一拖二直流变频空调的智能控制
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摘要
随着人民生活水平的不断提高，家用空调器的需求量逐年增加。变频空调由于性能优异、节省能源等特点，逐渐成为各大空调生产企业的发展方向，变频技术也日渐得到各个厂家的重视。
模糊控制变频空调的优点在于高效节能，起动电流小，工作噪音低，温度控制精度高，能够创造更舒适的房间温控环境。同时，采用无刷直流电机作为压缩机，能效比高，使用寿命大大延长。
本文从硬件软件两方面着手进行一拖二直流变频空调室内、室外系统的综合设计，争对市场上已有的直流变转速空调，提出自己的性能指标和功率指标，规划空调系统的整体框架。
为了使工作于室外环境的空调室外控制系统结构简洁、高效、可靠性高，室外机控制器选用智能功率模块和单片机组成整个系统，用智能功率模块IPM替换分立元件搭成的逆变桥，由CPU独立控制压缩机运行、温度采样、电子膨胀阀驱动、室外机风机调速、四通阀驱动、电压电流采样以及各种保护电路和室内机通讯电路。针对无刷直流压缩机空调选用MOTOROLA公司的M68HC908MR24，带有独立PWM模块，能输出三组互补PWM信号，并有4路中断捕获口，用于转子位置信号捕获。通过实验验证，压缩机工作平稳，调速范围宽广。
室内机结构相对于室外机较为简单，主要控制室内风机、室外机通讯以及导风板、百叶窗等部件，分别采用MOTOROLA的MC68HC908GP32和TOSHIBA的TMP87C846设计两套控制系统，各自完成对直流风机和交流风机的控制。通讯电路的工作情况对空调性能影响较大，室内机和室外机之间有很多信号需要传输，要求通讯电路稳定可靠，经过比较选择，采用电源线载波式形式进行通讯，并在控制软件中加入滤波功能，提高抗干扰能力，获得较高的通讯准确率。
根据用户需要，参照现有空调类型，一拖二变频空调具有制冷、制热等工作模式，并且添加一系列提高安全性的保护控制，保证空调整机工作稳定。模糊控制策略对于空调性能起着关键的决定作用，一拖二空调模糊控制需要综合考虑两室内机和室外机的工作情况，结合双机的温差、温度变化率等因素决定压缩机工作频率和制冷剂流量的多少。模糊控制决策的优劣与否严重影响空调的能效比和使用者的舒适度，通过实际实验测定对理论策略进行修改，以期使空调达到最佳运行效果。
With the development of people's living level, the required quantity of air-conditions is increasing. Because of the excellent performance and the energy saving, the fuzzy-control inverter air-condition becomes the main leading product of most air-condition manufacturer. The fuzzy-control technology is more and more valuable for each factory.
The advantage of fuzzy-control inverter air-condition lies on the high efficiency, high precision of temperature control, low startup current and low noise. Furthermore, using brushless DC motor as the compressor can get high efficiency and long life span.
The paper takes hardware design and software design into account to make the control system of the outdoor unit and indoor unit of the fuzzy-control inverter air-condition. According to the DC inverter air-condition in the market, this paper works out its own feature index and efficiency index, and also design the whole scheme of the air-condition system.
In order to make the outdoor control system of the air-condition, which always works outdoors, more compact, high efficiency and high reliability, the controller is made up of IPM and microcomputer. In the system, 1PM works as the inverter. CPU of the outdoor unit independently controls the work of the compressor, the temperature sampling circuit, the driver of A and B throttle, the timing of outdoor fan, the driver of 4-way valve, the voltage and current sampling circuit, the communication between the indoor unit and the outdoor unit, and so on. According to the brushless DC compressor, the paper chooses the Motorola CPU. M68HC908MR24. which has PWM module, can also insert the dead-time automatically, and has four capture interrupts which can be used to capture the signal of position of the rotor. During the experiments, the compressor works smoothly, and has a wide speed span.
