基于多谐振特性的单层平面反射阵列研究
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摘要
平面反射阵列结合了抛物面反射镜天线和阵列天线的优点,自1978年提出就受到很高的重视,90年代之后开始快速发展。但是,平面反射阵列也继承了微带天线带宽窄的缺点。本文旨在研究一种新型的宽频带单元结构,以扩展阵列带宽。论文同时给出了单元相移特性的详细计算方法以及平面反射阵列的设计过程。
单元设计的目标是在宽频带内获得良好的相移特性。第一步工作是要获得充足的相位动态范围,为提高相移特性的平滑度提供基础。通过研究单层多谐振结构的工作原理,并对振子和方形环单元进行分析,提出一种由振子和截断矩形环构成的四谐振结构,即“双D形”结构单元。“双D形”结构单元既能够增加单元谐振点的个数,获得充足的相位动态范围,又能够有效控制单元尺寸,避免因阵元间距过大而导致栅瓣产生。
设计好单元后,需要对其相移特性进行计算。研究了广义散射矩阵结合矩量法(GSM-MoM),给出利用该方法计算单元相移特性的详细过程。
得到充足的相位动态范围后,需要对单元进行优化,以获得平滑的相移特性。首先以“双C形”结构作为对象,研究谐振单元谐振频率的比例及基板材料等参数对单元相移特性的影响。在此基础上,对“双D形”单元进行优化,给出了“双D形”单元的优化过程。优化后单元在7-10GHz带宽内获得了良好的相移特性,其带宽相比文中双层堆叠结构提高了近一倍,相比缝隙耦合结构提高了约65%。与其它单层多谐振结构相比,“双D形”单元的优势在于既能够增加谐振点个数,又控制了单元尺寸,而多谐振振子等结构只能满足其中一个条件。
最后,为验证“双D形”单元设计的有效性,设计并制作了一个12×13单元的平面反射阵列。对其辐射特性进行仿真计算和实测,结果表明,实测增益与仿真值吻合,在7-10GHz频带内,该阵列获得45 %左右的口径效率,验证了单元设计的有效性。
Microstrip reflectarrays combine certain advantages of reflector antennas and planar phased arrays. Since introduced in 1978, microstrip reflectarrays have attracted so much attention and developed rapidly from 1990s. However, the advantage of narrow bandwidth is inherited from microstrip antennas. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a new broadband microstrip reflectarray element, which can increase the bandwidth of the array. The method of calculating the phase shift of the elements and the designing process of the reflectarray are presented.
The target of designing an element is to achieve good phase shift characteristic in broadband. But enough phasing range should be achieved to reduce the lope of the phase shift characteristic. Based on the study of the principle of single-layer multiple-resonance structures, by analyzing the surface current distribution of dipoles and rectangle loops, a fourfold-resonance structure composed with dipoles and served rectangle loop is proposed, called as“double D”structure. By using the“double D”structure, not only the number of resonance elements are increased, which increases the bandwidth of the element, but also the size of the element is controlled to be smaller than the maximum element spacing that will lead to the grating lobe.
Then, the Method of Moments combined with Generalized Scattering Matrix(GSM-MoM) is studied, and the detailed process to calculate the phase shift of the element is proposed.
With enough phasing range, structure of the element should be optimized. Simply, with a“double C”structure instead of“double D”structure as reflectarray element, the affects on phase shift characteristic are studied when changing the ratios of resonant frequencies of the elements and behavior of the substrate. Then, on the basis of that, the“double D”structure is optimized, and method of structure optimizing and the optimized result are presented. It is shown that good phase shift characteristics of optimized structure are obtained from 7-10GHz. The phase shift of“double D”structure is calculated by the GSM-MoM and CST microwave studio, and similar results are achieved. With the advantages of briefer structure and lower cost, the bandwidth of“double D”structure is twice that of stacked patches presented in the paper, and about 65% more than that of aperture-coupled patches. Also, compared with other single-layer multiple-resonance structures, the distinct advantage of“double D”structure is that the resonant elements are increased while the size of element is compact.
