虚拟制造技术在井下作业仿真中的应用研究
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摘要
近来，“虚拟制造”(VM,Virtual Manufacturing)引起了人们的广泛关注，不仅在科技界，而且在企业界，成为研究的热点之一。本文介绍虚拟制造的概念、特征及其分类等，并结合国内外研究现状阐述了本课题的研究意义和研究内容。
对虚拟制造的关键技术进行了讨论，包括三维场景的显示、多边形网格模型、真实感光照模型、碰撞监测、三维几何变换和粒子系统等。
介绍了三维建模软件MultiGen和三维视景管理软件包OpenGVS组成的虚拟仿真开发平台，详细叙述了两个工具软件的性能、模块功能等主体内容，为后期的系统开发奠定了坚实的基础。
运用这一开发平台实现了基于桌面系统的井下作业虚拟仿真系统。设计过程中充分考虑到整个系统控制的实时性和三维造型的逼真性，实现过程中应用了当今最新的2D和3D技术和面向对象软件技术。在此系统中实现了对油田井下工具和井下生产作业工艺的虚拟仿真，此系统适用于工艺工程师对生产工艺进行改进，也适合对油田作业工进行生产培训。本文对这个虚拟仿真系统的设计过程、设计原理和设计细节进行了详细的讨论，包括井下作业仿真系统简介、交互性图形用户界面的设计、井场设施和井下工具的三维建模、井下作业仿真系统的三维引擎设计等内容，举例说明了三维动画技术在仿真系统设计中的应用，总结了设计仿真系统的一般规律。
把虚拟制造技术应用于石油工业中是一项新的尝试，也是石油工业技术创新的一个必然趋势。
Recently, The Virtual Manufacture becomes one of researching hot spot both in the scientific and technological circles and enterprises. This paper introduces the conception, feature and classification of the Virtual Manufacturing, and expounds the research significance and content of this study according to the internal and external present conditions.
This paper discuss the key technologies of Virtual Manufacture, including the method and theory of the displaying of the 3D scene, polygonal mesh model, visual light model, collision checking, 3D geometry transform and the particle system.
This paper introduces two great development software which are MultiGen and OpenGVS and depicts the software performance, module function and so on. It has provided a strong foundation for the future development.
The downhole operation simulation system is realized, which based on the desktop operating system using the software performance of MultiGen and OpenGVS. The real-time controlling and the verisimilitude 3D modeling are both considered sufficiently, and the fashionable 2D and 3D technologies and object oriented software technology are used in its design. This simulation system is including the simulation of production tools and proceeding, which is suitable both in the improvement of production proceeding for the engineer and in the worker training. The paper discusses the designing proceed, theory and details of this simulation system, including the brief introduce of simulation system, the design of interaction graphic user interface, the 3D modeling of oil well ground facilities and downhole tools, the design of 3D engine for downhole operation simulation system, and explains the using of 3D animation in this system with a real example, and finally sums up the general regular pattern of simulation system designing.
It's a new experiment that utilizing of the Virtual Manufacturing in the petroleum industry, and it's also an infallible tendency of the technology innovation in the petroleum industry.
对虚拟制造的关键技术进行了讨论，包括三维场景的显示、多边形网格模型、真实感光照模型、碰撞监测、三维几何变换和粒子系统等。
介绍了三维建模软件MultiGen和三维视景管理软件包OpenGVS组成的虚拟仿真开发平台，详细叙述了两个工具软件的性能、模块功能等主体内容，为后期的系统开发奠定了坚实的基础。
运用这一开发平台实现了基于桌面系统的井下作业虚拟仿真系统。设计过程中充分考虑到整个系统控制的实时性和三维造型的逼真性，实现过程中应用了当今最新的2D和3D技术和面向对象软件技术。在此系统中实现了对油田井下工具和井下生产作业工艺的虚拟仿真，此系统适用于工艺工程师对生产工艺进行改进，也适合对油田作业工进行生产培训。本文对这个虚拟仿真系统的设计过程、设计原理和设计细节进行了详细的讨论，包括井下作业仿真系统简介、交互性图形用户界面的设计、井场设施和井下工具的三维建模、井下作业仿真系统的三维引擎设计等内容，举例说明了三维动画技术在仿真系统设计中的应用，总结了设计仿真系统的一般规律。
把虚拟制造技术应用于石油工业中是一项新的尝试，也是石油工业技术创新的一个必然趋势。
Recently, The Virtual Manufacture becomes one of researching hot spot both in the scientific and technological circles and enterprises. This paper introduces the conception, feature and classification of the Virtual Manufacturing, and expounds the research significance and content of this study according to the internal and external present conditions.