The frame of the indoor unit is simpler than the outdoor unit, it mainly controls the indoor fan. the communication with the outdoor unit, and the movement of the louver and the flap. This paper uses Motorola CPU M68HC908GP32 and TOSHIBA CPU TMP87C846 to design two control systems of the indoor unit, and separately to control the DC indoor fan and AC indoor fan. The working condition of the communicating circuit has a great effect on the performance of the air-condition. There are many signals that need to be translated between the outdoor unit and indoor unit. The control system requires that the communication circuit works stably. Through comparing, the paper finally chooses the circuit that the chopper is based on
the AC source line. The control software also can filtrate the interference and get a high anti-jamming performance. Through both hardware design and software design, the precise ratio of the communication is most satisfied.
According to the customer's requirement and other kinds of air-conditions, the paper chooses the heating, cooling and other working models for this air-condition, and also a series protecting steps to make high security of the air-condition. The fuzzy control strategy is an important key to the performance of the air-condition. The fuzzy-control of this system needs consider both the two indoor units and the outdoor unit. The working frequency of the compressor and the quality of the refrigerant are both depended on the temperature differences of two indoor units and the varying speed of temperature. Whether the fuzzy-control strategy works well influences the efficiency and the customer's comfort greatly. The paper modifies it according to the experiments to make the best working performance of the air-condition.
模糊控制变频空调的优点在于高效节能，起动电流小，工作噪音低，温度控制精度高，能够创造更舒适的房间温控环境。同时，采用无刷直流电机作为压缩机，能效比高，使用寿命大大延长。
本文从硬件软件两方面着手进行一拖二直流变频空调室内、室外系统的综合设计，争对市场上已有的直流变转速空调，提出自己的性能指标和功率指标，规划空调系统的整体框架。
为了使工作于室外环境的空调室外控制系统结构简洁、高效、可靠性高，室外机控制器选用智能功率模块和单片机组成整个系统，用智能功率模块IPM替换分立元件搭成的逆变桥，由CPU独立控制压缩机运行、温度采样、电子膨胀阀驱动、室外机风机调速、四通阀驱动、电压电流采样以及各种保护电路和室内机通讯电路。针对无刷直流压缩机空调选用MOTOROLA公司的M68HC908MR24，带有独立PWM模块，能输出三组互补PWM信号，并有4路中断捕获口，用于转子位置信号捕获。通过实验验证，压缩机工作平稳，调速范围宽广。
室内机结构相对于室外机较为简单，主要控制室内风机、室外机通讯以及导风板、百叶窗等部件，分别采用MOTOROLA的MC68HC908GP32和TOSHIBA的TMP87C846设计两套控制系统，各自完成对直流风机和交流风机的控制。通讯电路的工作情况对空调性能影响较大，室内机和室外机之间有很多信号需要传输，要求通讯电路稳定可靠，经过比较选择，采用电源线载波式形式进行通讯，并在控制软件中加入滤波功能，提高抗干扰能力，获得较高的通讯准确率。
根据用户需要，参照现有空调类型，一拖二变频空调具有制冷、制热等工作模式，并且添加一系列提高安全性的保护控制，保证空调整机工作稳定。模糊控制策略对于空调性能起着关键的决定作用，一拖二空调模糊控制需要综合考虑两室内机和室外机的工作情况，结合双机的温差、温度变化率等因素决定压缩机工作频率和制冷剂流量的多少。模糊控制决策的优劣与否严重影响空调的能效比和使用者的舒适度，通过实际实验测定对理论策略进行修改，以期使空调达到最佳运行效果。
With the development of people's living level, the required quantity of air-conditions is increasing. Because of the excellent performance and the energy saving, the fuzzy-control inverter air-condition becomes the main leading product of most air-condition manufacturer. The fuzzy-control technology is more and more valuable for each factory.
The advantage of fuzzy-control inverter air-condition lies on the high efficiency, high precision of temperature control, low startup current and low noise. Furthermore, using brushless DC motor as the compressor can get high efficiency and long life span.
The paper takes hardware design and software design into account to make the control system of the outdoor unit and indoor unit of the fuzzy-control inverter air-condition. According to the DC inverter air-condition in the market, this paper works out its own feature index and efficiency index, and also design the whole scheme of the air-condition system.
