm is analyzed and conclusion can be drawn that HIGAPSO basically has the same computation complexity as GA in each iteration. Typical benchmark functions and pattern synthesis of different arrays are used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
4. Employing the proposed hybrid algorithm and HFSS, a spade-shaped ultrawideband printed planar monopole antenna is designed. By embedding different shapes of slots on the radiating patch and the ground plane, or by introducing resonant structures behind the radiating patch, different notched frequency bands can be achieved. The variations of the notched bands with different lengths of resonant structures have been studied. Then, a planar ultra-wideband monopole antenna with dual band-notched characteristics is fabricated. Besides, to overcome the disadvantages that band-notched antennas rejecting the WLAN bands up-to-date has rejected entire5-6GHz frequency band which makes any useful information contained in the frequency band of5.35-5.725GHz lost, a novel planar UWB antenna with triple notched bands is provided to efficiently guarantee the information transmission between the frequency band of5.35and5.725GHz. Furthermore, the sensitivities of the finite ground size and fabrication variation to the designed triple notched bands antenna as well as the mutual influences among these notched bands are investigated. Finally, the proposed antenna has been successfully fabricated and measured.
5. The low sidelobe and pattern reconfigurable of cylindrical conformal arrays are studied. Firstly, uniform and nonuniform cylindrical conformal arrays with low sidelobe are designed. During the optimized design process, considering the effects of the platform and the coupling between elements on pattern reconfiguration, the array patterns are obtained by directly importing all of the active element patterns to improve the reliability of the designed results. Then, the uniform and the nonuniform reconfigurable cylindrical conformal arrays are designed respectively. Finally, according to the optimized results, the uniform cylindrical conformal array is manufactured and its radiation characteristic is measured. The good measurement results indicate the validity and efficiency of the proposed synthesis.
6. Three dimensional pattern syntheses of conical and spherical conformal phased arrays are investigated. Firstly, dual polarized patch antenna using two individual feeds is designed to conveniently adjust the desired polarization in the scanning process. Then, effects of the distance between array elements on the radiation pattern of the conformal arrays are discussed in detail to determine the rational arrangements of the conical and spherical conformal arrays. Finally, the modified Bernstein polynomial is employed to obtain the excitation amplitudes of the conical and spherical conformal phased arrays, with the purpose of overcoming the drawbacks of high oscillation amplitude weights across the phased array and significantly reducing the optimized variables in the syntheses process. Simulation results show that the optimized array patterns can totally achieve the design targets, which reveal the validity of the proposed method.
