流—固界面和弯曲表面上激光超声波的理论与实验研究
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摘要
本文从流—固界面波和弯曲表面上(柱面、管道)周向波的激光激励机理出发，从理论和实验两方面研究了脉冲激光在流—固界面和弯曲表面上激励的超声场，主要内容如下：
以激光超声的热弹激发机理为基础，讨论了流体(包括气体)和固体中激光超声的激发过程；在此基础上，重点解决了流-固边界上超声场的耦合问题，给出流-固边界超声场耦合的边界方程；结合热传导方程和Navier-Stokes方程，建立了流—固界面波的激光激发和传播的理论模型。
根据变分原理，推导出流体和固体中热传导方程和Navier-Stokes方程的有限元形式、流—固边界方程的有限元形式；重点解决了网格大小和单元步长的选择问题，给出了流体和固体中网格大小和单元步长的选择依据；讨论有限元数值色散对计算结果准确性的影响；编制了流—固界面波的激光激发和传播的有限元程序。
数值模拟了不同流-固界面(包括空气-铝、水-铝平面界面和空气-铝柱面界面等)上的泄露Rayleigh波、泄露Lamb波的激光激发过程；并根据数值计算结果，讨论了泄露Rayleigh波、泄露Lamb波在界面上的传播特性。
提出了反射式和透射式两种光偏转探测方法，并相应地建立了基于这两种方法的光纤耦合探测装置，探测到了脉冲激光在不同流—固界面激发的流—固界面波(包括泄漏Rayleigh波、泄露Lamb波和Scholte波)波形。实验结果和理论计算吻合，从而验证了所建模型的正确性。
采用有限元方法从理论上研究了脉冲激光在柱状和管状材料中激发的超声波，探讨了激光超声波在圆柱和管道，这两种典型弯曲表面上的传播特性，结果表明：激光超声波沿圆柱面传播时是色散，而且色散程度与圆柱的曲率半径有关；激光超声波沿管道圆周方向传播时，出现了一个与管道圆周方向的曲率有关的低频模态。该研究为利用激光激励的柱面Rayleigh波和周向导波进行无损探伤提供了有益参考。
本文的研究是基于目前激光在流—固界面和弯曲表面(柱面、管道)中激励的超声波在无损检测领域中具有广泛的应用前景，但其研究十分薄弱的背景下开展的。本文的研究成果将为激光超声应用于流体环境中的材料检测、以及圆柱和管道的无损检测提供理论基础和实验方法，并为激光超声理论体系作有益的补充。
In this paper, based on the thermoelastic mechanism of laser ultrasonic, the laserinduced ultrasonic waves on the liquid-solid interface and curved (cylinder and hollowcylinder) surfaces have been studied theoretically and experimentally.
Based on the mechanism of laser ultrasonic, the excitation processes of laserultrasonic in liquid and solid are analyzed, and then the coupling problem of ultrasonicwaves at liquid-solid interface is studied with emphasis, and the boundary equation isgiven. Combined the thermal conduction equation with Navier-Stokes equation, thetheoretical model for laser-induced liquid-solid interface waves is developed.
Using the finite element method, a finite element model of the laser excitation ofliquid-solid interface waves is developed. The finite element forms of thermal conductionequation, Navier-Stokes equation in solid and interface coupling equation are deduced; therelation of element size and time step is solved to give their determine criterion; theinfluence of numerical dispersion on the correction of simulation results is discussed; afinite element procedure is complied.
By using the finite element method, the interface waves induced by pulse laser actionat different liquid-solid interfaces, including air-aluminum, water-aluminum plane interfaceand air-aluminum cylindrical interface were simulated, and the propagation characteristicsof interface waves were analyzed.
Two kinds of optical deflect detection methods are developed. Based on thosemethods, detection sensor for the leaky waves detection at fluid-solid interface was alsodeveloped. By experimental measurements, we obtained good waveforms of the leakyRayleigh waves and the leaky Lamb waves at different fluid-solid interface. Theexperimental signals are in good agreement with theoretical results.
Appling the finite element method, the laser-induced ultrasonic waves in cylinder andhollow cylinder were studied. The propagation characteristics of cylindrical Rayleigh waveand circumferential wave are analyzed. The results show that cylindrical Rayleigh wave isdispersive, and with the diameter of cylinders decreasing, the dispersion of cylindricalRayleigh wave becomes more serious; there is a new mode in the circumferential wave,which relate to the curvature of hollow cylinder. Those works will provide the reference for the application of laser ultrasonic in the nondestructive testing of cylinder and hollowcylinder.
Because there are few studies on the laser-induced interface waves at liquid-solidinterface, ultrasonic waves in cylinder and hollow cylinders, and their applications innondestructive testing, we have studied those problems comprehensively in thisdissertation. This work will provide a useful guidance for the use of laser ultrasonic on thecharacterization of material and complement the system info of laser ultrasonic.