In order to make the outdoor control system of the air-condition, which always works outdoors, more compact, high efficiency and high reliability, the controller is made up of IPM and microcomputer. In the system, 1PM works as the inverter. CPU of the outdoor unit independently controls the work of the compressor, the temperature sampling circuit, the driver of A and B throttle, the timing of outdoor fan, the driver of 4-way valve, the voltage and current sampling circuit, the communication between the indoor unit and the outdoor unit, and so on. According to the brushless DC compressor, the paper chooses the Motorola CPU. M68HC908MR24. which has PWM module, can also insert the dead-time automatically, and has four capture interrupts which can be used to capture the signal of position of the rotor. During the experiments, the compressor works smoothly, and has a wide speed span.
The frame of the indoor unit is simpler than the outdoor unit, it mainly controls the indoor fan. the communication with the outdoor unit, and the movement of the louver and the flap. This paper uses Motorola CPU M68HC908GP32 and TOSHIBA CPU TMP87C846 to design two control systems of the indoor unit, and separately to control the DC indoor fan and AC indoor fan. The working condition of the communicating circuit has a great effect on the performance of the air-condition. There are many signals that need to be translated between the outdoor unit and indoor unit. The control system requires that the communication circuit works stably. Through comparing, the paper finally chooses the circuit that the chopper is based on
the AC source line. The control software also can filtrate the interference and get a high anti-jamming performance. Through both hardware design and software design, the precise ratio of the communication is most satisfied.
According to the customer's requirement and other kinds of air-conditions, the paper chooses the heating, cooling and other working models for this air-condition, and also a series protecting steps to make high security of the air-condition. The fuzzy control strategy is an important key to the performance of the air-condition. The fuzzy-control of this system needs consider both the two indoor units and the outdoor unit. The working frequency of the compressor and the quality of the refrigerant are both depended on the temperature differences of two indoor units and the varying speed of temperature. Whether the fuzzy-control strategy works well influences the efficiency and the customer's comfort greatly. The paper modifies it according to the experiments to make the best working performance of the air-condition.
引文
1 Motorola Microcontroller Selector Guide,2000,Digital DNA for Motorola
2 M68HC908MR24 Advance Information, 1999, Motorola User Guide