This paper discuss the key technologies of Virtual Manufacture, including the method and theory of the displaying of the 3D scene, polygonal mesh model, visual light model, collision checking, 3D geometry transform and the particle system.
This paper introduces two great development software which are MultiGen and OpenGVS and depicts the software performance, module function and so on. It has provided a strong foundation for the future development.
The downhole operation simulation system is realized, which based on the desktop operating system using the software performance of MultiGen and OpenGVS. The real-time controlling and the verisimilitude 3D modeling are both considered sufficiently, and the fashionable 2D and 3D technologies and object oriented software technology are used in its design. This simulation system is including the simulation of production tools and proceeding, which is suitable both in the improvement of production proceeding for the engineer and in the worker training. The paper discusses the designing proceed, theory and details of this simulation system, including the brief introduce of simulation system, the design of interaction graphic user interface, the 3D modeling of oil well ground facilities and downhole tools, the design of 3D engine for downhole operation simulation system, and explains the using of 3D animation in this system with a real example, and finally sums up the general regular pattern of simulation system designing.
It's a new experiment that utilizing of the Virtual Manufacturing in the petroleum industry, and it's also an infallible tendency of the technology innovation in the petroleum industry.
引文
1．曹岩，王宏，袁清珂，等．虚拟制造及其关键技术．机械工业自动化，1999，21(1)：1～3．
2．肖田元，郑会永，王新龙，等．虚拟制造体系结构研究．计算机集成制造系统，1999，2(1)：34～35．
3．刘文剑，常伟，金天国，等．CAD/CAM集成技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2000：304～305．
4. OpenFlight Specification (Version 15.6.0). MultiGen-Paradigm. Inc., 1998: 45～68.
5. The MultiGen Creator Desktop Tutor(Version 2.3). MultiGen-Paradigm. Inc., 1998: 6～11.
6. iultiGen Creator User's Guide (for Windows NT and Windows 98). Version 2.3 . U.S,A: MultiGen-Paradigm. Inc., 1999.
7. OpenGVS Programming Guide(Version 4.3). Quantum3D. Inc. and Gemini Technology Corporation, 1999: 66～68.
8. James D. Foley. Computer Graphics principes and practice, second edition in C. China Machine Press, 2002:229～283.
9. F.S. Hill, JR. Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, Second Edition, China Science Press, 2004:287～296.
10．洪津津．虚拟现实的医学仿真应用研究．浙江大学硕士学位论文，2001：31～32．
11. OpenGL Programming Guide. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1997: 126～160.
12．和平鸽工作室．OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发高级编程篇．中国水利水电出版社．2003：278～318．
13．杨克俭，刘舒燕，陈定方．虚拟现实中的建模方法．武汉工业大学学报，2001，23(6)：47～50．
14．大港油田科技丛书编委会．试油与油井大修．石油工业出版社，1999，9：30～61．
15. David F. Rogers. Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics, Second Edition. China Machine Press, 363～366.