超宽带技术的发展使得实际系统对超宽带天线的需求急剧增加。然而这一频段内存在已划分给其他通信系统的频段,如5.15-5.35GHz及5.725-5.825GHz的WLAN系统、3.3GHz-3.6GHz的WiMAX系统等,这些频带将会给UWB通信系统带来严重的电磁干扰。因此开展具有陷波性能的超宽带天线的研究具有十分重要的工程应用价值。
随着无线通信和现代军事不断发展的需要,能够与载体相吻合的天线系统——共形天线的研究近年来日益得到重视,这是因为共形天线不仅可以提供期望的天线性能,而且不会影响载体本身的机动性能。因而共形微带阵列天线研究则具有广阔的应用场景。
本文重点围绕高性能混合优化算法、具有陷波特性超宽带天线设计以及共形天线阵列方向图综合等方面展开研究,主要工作概括如下：
1.针对常规遗传算法(SGA)在解决一些复杂问题时,存在的早熟、收敛速度慢及优化解精度低等缺陷,提出了一种改进的遗传算法(IGA)。采用多个交叉后代竞争择优和变异尺度自适应变化等遗传操作来提高遗传算法的优化效率,并分析改进算子对遗传算法性能的影响,而通过数值模拟结果说明了所提算法的有效性。
2.在研究粒子群算法(PSO)寻优过程的基础上,提出了一种增强粒子群优化算法(EPSO)改善PSO算法的进化机制。算法通过引入新的速度更新算子、边界控制算子、全局最优粒子扰动算子来提高PSO算法粒子的寻优速率。同时,本文对EPSO算法中的参数选择对其收敛性的影响进行了研究。数值仿真结果证明了所提算法的有效性。
3.借鉴植物学嫁接思想,将改进遗传算法和增强粒子群算法相结合,充分发挥这两种算法各自的优势,扬长避短,设计出一种新型混合改进遗传粒子群优化算法(HIGAPSO)。由于算法结合了两种不同的进化机制,不仅提高了粒子的多样性,而且平衡了全局与局部搜索,因而整个算法的寻优速度得到了改善。另外,给出了HIGAPSO算法计算复杂度分析并得出在单次进化过程中其计算复杂度与遗传算法基本相当的结论。而典型测试函数及对阵列方向图综合应用实例的数值模拟结果说明了所提算法的有效性。
4.利用所提的混合优化算法结合HFSS,设计了一款铁锹结构的超宽带印刷天线。通过在天线辐射体或地板上嵌入缝隙或在辐射体的下方加寄生支节等谐振结构的方法使天线在某些特定频段具有陷波特性。进一步,讨论了谐振结构长度的变化对陷波频段位置的影响,制作了具有双陷波特性的超宽带天线。在此基础上,针对现有陷波结构将5-6GHz的WLAN频段全部滤除致使5.35-5.725GHz之间的有用信息丢失的缺陷,设计了一款新型的三阻带超宽带天线,能够有效保证5.35-5.725GHz之间信号的传输。此外,研究了天线对地板和加工容差的敏感度以及天线上不同谐振结构之间的相互影响。最后实际加工、测量了所设计出的天线。
5.研究了圆柱共形阵列的低副瓣综合和方向图可重构技术。首先设计了圆柱共形相控阵列以及非均匀分布的低副瓣稀疏圆柱共形阵列,考虑到载体及阵元互耦在优化设计过程中对共形阵方向图综合带来的影响,将单元在阵列中的有源方向图直接叠加用于计算阵列方向图,以提高计算结果的可靠性。其次,分别设计了均匀分布及非均匀分布方向图可重构的共形阵列。最后,根据优化结果,制作了均匀分布圆柱共形阵列的原理样机,并对其辐射特性进行了测量,而良好的测试结果验证了本文设计的正确性和有效性。
6.研究了锥台阵和球面阵三维方向图的综合方法。首先设计了具有双馈线极化特性的阵列单元,以方便调整阵列扫描过程中的极化分量。其次,详细分析了阵元间距对共形阵列辐射特性的影响,确定了本文所设计的锥台阵以及球面阵合理的阵列布局形式。最后,利用修正的波恩斯坦多项式对锥台以及球面共形阵列进行综合得到平滑的幅度分布,以克服相控阵列综合中高度振荡的幅度分布的缺陷并且大幅降低方向图综合过程中变量个数。仿真结果表明,本章所设计的阵列均达到了设计要求,从而证明了所提方法的有效性。
The applications of modern electromagnetic theory in radiation and scattering problems benefit from the optimization technique to a large extent. However, the optimization cost functions in electromagnetic field are always highly nonlinear, nondifferentiable and have multiple peaks, which bring about much challenges for the classically mathematic programming methods in solving the practical problems. Therefore efficient and intelligent optimization methods are urgently desired.
The development of ultrawideband (UWB) technique spurs the demand of UWB antennas in practical system. However, there still exists several narrow bands for other communication systems over the designated frequency band, such as:the wireless local area network (WLAN) operating at5.15-5.35GHz and5.725-5.825GHz, WiMAX system operating at3.3-3.6GHz, which may cause severe electromagnetic interference to the UWB system. Therefore, the investigation on the design of the UWB antennas with band-notched characteristic has great values for the practical engineering problems.
With the development of wireless communication and modern military, conformal antenna arrays have attracted more and more attention in recent years. This is because conformal antenna arrays can not only provide the desired performance, but also have slight effect on the aerodynamic performance and the antenna performance. Thus, the research on the conformal arrays has broad engineering applications.