3 High Voltage Medium Power Board for Three Phase Motors, 1999,Motorola Semiconductor Application Note
4 Shah, Surendra H. Cutting energy costs in air-conditioning systems, Electricity Conservation Quarterly v 17 n 3 Jan 1997. p17-21
5 Plunkett A B. A Current-controlled PWM Transistor Inverter Drive. IEEE/IAS Annual meeting conference record, 1979
6 Trzynadlowsky A M, etc. Random pulse width modulation techniques for converter-fed drive systems-A review. IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 1994; 30(5):1166-1174
7 M. M. Shinji Sato. Single-Chip Microcomputer Control of the Inverter by the Magnetic Flux Control PWM Method. IEEE Trans. on IE, 1989, 36(1):42～46
8 Zhou, Hong, etc. Intelligent system for indoor air quality control, Environment International v 20 n 4 1994. P457-467
9 Fejer, Christy. Indoor air quality management, Australian Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating v 47 n 12 Dec 1993. P16-17
10 Penalver C M, etc. Microprocessor control of DC/AC converters. IEEE Trans. on IE, 1985, 32(3)
11 C.L.P.Swamy, B.Singh, and B.P. Singh. Investigation on Dynamic Behavior of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive. Electric Machines and Power Systems. 1995(6): 689-701
12 N.Ertugrul, and P.P. Acarnley. A New Algorithm for Sensorless Operation of Permanent Magnet Motors. Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1992:414-421
13 韩宝琦，李树林，制冷空调原理及应用，机械工业出版社，1995
14 谷波等，“一机多室”变频空调器的研究开发，流体机械，1995(3)：55-57
15 赵秀菊等，模糊控制器在空调机中的应用，电气自动化，1997(3)：14-16
16 朱瑞琪等，电子膨胀阀的控制，流体机械，1998(5)：20-25
17 诸静，模糊控制原理与应用，机械工业出版社，1995．7
18 杜军红等，智能功率模块和8XC196MC单片机在变频调速中的应用，电工技术杂志，1999(2)：21-24
19 三菱电机等，空调器用变频技术交流会，1999
20 郝晓辉，刘昌旭，无位置检测器无刷直流电机自寻最佳点切换法，微电机，1998，第31卷，第一期
21 綦学尧，李顺林，屠国耀，无位置传感器无刷直流电动机转速控制，微特电机，1998，4
22 齐勇，苏彦民，空调变频控制器的研究，电力电子技术，1997，2
23 谷波，鲍士雄，孙宁生，许均等，“一机多室”变频空调器的研究开发，流体机械，1998，3
24 李敬茂，杨庆成，中国家用空调发展之出路——模糊控制变频空调器，能源综述，1997
25 专题讲座：伺服结构和应用技术(6)——无刷电机的控制和应用，微特电机，1998，2
26 陶伟宜，变频空调控制系统研究，浙江大学硕士论文，2000
27 沈建新，吕晓春等，无传感器无刷直流电机三段式启动技术的深入分析，微特电机，1998，5
28 邹继斌，张豫等，无位置传感器无刷直流电机驱动电路的研究，微电机，1999，第32卷，第2期
29 朱瑞琪，陈文勇，吴业正，电子膨胀阀的控制，流体机械，1998，5
30 强曼若，无刷直流电动机的发展与应用，微电机，1995，第28卷，第1期
31 杜军红，变频空调控制系统与PWM控制技术研究，浙江大学博士学位论文，1999
32 沈建新，永磁无刷直流电动机特殊绕组结构及无位置传感器控制的研究，浙江大学博士学位论文，1997
33 新一代八位单片机M68HC08简介，摩托罗拉用户资料，1999
34 谢经明，陈诒春，空调器的智能模糊控制设计探讨，制冷技术，1997，2
35 王沣浩等，变频空调器控制系统的仿真研究，流体机械，1998(3)：45-47
36 吕志勇，江建中，汪信尧，智能型电动自行车驱动方波电机无位置传感器控制的研究
37 王妍，电机的数字控制，浙江大学硕士论文，2000
38 通用变频器及其应用，1995
39 叶金虎，无刷直流电动机．北京，科学出版社，1982
40 曾捷，刘文，沈建新，微机控制的无位置传感器无刷直流电机驱动系统．西安交通大学学报，1996(3)：34-38
41 李敬茂，杨庆成，中国家用空调发展之出路——模糊控制变频空调器，能源综述，1997
42 温炜，徐晓翔，屠建峰，变频模糊控制空调器的研制，家用电器科技，1997，4
43 韩介梅，胡瑞喜，全自动模糊空调器，家用电器科技，1994，5
44 张飞舟，也勇健，变频式空调器用新型智能功率模块，国外电子元器件，1999，7
45 李洪兴，模糊控制入门，家用电器科技，1997，4
46 黄晨，范存养，我国房间空调器生产和发展过程的剖析、前景和对策，制冷技术，1998，2
47 赵道一，我国家用空调现状与技术发展趋势，制冷技术，1998，1
48 张良杰，王普，李衍达，基于神经网络与模糊逻辑控制技术的“舒逸”，制冷学报，1994，3