As validation of the structure, a reflectarray with 12×13 elements is fabricated, computed and tested. The measured result and the computed result are consistent. About 45% aperture efficiency is achieved from 7-10GHz.
单元设计的目标是在宽频带内获得良好的相移特性。第一步工作是要获得充足的相位动态范围,为提高相移特性的平滑度提供基础。通过研究单层多谐振结构的工作原理,并对振子和方形环单元进行分析,提出一种由振子和截断矩形环构成的四谐振结构,即“双D形”结构单元。“双D形”结构单元既能够增加单元谐振点的个数,获得充足的相位动态范围,又能够有效控制单元尺寸,避免因阵元间距过大而导致栅瓣产生。
设计好单元后,需要对其相移特性进行计算。研究了广义散射矩阵结合矩量法(GSM-MoM),给出利用该方法计算单元相移特性的详细过程。
得到充足的相位动态范围后,需要对单元进行优化,以获得平滑的相移特性。首先以“双C形”结构作为对象,研究谐振单元谐振频率的比例及基板材料等参数对单元相移特性的影响。在此基础上,对“双D形”单元进行优化,给出了“双D形”单元的优化过程。优化后单元在7-10GHz带宽内获得了良好的相移特性,其带宽相比文中双层堆叠结构提高了近一倍,相比缝隙耦合结构提高了约65%。与其它单层多谐振结构相比,“双D形”单元的优势在于既能够增加谐振点个数,又控制了单元尺寸,而多谐振振子等结构只能满足其中一个条件。
最后,为验证“双D形”单元设计的有效性,设计并制作了一个12×13单元的平面反射阵列。对其辐射特性进行仿真计算和实测,结果表明,实测增益与仿真值吻合,在7-10GHz频带内,该阵列获得45 %左右的口径效率,验证了单元设计的有效性。
Microstrip reflectarrays combine certain advantages of reflector antennas and planar phased arrays. Since introduced in 1978, microstrip reflectarrays have attracted so much attention and developed rapidly from 1990s. However, the advantage of narrow bandwidth is inherited from microstrip antennas. The purpose of this thesis is to develop a new broadband microstrip reflectarray element, which can increase the bandwidth of the array. The method of calculating the phase shift of the elements and the designing process of the reflectarray are presented.
The target of designing an element is to achieve good phase shift characteristic in broadband. But enough phasing range should be achieved to reduce the lope of the phase shift characteristic. Based on the study of the principle of single-layer multiple-resonance structures, by analyzing the surface current distribution of dipoles and rectangle loops, a fourfold-resonance structure composed with dipoles and served rectangle loop is proposed, called as“double D”structure. By using the“double D”structure, not only the number of resonance elements are increased, which increases the bandwidth of the element, but also the size of the element is controlled to be smaller than the maximum element spacing that will lead to the grating lobe.
Then, the Method of Moments combined with Generalized Scattering Matrix(GSM-MoM) is studied, and the detailed process to calculate the phase shift of the element is proposed.
With enough phasing range, structure of the element should be optimized. Simply, with a“double C”structure instead of“double D”structure as reflectarray element, the affects on phase shift characteristic are studied when changing the ratios of resonant frequencies of the elements and behavior of the substrate. Then, on the basis of that, the“double D”structure is optimized, and method of structure optimizing and the optimized result are presented. It is shown that good phase shift characteristics of optimized structure are obtained from 7-10GHz. The phase shift of“double D”structure is calculated by the GSM-MoM and CST microwave studio, and similar results are achieved. With the advantages of briefer structure and lower cost, the bandwidth of“double D”structure is twice that of stacked patches presented in the paper, and about 65% more than that of aperture-coupled patches. Also, compared with other single-layer multiple-resonance structures, the distinct advantage of“double D”structure is that the resonant elements are increased while the size of element is compact.