16．贾惠柱．虚拟现实中立体现实技术的研究和实现．大庆石油学院硕士学位论文，2002：15～16．
17. http://www.chinagraph.org/
18．刘学慧．虚拟现实中三维复杂几何形体的层次细节模型的研究．浙江大学博士学位论文，1998．
19．唐锡荣，汪嘉业，彭群生，等．计算机图形学教程．科学出版社，2000：50～80．
20．罗杰．面向建筑的虚拟漫游系统研究和实现．大庆石油学院硕士学位论文，2002：15～16．
21．中国石油天然气总公司劳资局．井下作业工．石油工业出版社，1996：111～114．
22．吴海平，罗红兵，张映平，等．OpenGL图形程序设计与应用环境．国防科技大学出版社，1999：65～69．
23．3ds max 5 User Reference.Autodesk,Inc.2002.
24．陈宗海．过程系统建模与仿真．中国科学技术大学出版社，1997：290～296．
25．彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚编著，计算机真实感图形的算法基础，科学出版社，1999．
26. Bao H J, Peng Q S. A shading model for area light sources. Progress in Natural Science, 1994, 4(2).
27. Bao H J, Peng Q S. Two shading models for linear and area light sources. Computers&Graphics, 1993, 17(2).
28. Tom Dowgiatlo. Introduction to OpenFlight APIs. Technical paper. API Product Manager,1997.
29．吴家铸，党岗，刘华峰等．视景仿真技术及应用．第1版．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
30．曾建超 俞志和等．虚拟现实的技术及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，1996．
31. S. Suri, P. M. Hubbard, J. F. Hughes,Collision Detection in Aspect and Scanle Bounded Polyhedra,Proceedings of the Ninth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, January 1998.
32. Debevec P E, Malik J. Modeling and rendering architecture from photoshopgraphs, Computer Graphics,1996,51(3):11～20.
33. S R Ellis. What are Virtual Environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 1994, 14(1):17～22.
34．李实，扬斌．基于虚拟现实的船舶轮机仿真训练系统．系统仿真学报，2000，12(3)：194～197．
35. Nakanishi H. Yoshida C. Nishmura T. Free Walk. A 3D Virtual Space for Casual Meeting. IEEE Multimedia, 1999, 5(6).
36．战守义，阎波．三维场景的交互仿真技术．北京理工大学学报，1998，18(6)：741～747．
37．郑白玫，施鹏飞．虚拟现实系统中的实体和“行为”．计算机科学，1999，26(7)．
38．魏国前，范勤．虚拟现实及其在机械工程中的应用．计算机应用．1999，19(8)．
39．孙家广等．计算机图形学．北京．清华大学出版社．1998．
40. Roger T.Stevens& Christopher D.Watkins. C and C++ advance graphic programming. Publishing House of Electronic Industry, 1994.
41．石教英．虚拟现实基础及实用算法．第1版．科学出版社，2002．
42．高文，陈熙霖．计算机视觉——算法与系统原理．第1版．清华大学出版社、广西科学技术出版社，1999．
2．肖田元，郑会永，王新龙，等．虚拟制造体系结构研究．计算机集成制造系统，1999，2(1)：34～35．
3．刘文剑，常伟，金天国，等．CAD/CAM集成技术．哈尔滨工业大学出版社，2000：304～305．
4. OpenFlight Specification (Version 15.6.0). MultiGen-Paradigm. Inc., 1998: 45～68.
5. The MultiGen Creator Desktop Tutor(Version 2.3). MultiGen-Paradigm. Inc., 1998: 6～11.
6. iultiGen Creator User's Guide (for Windows NT and Windows 98). Version 2.3 . U.S,A: MultiGen-Paradigm. Inc., 1999.