This dissertation makes deeply insight into the design of efficient hybrid optimization algorithm, ultrawideband printed antenna with band-notched characteristics, together with the synthesis of conformal antenna arrays. The author's major contributions can be summarized as follows:
1. Aiming at overcoming the drawbacks of standard genetic algorithm (SGA), such as prematurity and easily trapping in local optimum in solving complex problems, an improved genetic algorithm (IGA) is proposed, in which some improved mechanisms according to non-linear ranking selection, competition and selection among several crossover offspring and adaptive change of mutation scaling are adopted. Besides, the effects of these improved mechanisms on the proposed algorithm have been analyzed. The numerical results validate the performance of the improved genetic algorithm.
2. On the basis of investigating the search process of particle swarm optimization (PSO), a novel enhanced particle swarm optimization (EPSO) algorithm is proposed. The optimum search ability of PSO is improved by introducing a new velocity updating process, novel exceeding boundary control strategy and global best perturbation manipulation. Then, the influences of different parameter values on the convergence of EPSO are investigated. The effectiveness of EPSO is verified by the numerical simulation results.
3. Motivated by the idea of grafting in botany, a new hybrid improved genetic particle swarm optimization algorithm called HIGAPSO is proposed by combining IGA with EPSO to integrate their advantages. The combination of these two different optimization mechanisms, not only improves the diversity of the offspring, but also maintains the balance of global search and local search, so the entire optimum search speed of the algorithm is accelerated. What's more, the computation complexity of the proposed algorithm is analyzed and conclusion can be drawn that HIGAPSO basically has the same computation complexity as GA in each iteration. Typical benchmark functions and pattern synthesis of different arrays are used to illustrate the efficiency of the proposed algorithm.
4. Employing the proposed hybrid algorithm and HFSS, a spade-shaped ultrawideband printed planar monopole antenna is designed. By embedding different shapes of slots on the radiating patch and the ground plane, or by introducing resonant structures behind the radiating patch, different notched frequency bands can be achieved. The variations of the notched bands with different lengths of resonant structures have been studied. Then, a planar ultra-wideband monopole antenna with dual band-notched characteristics is fabricated. Besides, to overcome the disadvantages that band-notched antennas rejecting the WLAN bands up-to-date has rejected entire5-6GHz frequency band which makes any useful information contained in the frequency band of5.35-5.725GHz lost, a novel planar UWB antenna with triple notched bands is provided to efficiently guarantee the information transmission between the frequency band of5.35and5.725GHz. Furthermore, the sensitivities of the finite ground size and fabrication variation to the designed triple notched bands antenna as well as the mutual influences among these notched bands are investigated. Finally, the proposed antenna has been successfully fabricated and measured.
5. The low sidelobe and pattern reconfigurable of cylindrical conformal arrays are studied. Firstly, uniform and nonuniform cylindrical conformal arrays with low sidelobe are designed. During the optimized design process, considering the effects of the platform and the coupling between elements on pattern reconfiguration, the array patterns are obtained by directly importing all of the active element patterns to improve the reliability of the designed results. Then, the uniform and the nonuniform reconfigurable cylindrical conformal arrays are designed respectively. Finally, according to the optimized results, the uniform cylindrical conformal array is manufactured and its radiation characteristic is measured. The good measurement results indicate the validity and efficiency of the proposed synthesis.
6. Three dimensional pattern syntheses of conical and spherical conformal phased arrays are investigated. Firstly, dual polarized patch antenna using two individual feeds is designed to conveniently adjust the desired polarization in the scanning process. Then, effects of the distance between array elements on the radiation pattern of the conformal arrays are discussed in detail to determine the rational arrangements of the conical and spherical conformal arrays. Finally, the modified Bernstein polynomial is employed to obtain the excitation amplitudes of the conical and spherical conformal phased arrays, with the purpose of overcoming the drawbacks of high oscillation amplitude weights across the phased array and significantly reducing the optimized variables in the syntheses process. Simulation results show that the optimized array patterns can totally achieve the design targets, which reveal the validity of the proposed method.
引文
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