49 周子成，日本房间空调器的新技术，制冷，1996，2
50 江明，秦卫东，经济型空调专用变频器的研制，电子与自动化，1997，2
51 美国空调和制冷学会(ARI)，美国空调制冷设备效率提高的情况研究，制冷技术，1998，9
52 刘苑平，舒适性空调室内计算参数的优化与节能，制冷，1999，3
2 M68HC908MR24 Advance Information, 1999, Motorola User Guide
3 High Voltage Medium Power Board for Three Phase Motors, 1999,Motorola Semiconductor Application Note
4 Shah, Surendra H. Cutting energy costs in air-conditioning systems, Electricity Conservation Quarterly v 17 n 3 Jan 1997. p17-21
5 Plunkett A B. A Current-controlled PWM Transistor Inverter Drive. IEEE/IAS Annual meeting conference record, 1979
6 Trzynadlowsky A M, etc. Random pulse width modulation techniques for converter-fed drive systems-A review. IEEE Trans. on Industry Applications, 1994; 30(5):1166-1174
7 M. M. Shinji Sato. Single-Chip Microcomputer Control of the Inverter by the Magnetic Flux Control PWM Method. IEEE Trans. on IE, 1989, 36(1):42～46
8 Zhou, Hong, etc. Intelligent system for indoor air quality control, Environment International v 20 n 4 1994. P457-467
9 Fejer, Christy. Indoor air quality management, Australian Refrigeration, Air Conditioning and Heating v 47 n 12 Dec 1993. P16-17
10 Penalver C M, etc. Microprocessor control of DC/AC converters. IEEE Trans. on IE, 1985, 32(3)
11 C.L.P.Swamy, B.Singh, and B.P. Singh. Investigation on Dynamic Behavior of Permanent Magnet Brushless DC Motor Drive. Electric Machines and Power Systems. 1995(6): 689-701
12 N.Ertugrul, and P.P. Acarnley. A New Algorithm for Sensorless Operation of Permanent Magnet Motors. Conference Record of the IEEE Industry Applications Society Annual Meeting, 1992:414-421
13 韩宝琦，李树林，制冷空调原理及应用，机械工业出版社，1995
14 谷波等，“一机多室”变频空调器的研究开发，流体机械，1995(3)：55-57
15 赵秀菊等，模糊控制器在空调机中的应用，电气自动化，1997(3)：14-16
16 朱瑞琪等，电子膨胀阀的控制，流体机械，1998(5)：20-25
17 诸静，模糊控制原理与应用，机械工业出版社，1995．7
18 杜军红等，智能功率模块和8XC196MC单片机在变频调速中的应用，电工技术杂志，1999(2)：21-24
19 三菱电机等，空调器用变频技术交流会，1999
20 郝晓辉，刘昌旭，无位置检测器无刷直流电机自寻最佳点切换法，微电机，1998，第31卷，第一期
21 綦学尧，李顺林，屠国耀，无位置传感器无刷直流电动机转速控制，微特电机，1998，4
22 齐勇，苏彦民，空调变频控制器的研究，电力电子技术，1997，2
23 谷波，鲍士雄，孙宁生，许均等，“一机多室”变频空调器的研究开发，流体机械，1998，3
24 李敬茂，杨庆成，中国家用空调发展之出路——模糊控制变频空调器，能源综述，1997
25 专题讲座：伺服结构和应用技术(6)——无刷电机的控制和应用，微特电机，1998，2
26 陶伟宜，变频空调控制系统研究，浙江大学硕士论文，2000
27 沈建新，吕晓春等，无传感器无刷直流电机三段式启动技术的深入分析，微特电机，1998，5
28 邹继斌，张豫等，无位置传感器无刷直流电机驱动电路的研究，微电机，1999，第32卷，第2期
29 朱瑞琪，陈文勇，吴业正，电子膨胀阀的控制，流体机械，1998，5
30 强曼若，无刷直流电动机的发展与应用，微电机，1995，第28卷，第1期
31 杜军红，变频空调控制系统与PWM控制技术研究，浙江大学博士学位论文，1999
32 沈建新，永磁无刷直流电动机特殊绕组结构及无位置传感器控制的研究，浙江大学博士学位论文，1997
33 新一代八位单片机M68HC08简介，摩托罗拉用户资料，1999
34 谢经明，陈诒春，空调器的智能模糊控制设计探讨，制冷技术，1997，2
35 王沣浩等，变频空调器控制系统的仿真研究，流体机械，1998(3)：45-47
36 吕志勇，江建中，汪信尧，智能型电动自行车驱动方波电机无位置传感器控制的研究
37 王妍，电机的数字控制，浙江大学硕士论文，2000
38 通用变频器及其应用，1995
39 叶金虎，无刷直流电动机．北京，科学出版社，1982
40 曾捷，刘文，沈建新，微机控制的无位置传感器无刷直流电机驱动系统．西安交通大学学报，1996(3)：34-38
41 李敬茂，杨庆成，中国家用空调发展之出路——模糊控制变频空调器，能源综述，1997
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