7. OpenGVS Programming Guide(Version 4.3). Quantum3D. Inc. and Gemini Technology Corporation, 1999: 66～68.
8. James D. Foley. Computer Graphics principes and practice, second edition in C. China Machine Press, 2002:229～283.
9. F.S. Hill, JR. Computer Graphics Using OpenGL, Second Edition, China Science Press, 2004:287～296.
10．洪津津．虚拟现实的医学仿真应用研究．浙江大学硕士学位论文，2001：31～32．
11. OpenGL Programming Guide. Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1997: 126～160.
12．和平鸽工作室．OpenGL高级编程与可视化系统开发高级编程篇．中国水利水电出版社．2003：278～318．
13．杨克俭，刘舒燕，陈定方．虚拟现实中的建模方法．武汉工业大学学报，2001，23(6)：47～50．
14．大港油田科技丛书编委会．试油与油井大修．石油工业出版社，1999，9：30～61．
15. David F. Rogers. Procedural Elements for Computer Graphics, Second Edition. China Machine Press, 363～366.
16．贾惠柱．虚拟现实中立体现实技术的研究和实现．大庆石油学院硕士学位论文，2002：15～16．
17. http://www.chinagraph.org/
18．刘学慧．虚拟现实中三维复杂几何形体的层次细节模型的研究．浙江大学博士学位论文，1998．
19．唐锡荣，汪嘉业，彭群生，等．计算机图形学教程．科学出版社，2000：50～80．
20．罗杰．面向建筑的虚拟漫游系统研究和实现．大庆石油学院硕士学位论文，2002：15～16．
21．中国石油天然气总公司劳资局．井下作业工．石油工业出版社，1996：111～114．
22．吴海平，罗红兵，张映平，等．OpenGL图形程序设计与应用环境．国防科技大学出版社，1999：65～69．
23．3ds max 5 User Reference.Autodesk,Inc.2002.
24．陈宗海．过程系统建模与仿真．中国科学技术大学出版社，1997：290～296．
25．彭群生，鲍虎军，金小刚编著，计算机真实感图形的算法基础，科学出版社，1999．
26. Bao H J, Peng Q S. A shading model for area light sources. Progress in Natural Science, 1994, 4(2).
27. Bao H J, Peng Q S. Two shading models for linear and area light sources. Computers&Graphics, 1993, 17(2).
28. Tom Dowgiatlo. Introduction to OpenFlight APIs. Technical paper. API Product Manager,1997.
29．吴家铸，党岗，刘华峰等．视景仿真技术及应用．第1版．西安：西安电子科技大学出版社，2001．
30．曾建超 俞志和等．虚拟现实的技术及其应用．北京：清华大学出版社，1996．
31. S. Suri, P. M. Hubbard, J. F. Hughes,Collision Detection in Aspect and Scanle Bounded Polyhedra,Proceedings of the Ninth Annual ACM-SIAM Symposium on Discrete Algorithms, January 1998.
32. Debevec P E, Malik J. Modeling and rendering architecture from photoshopgraphs, Computer Graphics,1996,51(3):11～20.
33. S R Ellis. What are Virtual Environments. IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 1994, 14(1):17～22.
34．李实，扬斌．基于虚拟现实的船舶轮机仿真训练系统．系统仿真学报，2000，12(3)：194～197．
35. Nakanishi H. Yoshida C. Nishmura T. Free Walk. A 3D Virtual Space for Casual Meeting. IEEE Multimedia, 1999, 5(6).
36．战守义，阎波．三维场景的交互仿真技术．北京理工大学学报，1998，18(6)：741～747．
37．郑白玫，施鹏飞．虚拟现实系统中的实体和“行为”．计算机科学，1999，26(7)．
38．魏国前，范勤．虚拟现实及其在机械工程中的应用．计算机应用．1999，19(8)．
39．孙家广等．计算机图形学．北京．清华大学出版社．1998．
40. Roger T.Stevens& Christopher D.Watkins. C and C++ advance graphic programming. Publishing House of Electronic Industry, 1994.
41．石教英．虚拟现实基础及实用算法．第1版．科学出版社，2002．
42．高文，陈熙霖．计算机视觉——算法与系统原理．第1版．清华大学出版社、广西科学技术出版社，1999．