As validation of the structure, a reflectarray with 12×13 elements is fabricated, computed and tested. The measured result and the computed result are consistent. About 45% aperture efficiency is achieved from 7-10GHz.
引文
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[2] Berry D G, Malech R G, W A Kennedy. The Reflectarray Antenna[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1963, 11(6):645~651.
[3] Phelan H R. Spiralphase Reflectarray for Multitarget Radar[J]. Microwave Journal, 1977, 20:67~73.
[4] Montgomery J P. A Microstrip Reflectarray Antenna Element[C]. Antenna Applications Symposium, Urbana, 1978:624~626.
[5] Biakkowski M E, Song H J. Dual Linearly Polarized Reflectarray Using Aperture Coupled Microstrip Patches[C]. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium, Boston, 2001:486-489.
[6]陈红辉,章文勋,吴知航,刘震国.三层贴片宽频带正交线极化变换微带反射阵[J].电波科学学报,2008,23(2):225-228.
[7] Han C, Rodenbeck C, Huang J, etc. A C/Ka Dual-freqency Dual-layer Circlarly Polarized Reflectarray Antenna With Microstrip Ring Elements[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2004, 52(11):2871-2876.
[8] Huang J, Feria A. A One-Meter X-band Inflatable Reflectarray Antenna[J].Microwave & Optical Technology Letters, 1999, 20:97-99.
[9] Huang J, Feria A. Inflatable Microstrip Reflectarray Antennas at X and Ka Band Frequencies[C]. IEEE AP Symposium, Orlando, florida, 1999, 1670-1673.
[10] Fusco V F. Mechanical Beam Scanning Refelctarray[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2005, 53(11): 3842-3844.
[11] Okoniewski M, Potter M E, Adrian S, etc. On the Selection of the Number of Bits to Control a Dynamic Digital MEMS Reflectarray[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letters, 2008, 7:183-186.
[12] Hum S V, Okoniewski M, Davies R J. Realizing an Electronically Tunable Reflectarray Using Varactor Diode-Tuned Elements[J]. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Components Letters, 2005, 15(6): 422-424.
[13] Pozar D M, Targonski S D, Pokuls R. A Shaped-Beam Microstrip Patch Reflectarray[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 1999, 47(7):1167-1173.
[14] Huang J, Encinar J A. Reflectarray Antennnas[M]. New Jersey: A John Wiley&Sons, Inc., Publication, 2008:169-173.
[15] Arrebola M, Encinar J A, Alvarez Y, etc. Design of A Reflectarray With Three Shaped Beams Using the Near-Field Radiated By the Feeds[C].European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, Nice, France, 2006:529-533.
[16] Menzel W, Pilz D, Tikriti M A. Millimeter-Wave Folded Reflector Antenna With High Gain,Low Loss, and Low Profile[J]. IEEE AP Magazine, 2002, 44(3):24-29.
[17] Huang J, Han C, Chang K. A Cassegrain Offset-Fed Dual-Band Reflectarray[C]. IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society International Symposium,Albuguerque,2006:2439-2442.
[18] Huang J, Encinar J A. Reflectarray Antennnas[M]. New Jersey: A John Wiley&Sons, Inc., Publication, 2008:194.
[19] Hodeges R, Zawadzki M. Design of A Large Dual Polarized Ku-band Reflectarray for Spaceborne Radar Altimeter[C]. IEEE AP-S Symposium, Monterey, California, June 2005:4356-4359.
[20] Bialkowski M E, Robinson A W, etc. Design, Development, and Testing of X-band Amplifying Reflectarrays[J]. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, 2002, 50(8): 1065-1076.
[21] Zich R E, Mussetta M, Tovaglieri M, etc. Genetic Optimization of Microstrip Reflectarrays[J]. IEEE Int. Symp. of Antennas Propagat., 2002, 2:128-131.
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