以激光超声的热弹激发机理为基础，讨论了流体(包括气体)和固体中激光超声的激发过程；在此基础上，重点解决了流-固边界上超声场的耦合问题，给出流-固边界超声场耦合的边界方程；结合热传导方程和Navier-Stokes方程，建立了流—固界面波的激光激发和传播的理论模型。
根据变分原理，推导出流体和固体中热传导方程和Navier-Stokes方程的有限元形式、流—固边界方程的有限元形式；重点解决了网格大小和单元步长的选择问题，给出了流体和固体中网格大小和单元步长的选择依据；讨论有限元数值色散对计算结果准确性的影响；编制了流—固界面波的激光激发和传播的有限元程序。
数值模拟了不同流-固界面(包括空气-铝、水-铝平面界面和空气-铝柱面界面等)上的泄露Rayleigh波、泄露Lamb波的激光激发过程；并根据数值计算结果，讨论了泄露Rayleigh波、泄露Lamb波在界面上的传播特性。
提出了反射式和透射式两种光偏转探测方法，并相应地建立了基于这两种方法的光纤耦合探测装置，探测到了脉冲激光在不同流—固界面激发的流—固界面波(包括泄漏Rayleigh波、泄露Lamb波和Scholte波)波形。实验结果和理论计算吻合，从而验证了所建模型的正确性。
采用有限元方法从理论上研究了脉冲激光在柱状和管状材料中激发的超声波，探讨了激光超声波在圆柱和管道，这两种典型弯曲表面上的传播特性，结果表明：激光超声波沿圆柱面传播时是色散，而且色散程度与圆柱的曲率半径有关；激光超声波沿管道圆周方向传播时，出现了一个与管道圆周方向的曲率有关的低频模态。该研究为利用激光激励的柱面Rayleigh波和周向导波进行无损探伤提供了有益参考。
本文的研究是基于目前激光在流—固界面和弯曲表面(柱面、管道)中激励的超声波在无损检测领域中具有广泛的应用前景，但其研究十分薄弱的背景下开展的。本文的研究成果将为激光超声应用于流体环境中的材料检测、以及圆柱和管道的无损检测提供理论基础和实验方法，并为激光超声理论体系作有益的补充。
In this paper, based on the thermoelastic mechanism of laser ultrasonic, the laserinduced ultrasonic waves on the liquid-solid interface and curved (cylinder and hollowcylinder) surfaces have been studied theoretically and experimentally.
Based on the mechanism of laser ultrasonic, the excitation processes of laserultrasonic in liquid and solid are analyzed, and then the coupling problem of ultrasonicwaves at liquid-solid interface is studied with emphasis, and the boundary equation isgiven. Combined the thermal conduction equation with Navier-Stokes equation, thetheoretical model for laser-induced liquid-solid interface waves is developed.
Using the finite element method, a finite element model of the laser excitation ofliquid-solid interface waves is developed. The finite element forms of thermal conductionequation, Navier-Stokes equation in solid and interface coupling equation are deduced; therelation of element size and time step is solved to give their determine criterion; theinfluence of numerical dispersion on the correction of simulation results is discussed; afinite element procedure is complied.
By using the finite element method, the interface waves induced by pulse laser actionat different liquid-solid interfaces, including air-aluminum, water-aluminum plane interfaceand air-aluminum cylindrical interface were simulated, and the propagation characteristicsof interface waves were analyzed.
Two kinds of optical deflect detection methods are developed. Based on thosemethods, detection sensor for the leaky waves detection at fluid-solid interface was alsodeveloped. By experimental measurements, we obtained good waveforms of the leakyRayleigh waves and the leaky Lamb waves at different fluid-solid interface. Theexperimental signals are in good agreement with theoretical results.
Appling the finite element method, the laser-induced ultrasonic waves in cylinder andhollow cylinder were studied. The propagation characteristics of cylindrical Rayleigh waveand circumferential wave are analyzed. The results show that cylindrical Rayleigh wave isdispersive, and with the diameter of cylinders decreasing, the dispersion of cylindricalRayleigh wave becomes more serious; there is a new mode in the circumferential wave,which relate to the curvature of hollow cylinder. Those works will provide the reference for the application of laser ultrasonic in the nondestructive testing of cylinder and hollowcylinder.
Because there are few studies on the laser-induced interface waves at liquid-solidinterface, ultrasonic waves in cylinder and hollow cylinders, and their applications innondestructive testing, we have studied those problems comprehensively in thisdissertation. This work will provide a useful guidance for the use of laser ultrasonic on thecharacterization of material and complement the system info of laser ultrasonic.
引文
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